Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Learn dental assisting top to bottom from the best, with the most comprehensive, most current, and most trusted text available. For more than 40 years, students and practitioners alike have relied on Modern Dental Assisting for its cutting-edge content, easy-to-grasp writing style, step-by-step procedures, engaging learning features, and top-notch visuals to master all aspects of dental assisting. The 12th edition showcases a brand-new illustration program and content on technological advances, public health and access to care, teledentistry, infection control guidelines, the Zika virus, Ebola, the oral-systemic health connection, and much more. Written by trusted experts Doni Bird and Debbie Robinson, this is the all-in-one learning resource you need to stay ahead of the curve in the modern world of dental assisting.
- Comprehensive, cutting edge content provides a single, start-to-finish source for dental assisting training.
- Step-by-step procedures use color coding, key-step icons, and clinical photos to demonstrate key dental assisting competencies for both general and expanded functions — detailing for each the equipment and supplies, chronological steps, and rationales.
- 70 procedural videos with questions and answers provide you with unlimited practice for clinical encounters.
- UNIQUE! Interactive Dental Office program features 25 in-depth case studies with questions, online periodontal charting, and radiographic mounting exercises to help you problem-solve their way through a wide variety of dental conditions and procedures.
- Recall and Critical Thinking questions in each chapter as well as self-assessment questions and an online mock exam provide robust opportunities for practice and application.
- Feature boxes on CDC guidelines, patient education, law and ethics, and future trends summarize recommendations and key applications in practice.
- Chapter key terms are defined at the beginning of each chapter, highlighted within text discussions, and cross-referenced to chapters within the glossary.
- Learning and performance outcomes help you focus on goals, serve as checkpoints for comprehension and skills mastery, and provide study tools for exam preparation.
- NEW! Content on the latest topics affecting dental assisting practice includes technological advancements, public health and access to care, teledentistry, infection control guidelines, the Zika virus, Ebola, the oral-systemic health connection, and much more.
- Revised art program provides vivid original renderings of dental anatomy tooth morphology and dental imaging, along with modern and improved photos of the latest products, equipment, and instruments.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Modern Dental Assisting | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| REVIEWERS | iii | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | v | ||
| ABOUT THE AUTHORS | vi | ||
| PREFACE | vii | ||
| Who Will Benefit from This Book? | vii | ||
| Organization | vii | ||
| The Learning Package | vii | ||
| New to This Edition | vii | ||
| For Instructors | vii | ||
| For Students | vii | ||
| Student Workbook | viii | ||
| Dental Assisting Online | viii | ||
| Support | viii | ||
| THE LEARNING PACKAGE | ix | ||
| Textbook | ix | ||
| Evolve Resources | ix | ||
| Student Site | ix | ||
| Plus The Interactive Dental Office Online! | ix | ||
| Faculty Site | ix | ||
| TEACH Instructor Resources | ix | ||
| Student Workbook | x | ||
| Dental Assisting Online for Modern Dental Assisting | x | ||
| HOW TO USE MODERN DENTAL ASSISTING | xi | ||
| Icon Key | xiv | ||
| Dedication | xv | ||
| CONTENTS | xvi | ||
| 1 - The Dental AssistingProfession | 1 | ||
| 1 - History of Dentistry | 2 | ||
| Early Times | 3 | ||
| The Egyptians | 3 | ||
| The Greeks | 3 | ||
| The Chinese | 3 | ||
| The Romans | 3 | ||
| The Renaissance | 5 | ||
| Early America | 6 | ||
| Educational and Professional Development in the United States | 6 | ||
| Women in Dental History | 7 | ||
| African Americans in Dental History | 8 | ||
| American Indians in Dental History | 8 | ||
| History of Dental Assisting | 10 | ||
| History of Dental Hygiene | 11 | ||
| Dental Accreditation | 12 | ||
| National Museum of Dentistry | 12 | ||
| 2 - The Professional Dental Assistant | 14 | ||
| Characteristics of a Professional Dental Assistant | 14 | ||
| Professional Appearance | 14 | ||
| Knowledge and Skills | 15 | ||
| Teamwork | 15 | ||
| Attitude | 15 | ||
| Dedication | 16 | ||
| Responsibility and Initiative | 16 | ||
| Confidentiality | 16 | ||
| Personal Qualities | 16 | ||
| Educational Requirements | 16 | ||
| Types of Programs | 16 | ||
| Career Opportunities | 16 | ||
| Employment Settings | 16 | ||
| Other Career Opportunities | 16 | ||
| Salaries | 16 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 17 | ||
| American Dental Assistants Association | 17 | ||
| Dental Assisting National Board | 18 | ||
| Certified Dental Assistant | 18 | ||
| Certified Dental Assistant (Cda) Examination. The CDA examination contains three separate component exams: General Chairside Ass... | 19 | ||
| Certified Orthodontic Assistant (Coa) Examination. The COA examination contains two separate component exams: Orthodontic Assist... | 19 | ||
| NATIONAL ENTRY LEVEL DENTAL ASSISTANT (NELDA) EXAMINATION. The NELDA examination consists of three component exams: Radiation He... | 19 | ||
| CERTIFIED RESTORATIVE FUNCTIONS DENTAL ASSISTANT (CRFDA) EXAMINATION. The CRFDA examination consists of six component exams: Ana... | 19 | ||
| Certified Preventive Functions Dental Assistant (Cpfda). The CPFDA examination consists of four component exams: Coronal Polish ... | 19 | ||
| 3 - The Dental Healthcare Team | 20 | ||
| Dentist | 20 | ||
| Dental Specialist | 21 | ||
| Registered Dental Hygienist | 21 | ||
| Dental Assistant | 22 | ||
| Clinical Dental Assistant | 23 | ||
| Chairside Assistant | 23 | ||
| Circulating Assistant | 23 | ||
| Community Work | 23 | ||
| Mobile Dental Facilities | 23 | ||
| Sterilization Assistant | 23 | ||
| Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant | 24 | ||
| Business Assistant | 24 | ||
| Dental Laboratory Technician | 24 | ||
| Supporting Services | 25 | ||
| 4 - Dental Ethics | 27 | ||
| Sources for Ethics | 27 | ||
| Basic Principles of Ethics | 28 | ||
| Regard for Self-Determination (Autonomy) | 28 | ||
| To “Do No Harm” (Nonmaleficence) | 28 | ||
| Promotion of Well-Being (Beneficence) | 28 | ||
| Regard for Justice | 28 | ||
| Veracity | 28 | ||
| Confidentiality | 28 | ||
| Privacy | 29 | ||
| Continuing Education | 29 | ||
| Professional Code of Ethics | 29 | ||
| Applying Ethical Principles | 30 | ||
| Ethical Dilemmas | 30 | ||
| Case Example | 30 | ||
| Steps for Solving Ethical Dilemmas | 30 | ||
| 5 - Dentistry and the Law | 32 | ||
| Statutory Law | 33 | ||
| Criminal Law | 33 | ||
| Civil Law | 33 | ||
| Contract Law | 34 | ||
| Tort Law | 34 | ||
| State Dental Practice Act | 34 | ||
| Board of Dentistry | 34 | ||
| Expanded Functions and Supervision | 35 | ||
| Unlicensed Practice of Dentistry | 35 | ||
| Dentist-Patient Relationship | 36 | ||
| Duty of Care/Standard of Care | 36 | ||
| Abandonment | 36 | ||
| Patient Responsibilities | 36 | ||
| Due Care | 36 | ||
| Malpractice | 37 | ||
| Acts of Omission and Commission | 37 | ||
| Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur | 37 | ||
| Risk Management | 37 | ||
| Avoiding Malpractice Lawsuits | 37 | ||
| “Silence Is Golden” | 37 | ||
| Guidelines for Informed Consent | 38 | ||
| Informed Patient Consent | 38 | ||
| Informed Refusal | 38 | ||
| Exceptions to Disclosure | 38 | ||
| Informed Consent for Minors | 38 | ||
| Documenting Informed Consent | 38 | ||
| Content of Informed Consent Forms | 39 | ||
| Patient Referral | 39 | ||
| Failure to Refer | 39 | ||
| Guarantees | 39 | ||
| Contributory Negligence | 39 | ||
| Patient Records | 39 | ||
| Ownership of Dental Records and Radiographs | 39 | ||
| Reporting Abuse and Neglect | 40 | ||
| Child Abuse | 40 | ||
| Domestic Violence | 41 | ||
| Elder Abuse | 41 | ||
| Dental Neglect | 41 | ||
| Immunity | 41 | ||
| HIPAA | 41 | ||
| 2 - Sciences in Dentistry | 45 | ||
| 6 - General Anatomy | 46 | ||
| Planes and Body Directions | 47 | ||
| Structural Units | 47 | ||
| Cells | 47 | ||
| Stem Cells | 49 | ||
| Cell Membrane | 50 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 50 | ||
| Nucleus | 50 | ||
| Tissues | 50 | ||
| Organs | 53 | ||
| Body Systems | 53 | ||
| Body Cavities | 53 | ||
| Body Regions | 54 | ||
| 7 - General Physiology | 55 | ||
| Physiology and Dental Assisting | 56 | ||
| Body Systems | 56 | ||
| Skeletal System | 57 | ||
| Bone | 57 | ||
| Cartilage | 58 | ||
| Joints | 58 | ||
| Muscular System | 60 | ||
| Striated Muscle | 60 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 60 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 60 | ||
| Muscle Function | 60 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 60 | ||
| Circulatory System | 60 | ||
| Heart | 60 | ||
| Heart Chambers | 60 | ||
| Heart Valves | 64 | ||
| Blood Flow through the Heart | 64 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 64 | ||
| Blood and Blood Cells | 64 | ||
| Blood Typing and Rh Factor | 65 | ||
| Lymphatic System | 66 | ||
| Lymph Vessels | 66 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 66 | ||
| Lymph Fluid | 67 | ||
| TONSILS. | 67 | ||
| Spleen. The spleen is the largest of the lymphoid organs. It is about the size of a clenched fist and is located in the upper le... | 67 | ||
| Nervous System | 67 | ||
| Neurons | 67 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 69 | ||
| Brain | 69 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 69 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System | 69 | ||
| Respiratory System | 69 | ||
| Nose | 70 | ||
| Pharynx | 70 | ||
| Epiglottis | 71 | ||
| Larynx | 71 | ||
| Trachea | 71 | ||
| Lungs | 71 | ||
| Digestive System | 71 | ||
| Digestive Process | 71 | ||
| Structures | 71 | ||
| Mouth | 72 | ||
| Pharynx | 72 | ||
| Esophagus | 72 | ||
| Stomach | 72 | ||
| Small Intestine | 72 | ||
| Large Intestine | 72 | ||
| Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas | 72 | ||
| Endocrine System | 72 | ||
| Urinary System | 72 | ||
| Integumentary System | 73 | ||
| Skin Structures | 74 | ||
| Epidermis | 74 | ||
| Dermis | 75 | ||
| Subcutaneous Fat | 75 | ||
| Skin Appendages | 75 | ||
| Hair | 75 | ||
| Nails | 75 | ||
| Glands | 75 | ||
| Reproductive System | 75 | ||
| Male | 75 | ||
| Interaction among the Ten Body Systems | 76 | ||
| 8 - Oral Embryology and Histology | 77 | ||
| Oral Embryology | 78 | ||
| Prenatal Development | 78 | ||
| Embryonic Development of the Face and Oral Cavity | 79 | ||
| Primary Embryonic Layers | 79 | ||
| Early Development of the Mouth | 81 | ||
| Branchial Arches | 81 | ||
| Hard and Soft Palates | 82 | ||
| Facial Development | 82 | ||
| Tooth Development | 82 | ||
| Developmental Disturbances | 84 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 84 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 84 | ||
| Facial Development After Birth | 84 | ||
| Tooth Movement | 86 | ||
| Life Cycle of a Tooth | 86 | ||
| Growth Periods | 86 | ||
| Bud Stage. The bud stage, also known as initiation, is the beginning of development for each tooth. This stage follows a definit... | 86 | ||
| Cap Stage. During the cap stage, also known as proliferation, the cells of the tooth grow and increase in number. This growth ca... | 86 | ||
| Bell Stage. During the bell stage, the cells differentiate and become specialized in a process called histodifferentiation, as f... | 87 | ||
| Calcification | 87 | ||
| Pits and Fissures. If the tooth has several cusps, a cap of enamel forms over each cusp. As growth continues, the cusps eventual... | 87 | ||
| Eruption of Primary Teeth | 87 | ||
| Shedding of Primary Teeth | 87 | ||
| Eruption of Permanent Teeth | 87 | ||
| Oral Histology | 88 | ||
| Crown | 88 | ||
| Root | 90 | ||
| Enamel | 90 | ||
| Dentin | 92 | ||
| Cementum | 93 | ||
| Pulp | 93 | ||
| Periodontium | 94 | ||
| Attachment Apparatus | 94 | ||
| Alveolar Process. Alveolar processes are extensions of bone from the body of the mandible and the maxilla, which support the tee... | 94 | ||
| Periodontal Ligament. The periodontal ligament is dense connective tissue organized into fiber groups that connects the cementum... | 94 | ||
| Supportive and Protective Functions. Fiber groups are designed to support the tooth in its socket and to hold it firmly in norma... | 96 | ||
| Sensory Function. The nerve supply for the ligament comes from the nerves just before they enter the apical foramen. Also, nerve... | 96 | ||
| Nutritive Function. The ligaments receive their nutrition from the blood vessels that also supply the tooth and its alveolar bon... | 96 | ||
| Formative and Resorptive Functions. The fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament permit the continuous and rapid remodeling that ... | 96 | ||
| Periodontal Ligament Fiber Groups. The periodontal ligament consists of three different types of fiber groups (Fig. 8.23). The p... | 96 | ||
| Periodontal Fiber Groups. Alveolar crest fibers run from the crest of the alveolar bone to the cementum in the region of the CEJ... | 96 | ||
| Transseptal Fiber Groups. Transseptal fibers, also known as interdental fibers, are located interproximally above the crest of t... | 97 | ||
| Gingival Fiber Groups. Gingival fibers are regarded as part of the periodontal ligaments, even though they do not support the to... | 97 | ||
| Gingival Unit | 97 | ||
| Lining Mucosa. Lining mucosa is noted for its softer texture, moist surface, and ability to stretch and be compressed, thereby a... | 98 | ||
| Masticatory Mucosa. Masticatory mucosa is noted for its rubbery surface texture and resiliency. Masticatory mucosa includes the ... | 98 | ||
| Specialized Mucosa. On the top surface, or dorsal surface, of the tongue, both masticatory mucosa and specialized mucosa are pre... | 98 | ||
| 9 - Head and Neck Anatomy | 99 | ||
| Regions of the Head | 100 | ||
| Bones of the Skull | 100 | ||
| Bones of the Cranium | 100 | ||
| Parietal Bones | 100 | ||
| Frontal Bone | 100 | ||
| Occipital Bone | 100 | ||
| Temporal Bones | 100 | ||
| Sphenoid Bone | 102 | ||
| Ethmoid Bone | 104 | ||
| Auditory Ossicles | 104 | ||
| Bones of the Face | 104 | ||
| Zygomatic Bones | 104 | ||
| Maxillary Bones | 106 | ||
| Palatine Bones | 106 | ||
| Nasal Bones | 106 | ||
| Lacrimal Bones | 106 | ||
| Vomer | 106 | ||
| Nasal Conchae | 106 | ||
| Mandible | 107 | ||
| Hyoid Bone | 108 | ||
| Postnatal Development | 108 | ||
| Fusion of Bones | 108 | ||
| Maxilla. At birth, the maxilla is entirely filled with developing tooth buds (see Chapter 11). Vertical growth of the upper face... | 108 | ||
| Differences between Male and Female Skulls | 108 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joints | 108 | ||
| Capsular Ligament | 108 | ||
| Articular Space | 108 | ||
| Jaw Movement | 108 | ||
| Hinge Action | 108 | ||
| Gliding Movement | 108 | ||
| Temporomandibular Disorders | 111 | ||
| Symptoms | 111 | ||
| Pain. Patients with TMD may report a wide range of pain types, including headache; pain in and around the ear (when no infection... | 111 | ||
| Joint Sounds. Clicking, popping, or crepitus may be heard when the mouth is opened. Crepitus is the cracking sound that may be h... | 112 | ||
| Limitations in Movement. Limitations in movement lead to difficulty and pain on chewing, yawning, or widely opening the mouth. T... | 112 | ||
| Causes | 112 | ||
| Muscles of the Head and Neck | 112 | ||
| Major Muscles of the Neck | 112 | ||
| Major Muscles of Facial Expression | 112 | ||
| Major Muscles of Mastication | 112 | ||
| Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth | 113 | ||
| Muscles of the Tongue | 113 | ||
| Muscles of the Soft Palate | 113 | ||
| Salivary Glands | 113 | ||
| Minor Salivary Glands | 113 | ||
| Major Salivary Glands | 113 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Head and Neck | 114 | ||
| Major Arteries of the Face and Oral Cavity | 114 | ||
| External Carotid Artery | 114 | ||
| Facial Artery | 116 | ||
| Lingual Artery | 116 | ||
| Maxillary Artery | 118 | ||
| Major Veins of the Face and Oral Cavity | 118 | ||
| Nerves of the Head and Neck | 118 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 118 | ||
| Innervation of the Oral Cavity | 118 | ||
| Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve | 119 | ||
| Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal Nerve | 119 | ||
| Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck | 122 | ||
| Structure and Function | 122 | ||
| Superficial Lymph Nodes of the Head | 122 | ||
| Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes | 122 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 122 | ||
| Paranasal Sinuses | 122 | ||
| 10 - Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity | 125 | ||
| Landmarks of the Face | 126 | ||
| Regions of the Face | 126 | ||
| Features of the Face | 126 | ||
| Skin | 126 | ||
| Lips | 127 | ||
| The Oral Cavity | 127 | ||
| The Vestibule | 127 | ||
| Labial and Other Frenula | 128 | ||
| Gingiva | 129 | ||
| Unattached Gingiva | 129 | ||
| Interdental Gingiva | 129 | ||
| Gingival Groove | 129 | ||
| Attached Gingiva | 130 | ||
| The Oral Cavity Proper | 130 | ||
| Hard Palate | 130 | ||
| Soft Palate | 130 | ||
| Tongue | 130 | ||
| Taste Buds | 132 | ||
| Teeth | 133 | ||
| 11 - Overview of the Dentitions | 134 | ||
| Dentition Periods | 135 | ||
| Primary Dentition | 135 | ||
| Mixed Dentition | 135 | ||
| Permanent Dentition | 138 | ||
| Dental Arches | 138 | ||
| Quadrants | 138 | ||
| Sextants | 138 | ||
| Anterior and Posterior Teeth | 140 | ||
| Types and Functions of Teeth | 140 | ||
| Incisors | 141 | ||
| Canines | 141 | ||
| Premolars | 141 | ||
| Molars | 141 | ||
| Tooth Surfaces | 142 | ||
| Anatomic Features of Teeth | 142 | ||
| Contours | 142 | ||
| Facial and Lingual Contours | 142 | ||
| Mesial and Distal Contours | 142 | ||
| Contacts | 142 | ||
| Height of Contour | 142 | ||
| Embrasures | 143 | ||
| Angles and Divisions of Teeth | 144 | ||
| Line and Point Angles | 144 | ||
| Divisions into Thirds | 144 | ||
| Occlusion and Malocclusion | 144 | ||
| Angle’s Classification | 145 | ||
| Class I | 145 | ||
| Class II | 145 | ||
| Division 1. The lips are usually flat and parted, with the lower lip tucked behind the upper incisors. The upper lip appears sho... | 145 | ||
| Division 2. Class II, division 2, includes class II malocclusions in which the maxillary incisors are not in labioversion. The m... | 145 | ||
| Class III | 145 | ||
| Stabilization of the Arches | 147 | ||
| Closure | 147 | ||
| Curve of Spee | 147 | ||
| Curve of Wilson | 147 | ||
| Tooth-Numbering Systems | 147 | ||
| Universal/National System | 147 | ||
| International Standards Organization System | 148 | ||
| Palmer Notation System | 148 | ||
| 12 - Tooth Morphology | 150 | ||
| Anterior Permanent Dentition | 151 | ||
| Permanent Incisors | 151 | ||
| Maxillary Central Incisors | 151 | ||
| Maxillary Lateral Incisors | 152 | ||
| Mandibular Incisors | 153 | ||
| Mandibular Central Incisors. The mandibular central incisors ( | 153 | ||
| Mandibular Lateral Incisors. The mandibular lateral incisors ( | 153 | ||
| Permanent Canines | 154 | ||
| Maxillary Canines | 154 | ||
| Mandibular Canines | 155 | ||
| Posterior Permanent Dentition | 155 | ||
| Permanent Premolars | 156 | ||
| Maxillary First Premolars | 156 | ||
| Maxillary Second Premolars | 156 | ||
| Mandibular First Premolars | 157 | ||
| Mandibular Second Premolars | 157 | ||
| Permanent Molars | 158 | ||
| Maxillary Molars | 158 | ||
| Maxillary First Molars. The maxillary first molars ( | 159 | ||
| Maxillary Second Molars. The maxillary second molars ( | 159 | ||
| Maxillary Third Molars. The maxillary third molars ( | 159 | ||
| Mandibular Molars | 160 | ||
| Mandibular First Molars. The permanent mandibular first molars ( | 160 | ||
| Mandibular Second Molars. The mandibular second molars ( | 161 | ||
| Mandibular Third Molars. The mandibular third molars ( | 161 | ||
| Primary Dentition | 161 | ||
| Primary Incisors | 162 | ||
| Maxillary Central Incisors | 162 | ||
| Maxillary Lateral Incisors | 162 | ||
| Mandibular Central Incisors | 163 | ||
| Mandibular Lateral Incisors | 163 | ||
| Primary Canines | 164 | ||
| Maxillary Canines | 164 | ||
| Mandibular Canines | 164 | ||
| Primary Molars | 164 | ||
| Maxillary First Molars | 165 | ||
| Maxillary Second Molars | 165 | ||
| Mandibular First Molars | 165 | ||
| Mandibular Second Molars | 166 | ||
| 3 - Oral Health and Prevention of Dental Disease | 167 | ||
| 13 - Dental Caries | 168 | ||
| Bacterial Infection | 169 | ||
| Oral Biofilm | 169 | ||
| Enamel Structure | 169 | ||
| The Caries Process | 169 | ||
| Stages of Caries Development | 171 | ||
| Secondary (Recurrent) Caries | 172 | ||
| Root Caries | 172 | ||
| Early Childhood Caries | 173 | ||
| Risk Factors | 173 | ||
| How Children Get Early Childhood Caries | 173 | ||
| The Importance of Saliva | 173 | ||
| Caries Diagnosis | 175 | ||
| Dental Explorer | 175 | ||
| Radiographs | 175 | ||
| Visual Appearance | 175 | ||
| Indicator Dyes | 175 | ||
| Caries Detection Devices | 175 | ||
| Laser Caries Detector | 175 | ||
| Calibration of the Tip | 176 | ||
| CAMBRA | 176 | ||
| Methods of Caries Intervention | 177 | ||
| Caries Risk Assessment Tests | 177 | ||
| 14 - Periodontal Diseases | 184 | ||
| Definition and Prevalence of Periodontal Disease | 184 | ||
| The Systemic Connection | 185 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 185 | ||
| Preterm/Low Birth Weight | 186 | ||
| Respiratory Disease | 186 | ||
| Causes of Periodontal Disease | 186 | ||
| Calculus | 186 | ||
| Supragingival Calculus | 186 | ||
| Subgingival Calculus | 187 | ||
| Other Risk Factors | 187 | ||
| Types of Periodontal Disease | 187 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 188 | ||
| Gingivitis | 188 | ||
| Periodontitis | 189 | ||
| Description of Periodontal Disease | 190 | ||
| Dental Perioscopy | 191 | ||
| 15 - Preventive Dentistry | 193 | ||
| Partners in Prevention | 193 | ||
| Early Dental Care | 194 | ||
| Pregnancy and Dental Care | 194 | ||
| Dental Care for 0 to 5 Years | 194 | ||
| Dental Sealants | 195 | ||
| Oral Health and Aging | 195 | ||
| Age-Related Dental Changes | 196 | ||
| Age-Related Pathology-Related Conditions | 196 | ||
| Fluoride | 196 | ||
| How Fluoride Works | 196 | ||
| Preeruptive Development | 196 | ||
| Posteruptive Development | 196 | ||
| Safe and Toxic Levels | 197 | ||
| Precautions | 197 | ||
| Fluoride Needs Assessment | 197 | ||
| Fluoridated Water | 198 | ||
| Bottled Water | 198 | ||
| Foods and Beverages | 198 | ||
| Prescribed Dietary Supplements | 198 | ||
| Sources of Topical Fluoride | 198 | ||
| Toothpastes | 200 | ||
| Mouth Rinses | 200 | ||
| Gels | 201 | ||
| Varnish | 201 | ||
| Professional Applications | 201 | ||
| Nutrition and Dental Caries | 201 | ||
| Sugar Substitutes | 201 | ||
| Xylitol | 202 | ||
| Dietary Analysis | 202 | ||
| Steps for Analyzing a Food Diary | 202 | ||
| Plaque Control Program | 203 | ||
| Toothbrushes and Toothbrushing | 203 | ||
| Baby Toothbrushes | 203 | ||
| Manual Toothbrushes | 203 | ||
| Automatic Toothbrushes | 203 | ||
| Toothbrushing | 204 | ||
| Toothbrushing Precautions | 204 | ||
| Toothbrushing for Unusual Conditions | 204 | ||
| Dental Floss or Tape | 205 | ||
| When to Floss | 207 | ||
| Interdental Aids | 207 | ||
| End-Tuft Brushes | 207 | ||
| Bridge Threaders | 207 | ||
| Automatic Flossers | 207 | ||
| Perio-Aid | 208 | ||
| Dentures | 210 | ||
| Toothpaste | 210 | ||
| Mouth Rinses | 211 | ||
| Oral Irrigation Devices | 211 | ||
| General Guidelines for Home Care Products | 211 | ||
| 16 - Nutrition | 218 | ||
| Nutrition and the Dental Assistant | 218 | ||
| Healthy People 2020 Report | 219 | ||
| Nutrient Recommendations | 219 | ||
| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) | 219 | ||
| Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) | 219 | ||
| Dietary Guidelines for Americans | 219 | ||
| MyPlate | 220 | ||
| Canada’s Food Guide | 220 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 223 | ||
| Foods That Cause Tooth Decay | 224 | ||
| Proteins | 224 | ||
| Fats (Lipids) | 225 | ||
| Cholesterol | 225 | ||
| Antioxidants | 225 | ||
| Vitamins | 225 | ||
| Minerals | 226 | ||
| Water | 226 | ||
| Diet Modification | 229 | ||
| Dietary Analysis | 229 | ||
| Reading Food Labels | 229 | ||
| Product Label Information | 230 | ||
| Labeling Ingredients | 231 | ||
| Label Claims | 231 | ||
| Organic Foods | 231 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 232 | ||
| Bulimia | 232 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 232 | ||
| Female Athlete Triad | 233 | ||
| Management of Eating Disorders | 233 | ||
| Healthy Habits | 233 | ||
| 17 - Oral Pathology | 235 | ||
| Making a Diagnosis | 236 | ||
| Historical Diagnosis | 236 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis | 236 | ||
| Radiographic Diagnosis | 236 | ||
| Microscopic Diagnosis | 238 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 238 | ||
| Therapeutic Diagnosis | 238 | ||
| Surgical Diagnosis | 238 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 238 | ||
| Acute/Chronic Inflammation | 238 | ||
| Oral Lesions | 239 | ||
| Lesions Extending Below Mucosal Surface | 239 | ||
| Lesions Extending Above the Mucosal Surface | 239 | ||
| Lesions Even with the Mucosal Surface | 239 | ||
| Raised or Flat Lesions | 239 | ||
| Diseases of the Oral Soft Tissues | 239 | ||
| Leukoplakia | 239 | ||
| Lichen Planus | 240 | ||
| Candidiasis | 240 | ||
| Pseudomembranous Candidiasis | 240 | ||
| Hyperplastic Candidiasis | 240 | ||
| Atrophic Candidiasis | 241 | ||
| Aphthous Ulcers | 241 | ||
| Cellulitis | 241 | ||
| Conditions of the Tongue | 242 | ||
| Oral Cancer | 243 | ||
| Leukemia | 243 | ||
| Smokeless Tobacco | 244 | ||
| Therapy for Oral Cancer | 244 | ||
| Dental Implications of Radiation Therapy | 244 | ||
| Xerostomia | 244 | ||
| Radiation Caries | 244 | ||
| Osteoradionecrosis | 244 | ||
| Dental Implications of Chemotherapy | 245 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 245 | ||
| Oral Manifestations | 245 | ||
| HIV Gingivitis | 245 | ||
| HIV Periodontitis | 246 | ||
| Cervical Lymphadenopathy | 246 | ||
| Candidiasis | 246 | ||
| Lymphoma | 246 | ||
| Hairy Leukoplakia | 247 | ||
| Kaposi’s Sarcoma | 247 | ||
| Herpes Simplex | 247 | ||
| Herpes Zoster | 248 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus | 248 | ||
| Developmental Disorders | 248 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 248 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 248 | ||
| Disturbances in Jaw Development | 250 | ||
| Disturbances in Lip, Palate, and Tongue Development | 250 | ||
| Disturbances in Tooth Development and Eruption | 250 | ||
| Disturbances in Enamel Formation | 251 | ||
| Disturbances in Dentin Formation | 252 | ||
| Premature Eruption | 252 | ||
| Ankylosis | 252 | ||
| Impaction | 252 | ||
| Miscellaneous Disorders | 252 | ||
| Attrition | 252 | ||
| Bruxism | 253 | ||
| Bulimia | 253 | ||
| Orofacial Piercings | 253 | ||
| Meth Mouth | 253 | ||
| 4 - Infection Preventionin Dentistry | 257 | ||
| 18 - Microbiology | 259 | ||
| Pioneers in Microbiology | 260 | ||
| Koch’s Postulates | 261 | ||
| Major Groups of Microorganisms | 261 | ||
| Bacteria | 262 | ||
| Shape | 262 | ||
| Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria | 263 | ||
| Need for Oxygen | 263 | ||
| Capsules | 263 | ||
| Spores | 263 | ||
| Rickettsiae | 264 | ||
| Algae | 264 | ||
| Protozoa | 264 | ||
| Fungi | 264 | ||
| Prions | 264 | ||
| Prion Diseases | 265 | ||
| Future Research | 265 | ||
| Viruses | 265 | ||
| Specificity | 265 | ||
| Latency | 265 | ||
| Treatment of Viral Diseases | 265 | ||
| Transmission of Viral Diseases | 265 | ||
| Viruses in the Environment | 265 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 265 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 265 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 266 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 266 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus Immunization. A highly effective vaccine is available to prevent HBV. All dental personnel with a chance of oc... | 266 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 267 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 267 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 267 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 267 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 267 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 | 268 | ||
| Primary Herpes. This disease, which is highly contagious, makes its first appearance in very young children (1 to 3 years of age... | 268 | ||
| Recurrent Herpes Labialis. After this initial childhood infection occurs, the virus of herpes simplex lies dormant and reappears... | 268 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 | 268 | ||
| Herpes Zoster Virus | 269 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 269 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus | 269 | ||
| Herpes Transmission | 269 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 269 | ||
| H1N1 Flu Virus (Swine Flu) | 269 | ||
| Ebola Virus | 270 | ||
| Guideline for Dental Professionals on the Ebola Virus | 270 | ||
| Zika Virus | 270 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 270 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 270 | ||
| Legionnaires’ Disease | 270 | ||
| Tetanus | 271 | ||
| Syphilis | 271 | ||
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | 272 | ||
| Pandemic Diseases | 272 | ||
| 19 - Disease Transmission and Infection Prevention | 274 | ||
| The Chain of Infection | 275 | ||
| Infectious Agent | 276 | ||
| Reservoir | 276 | ||
| Portal of Entry | 276 | ||
| Susceptible Host | 276 | ||
| Types of Infections | 276 | ||
| Chronic Infection | 276 | ||
| Latent Infection | 276 | ||
| Opportunistic Infection | 276 | ||
| Modes of Disease Transmission | 276 | ||
| Direct Transmission | 277 | ||
| Indirect Transmission | 277 | ||
| Airborne Transmission | 277 | ||
| Aerosol, Spray, or Spatter | 277 | ||
| Parenteral Transmission | 278 | ||
| Blood-Borne Transmission | 278 | ||
| Food and Water Transmission | 278 | ||
| Fecal-Oral Transmission | 278 | ||
| The Immune System | 278 | ||
| Naturally Acquired Immunity | 278 | ||
| Artificially Acquired Immunity | 278 | ||
| Disease Transmission in the Dental Office | 278 | ||
| Patient to Dental Team | 279 | ||
| Dental Team to Patient | 279 | ||
| Patient to Patient | 279 | ||
| Dental Office to Community | 280 | ||
| Community to Dental Office to Patient | 280 | ||
| Roles and Responsibilities of the CDC and OSHA in Infection Control | 280 | ||
| CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings | 280 | ||
| 2016 CDC Dental Infection Prevention Summary | 281 | ||
| CDC Rankings of Evidence | 282 | ||
| OSHA Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard | 282 | ||
| Exposure Control Plan | 282 | ||
| Standard and Universal Precautions | 283 | ||
| Categories of Employees | 284 | ||
| Postexposure Management | 284 | ||
| Employee Training | 284 | ||
| Hepatitis B Immunization | 284 | ||
| Employee Medical Records | 285 | ||
| Managing Contaminated Sharps | 285 | ||
| Preventing Needle Sticks | 285 | ||
| Infection Control Practices | 286 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 286 | ||
| Handwashing Guidelines | 286 | ||
| Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs | 286 | ||
| Hand Care Recommendations | 287 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 287 | ||
| Protective Clothing | 289 | ||
| Protective Clothing Requirements | 289 | ||
| Handling Contaminated Laundry | 289 | ||
| Protective Masks | 290 | ||
| Protective Eyewear | 290 | ||
| Face Shields | 291 | ||
| Patient Eyewear | 291 | ||
| Gloves | 291 | ||
| Gloves Damaged During Treatment | 292 | ||
| Gloves Damaged by Dental Materials | 292 | ||
| Examination Gloves | 292 | ||
| Overgloves | 293 | ||
| Sterile Surgical Gloves | 293 | ||
| Utility Gloves | 293 | ||
| Non–Latex-Containing Gloves | 293 | ||
| Maintaining Infection Control While Gloved | 294 | ||
| Opening Drawers and Cabinets | 294 | ||
| Opening Containers | 294 | ||
| High-Tech Equipment | 294 | ||
| Latex Allergies | 295 | ||
| Irritant Dermatitis | 296 | ||
| Type IV Allergic Reaction | 296 | ||
| Type I Allergic Reaction | 296 | ||
| Treatment | 296 | ||
| Latex-Sensitive Patients | 296 | ||
| Waste Management in the Dental Office | 296 | ||
| Classification of Waste | 297 | ||
| General Waste | 297 | ||
| Contaminated Waste | 297 | ||
| Hazardous Waste | 297 | ||
| Infectious or Regulated Waste (Biohazard) | 297 | ||
| Handling Extracted Teeth | 298 | ||
| Handling Contaminated Waste | 298 | ||
| Handling Medical Waste | 298 | ||
| Infectious Waste | 298 | ||
| Disposal of Medical Waste | 298 | ||
| Additional Infection Control Practices | 298 | ||
| Saliva Ejectors | 298 | ||
| Dental Laboratory | 299 | ||
| Preprocedural Mouth Rinses | 300 | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 300 | ||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Other Prion Diseases | 300 | ||
| Laser/Electrosurgery Plumes or Surgical Smoke | 300 | ||
| 20 - Principles and Techniques of Disinfection | 309 | ||
| Environmental Infection Control | 310 | ||
| Clinical Contact Surfaces | 310 | ||
| Surface Contamination | 311 | ||
| Surface Barriers | 311 | ||
| Single-Use (Disposable) Items | 313 | ||
| Precleaning and Disinfection | 314 | ||
| Precleaning. Precleaning means to clean before disinfecting. All contaminated surfaces must be precleaned before they can be dis... | 315 | ||
| Disinfection. Disinfection is intended to kill disease-causing microorganisms that remain on the surface after precleaning. Spor... | 315 | ||
| Disinfectants | 315 | ||
| Ideal Surface Disinfectant. The ideal surface disinfectant would rapidly kill a broad spectrum (range) of bacteria, would exhibi... | 316 | ||
| Disinfectant Precautions | 316 | ||
| Iodophors. Iodophors are EPA-registered intermediate-level hospital disinfectants with tuberculocidal action. Iodophors are reco... | 316 | ||
| Synthetic Phenol Compounds. Synthetic phenol compounds are EPA-registered intermediate-level hospital disinfectants with broad-s... | 316 | ||
| Sodium Hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is classified as an intermediate-level disinfectant and is the main ingredient in house... | 316 | ||
| Alcohol. Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol have been used over the years as skin antiseptics and surface disinfectants. Howeve... | 320 | ||
| Immersion Disinfectants. Immersion disinfectants are chemicals on the market that can be used for sterilization or high-level di... | 320 | ||
| Glutaraldehyde | 320 | ||
| Chlorine Dioxide | 320 | ||
| Ortho-Phthalaldehyde | 321 | ||
| Evacuator System | 321 | ||
| Traps | 321 | ||
| Housekeeping Surfaces | 321 | ||
| Carpeting and Cloth Furnishings | 322 | ||
| Spills of Blood and Body Substances | 322 | ||
| Greener Infection Control | 322 | ||
| Paper | 323 | ||
| Radiology | 323 | ||
| Personal Protective Attire | 323 | ||
| Surface Barriers and Precleaning/Disinfection | 323 | ||
| 21 - Principles and Techniques of Instrument Processing and Sterilization | 326 | ||
| Classification of Patient Care Items | 327 | ||
| Critical Instruments | 328 | ||
| Semicritical Instruments | 328 | ||
| Noncritical Instruments | 328 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 328 | ||
| Transporting and Processing Contaminated Patient Care Items | 329 | ||
| Instrument-Processing Area | 329 | ||
| Workflow Pattern | 330 | ||
| Contaminated Area | 331 | ||
| Preparation and Packaging Area | 331 | ||
| Precleaning and Packaging Instruments | 331 | ||
| Holding Solution | 331 | ||
| Hand Scrubbing | 331 | ||
| Ultrasonic Cleaning | 332 | ||
| Ultrasonic Cleaning Solutions | 332 | ||
| Care of the Ultrasonic Cleaner | 333 | ||
| Testing the Ultrasonic Cleaner | 333 | ||
| Automated Washers/Disinfectors | 333 | ||
| Drying, Lubrication, and Corrosion Control | 333 | ||
| Packaging Instruments | 334 | ||
| Packaging Materials | 334 | ||
| Sterilization of Unwrapped Instruments | 335 | ||
| Methods of Sterilization | 335 | ||
| Steam Autoclave | 336 | ||
| Drying and Unloading Instruments | 336 | ||
| Flash Sterilization | 336 | ||
| Unsaturated Chemical Vapor Sterilization | 338 | ||
| Advantages | 338 | ||
| Disadvantages | 339 | ||
| Filtration and Monitoring of Chemical Vapors | 339 | ||
| Packaging | 339 | ||
| Pressure, Temperature, and Time | 339 | ||
| Dry Heat Sterilization | 340 | ||
| Static Air Sterilizers | 340 | ||
| Forced Air Sterilizers | 340 | ||
| Ethylene Oxide Sterilization | 340 | ||
| Liquid Chemical Sterilants | 340 | ||
| Sterilization Failures | 341 | ||
| Sterilization Monitoring | 341 | ||
| Physical Monitoring | 342 | ||
| Chemical Monitoring | 342 | ||
| Process Indicators | 342 | ||
| Process Integrators | 342 | ||
| Limitations | 343 | ||
| Biologic Monitoring | 343 | ||
| Handpiece Sterilization | 343 | ||
| Flushing Techniques | 344 | ||
| Sterilizing Techniques | 344 | ||
| 5 - Occupational Healthand Safety | 353 | ||
| 22 - Regulatory and Advisory Agencies | 354 | ||
| Associations and Organizations | 355 | ||
| American Dental Association | 355 | ||
| American Dental Assistants Association | 356 | ||
| American Dental Hygienists’ Association | 356 | ||
| Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention | 356 | ||
| State and Local Dental Societies | 357 | ||
| Government Agencies | 357 | ||
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | 357 | ||
| Food and Drug Administration | 358 | ||
| Environmental Protection Agency | 359 | ||
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration | 359 | ||
| National Institutes of Health | 359 | ||
| National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research | 359 | ||
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health | 359 | ||
| Public Health Agency of Canada | 360 | ||
| 23 - Chemical and Waste Management | 361 | ||
| Hazardous Chemicals | 362 | ||
| Exposure to Chemicals | 362 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Chemical Toxicity | 362 | ||
| Hand Protection | 363 | ||
| Eye Protection | 363 | ||
| Protective Clothing | 363 | ||
| Inhalation Protection | 363 | ||
| Control of Chemical Spills | 364 | ||
| Eyewash Units | 364 | ||
| Ventilation | 364 | ||
| General Precautions for Storing Chemicals | 365 | ||
| Follow Instructions | 365 | ||
| Avoid Exposure to Light | 365 | ||
| Check Expiration Date | 365 | ||
| Rotate Inventory | 365 | ||
| Disposal of Empty Containers | 366 | ||
| Hazardous Waste Disposal | 366 | ||
| Hazard Communication Program | 366 | ||
| Revision of the HCS Standard | 366 | ||
| Major Changes to the Hazard | 366 | ||
| Hazard Classification | 366 | ||
| Labels | 367 | ||
| Safety Data Sheets | 367 | ||
| Information and Training | 367 | ||
| Phase-in Period | 367 | ||
| Written Program | 367 | ||
| Chemical Inventory | 367 | ||
| Employee Training | 367 | ||
| Labeling of Chemical Containers | 370 | ||
| National Fire Protection Association Labels | 370 | ||
| Exemptions to Labeling Requirements | 370 | ||
| Dental Office Waste Management | 371 | ||
| Classification of Waste | 371 | ||
| Extracted Teeth | 371 | ||
| Sharps | 372 | ||
| Scrap Amalgam | 372 | ||
| Photochemical Waste | 372 | ||
| Radiographic Fixer | 372 | ||
| Radiographic Developer | 372 | ||
| Lead Contamination | 372 | ||
| Lead Foil | 372 | ||
| Disinfectants | 373 | ||
| Nonhazardous Waste Management | 373 | ||
| Waste Disposal | 373 | ||
| 24 - Dental Unit Waterlines | 375 | ||
| Microorganisms in Dental Unit Waterlines | 376 | ||
| Background | 376 | ||
| Sources of Microorganisms | 376 | ||
| Biofilm | 376 | ||
| Biofilm in Dental Waterlines | 377 | ||
| Growth-Promoting Factors | 377 | ||
| Bacterial Characteristics | 377 | ||
| Methods for Reducing Bacterial Contamination | 378 | ||
| Self-Contained Water Reservoirs | 378 | ||
| Microfiltration Cartridges | 378 | ||
| Chemical Agents | 378 | ||
| Infection Control and Dental Unit Water | 379 | ||
| Flushing Waterlines | 379 | ||
| Minimizing Aerosol | 379 | ||
| Using Protective Barriers | 379 | ||
| Monitoring Water Quality | 379 | ||
| Use of Saliva Ejectors | 380 | ||
| 25 - Ergonomics | 382 | ||
| Ergonomics in the Dental Office | 382 | ||
| Posture | 383 | ||
| Neutral Position | 384 | ||
| Deviations and Problems | 384 | ||
| Reaching Movements | 384 | ||
| Repetition and Force | 384 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 385 | ||
| Gloves | 386 | ||
| Properly Fitting Gloves | 386 | ||
| Muscle-Strengthening Exercises | 386 | ||
| 6 - Patient Informationand Assessment | 391 | ||
| 26 - The Patient’s Dental Record | 392 | ||
| Patient Compliance | 392 | ||
| Permanent Record | 393 | ||
| Privacy | 393 | ||
| Quality Assurance | 393 | ||
| Risk Management | 394 | ||
| Research | 394 | ||
| Electronic Dental Record | 394 | ||
| Patient Record Forms | 394 | ||
| Patient Registration | 395 | ||
| Medical-Dental Health History | 395 | ||
| Medical History | 397 | ||
| Dental History | 397 | ||
| Medical Alert | 397 | ||
| Medical-Dental Health History Update | 397 | ||
| Diagnostic Information–Gathering Forms | 397 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 397 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 399 | ||
| Informed Consent | 399 | ||
| Progress Notes | 399 | ||
| Entering Data in a Patient’s Dental Record | 401 | ||
| 27 - Vital Signs | 405 | ||
| Factors That Can Affect Vital Sign Readings | 406 | ||
| Temperature | 406 | ||
| Temperature Readings | 406 | ||
| Digital | 406 | ||
| Tympanic | 406 | ||
| Temporal Scanner | 407 | ||
| Glass | 407 | ||
| Pulse | 407 | ||
| Pulse Characteristics | 408 | ||
| Pulse Readings | 408 | ||
| Respiration | 409 | ||
| Respiration Characteristics | 409 | ||
| Respiration Readings | 409 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 409 | ||
| Blood Pressure Equipment | 410 | ||
| Blood Pressure Readings | 410 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 410 | ||
| Advanced Monitoring Procedures | 411 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 411 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 411 | ||
| 28 - Oral Diagnosis and Treatment Planning | 419 | ||
| Examination and Diagnostic Techniques | 420 | ||
| Visual Evaluation | 420 | ||
| Palpation | 420 | ||
| Instrumentation | 420 | ||
| Digital Imaging | 421 | ||
| Digital Photography | 421 | ||
| Documenting the Dental Examination | 421 | ||
| Tooth Diagrams | 421 | ||
| Tooth-Numbering Systems | 424 | ||
| Universal Numbering System | 424 | ||
| International Standards Organization System/Fédération Dentaire Internationale System | 425 | ||
| Palmer Notation System | 425 | ||
| Color Coding | 425 | ||
| Black’s Classification of Cavities | 425 | ||
| Abbreviations | 426 | ||
| Charting | 426 | ||
| Symbols | 426 | ||
| Clinical Examination of the Patient | 432 | ||
| Soft Tissue Examination | 432 | ||
| Examination and Charting of the Teeth | 432 | ||
| Examination and Charting of the Periodontium | 432 | ||
| The Treatment Plan | 433 | ||
| Types of Treatment Plans | 433 | ||
| Level I: Emergency Care | 433 | ||
| Level II: Standard Care | 434 | ||
| Level III: Optimum Care | 434 | ||
| Treatment Plan Presentation | 434 | ||
| 29 - The Special Needs and Medically Compromised Patient | 445 | ||
| Role of the Dental Assistant | 446 | ||
| The Aging Population | 446 | ||
| Stages of Aging | 446 | ||
| Oral Health of the Aging | 446 | ||
| Oral Health Conditions | 447 | ||
| Xerostomia | 447 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 447 | ||
| Tooth Decay | 447 | ||
| Dark and Brittle Teeth | 447 | ||
| Bone Resorption | 448 | ||
| The Special Needs Patient | 448 | ||
| Assistance from Organizations | 448 | ||
| Specific Disorders of the Medically Compromised Patient | 448 | ||
| Developmental Disorders | 449 | ||
| Intellectual Disability | 449 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 449 | ||
| Autism | 449 | ||
| Physical Disorders | 449 | ||
| The Patient in a Wheelchair | 449 | ||
| Vision Impairment | 450 | ||
| Hearing Impairment | 450 | ||
| Neurologic Disorders | 450 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 450 | ||
| Seizures | 450 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 451 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accident | 451 | ||
| Neuromuscular Disorders | 452 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy | 453 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 453 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 453 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 453 | ||
| Arthritis | 453 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis. RA is a chronic disease that causes pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in the joints. It occu... | 453 | ||
| Osteoarthritis. Older patients are likely to have chronic progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints called osteoarthritis.... | 453 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disorders | 453 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 454 | ||
| Hypertension | 454 | ||
| Angina | 454 | ||
| Endocarditis | 454 | ||
| Pulmonary Disorders | 454 | ||
| Allergies | 454 | ||
| Bronchial Asthma | 454 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 455 | ||
| Blood Disorders | 456 | ||
| Endocrine Disorders | 456 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 456 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 456 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 456 | ||
| Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders | 457 | ||
| 30 - Principles of Pharmacology | 459 | ||
| Overview of Drugs | 459 | ||
| Dispensing of Drugs | 460 | ||
| Controlled Substances Act | 460 | ||
| Schedule I Drugs | 460 | ||
| Schedule II Drugs | 460 | ||
| Schedule III Drugs | 460 | ||
| Schedule IV Drugs | 460 | ||
| Schedule V Drugs | 461 | ||
| Prescriptions | 461 | ||
| Prescription Terminology | 461 | ||
| Recording Prescriptions | 461 | ||
| Telephone Guidelines | 461 | ||
| Drug Reference Materials | 461 | ||
| Package Inserts | 462 | ||
| Drug Dosage | 462 | ||
| Administration of Medications | 462 | ||
| Stages of Drug Action in the Body | 464 | ||
| Drugs Commonly Prescribed in Dentistry | 464 | ||
| Analgesics | 464 | ||
| Antibiotics | 464 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 464 | ||
| Antifungal Agents | 465 | ||
| Antiviral Agents | 465 | ||
| Antianxiety Agents | 465 | ||
| Drugs Commonly Prescribed in Medicine | 465 | ||
| Cardiovascular Drugs | 466 | ||
| Respiratory Drugs | 467 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Drugs | 467 | ||
| Neurologic Drugs | 467 | ||
| Psychoactive Drugs | 467 | ||
| Endocrine/Hormonal Drugs | 467 | ||
| Adverse Drug Effects | 467 | ||
| Common Adverse Effects of Medications | 468 | ||
| Drug Complications | 468 | ||
| 31 - Assisting in a Medical Emergency | 469 | ||
| Preventing a Medical Emergency | 470 | ||
| Emergency Preparedness | 470 | ||
| Assigned Roles | 470 | ||
| Routine Drills | 470 | ||
| Emergency Telephone Numbers | 470 | ||
| Recognizing a Medical Emergency | 471 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 472 | ||
| Emergency Care Standards | 472 | ||
| Basic Life Support | 472 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 472 | ||
| Automated External Defibrillator | 472 | ||
| Choking | 472 | ||
| Emergency Equipment and Supplies | 473 | ||
| Oxygen | 473 | ||
| Emergency Responses | 474 | ||
| Common Medical Emergencies Experienced in the Dental Office | 474 | ||
| Postural Hypotension | 474 | ||
| The Pregnant Patient | 475 | ||
| Angina | 475 | ||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 475 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accident | 475 | ||
| Hyperventilation | 475 | ||
| Asthma Attack | 475 | ||
| Allergic Reaction | 475 | ||
| Epileptic Seizure | 476 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 476 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 476 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 476 | ||
| Documentation of an Emergency | 476 | ||
| 7 - Foundation of ClinicalDentistry | 489 | ||
| 32 - The Dental Office | 490 | ||
| Design of the Dental Office | 490 | ||
| Reception Area | 490 | ||
| Administrative Area | 491 | ||
| Treatment Area | 491 | ||
| Central Sterilization | 492 | ||
| Dental Laboratory | 492 | ||
| Dentist’s Private Office | 493 | ||
| Dental Staff Lounge | 493 | ||
| Office Environment | 493 | ||
| Temperature and Air Exchange | 493 | ||
| Lighting | 493 | ||
| Wall and Floor Coverings | 493 | ||
| Traffic Control | 493 | ||
| Sound Control | 494 | ||
| Privacy | 494 | ||
| Clinical Equipment | 494 | ||
| Patient Dental Chair | 494 | ||
| Operator’s Stool | 495 | ||
| Dental Assistant’s Stool | 496 | ||
| Dental Unit | 496 | ||
| Delivery Systems | 496 | ||
| Rheostat | 496 | ||
| Waterlines | 497 | ||
| Air-Water Syringe | 497 | ||
| Operating Light | 497 | ||
| Oral Evacuation System | 498 | ||
| Curing Light | 498 | ||
| Amalgamator | 499 | ||
| Dental Radiography Unit | 499 | ||
| View Box for Radiographs | 499 | ||
| Care of Dental Equipment | 499 | ||
| Central Vacuum Compressor | 499 | ||
| Central Air Compressor | 500 | ||
| Morning and Evening Routines for Dental Assistants | 500 | ||
| 33 - Delivering Dental Care | 502 | ||
| Know Your Patients | 502 | ||
| Reviewing the Patient Record | 503 | ||
| Preparing the Treatment Area | 503 | ||
| Greeting and Seating the Patient | 503 | ||
| Team Dentistry | 503 | ||
| Principles of Team Positioning | 503 | ||
| Positioning the Patient | 504 | ||
| Positioning the Operator | 504 | ||
| Positioning the Dental Assistant | 504 | ||
| Motion Economy | 505 | ||
| Classification of Motions | 505 | ||
| Operating Zones | 505 | ||
| Operator’s Zone | 505 | ||
| Transfer Zone | 505 | ||
| Assistant’s Zone | 505 | ||
| Static Zone | 506 | ||
| Instrument Transfer | 506 | ||
| Objectives of Efficient Instrument Transfer | 506 | ||
| Grasping an Instrument | 506 | ||
| Transfer Technique | 506 | ||
| Variations in Instrument Exchange | 507 | ||
| Mirror and Explorer | 507 | ||
| Cotton Pliers | 507 | ||
| Handpiece | 507 | ||
| Instruments with Hinges | 507 | ||
| Expanded Functions | 508 | ||
| Dental Supervision | 508 | ||
| Working as the Operator | 508 | ||
| Operator Positioning | 509 | ||
| Developing Mirror Skills | 509 | ||
| Establish a Working Position. As the operator, you want to position yourself to gain a “straight-on” visual effect. Once you are... | 509 | ||
| Establish Preferred Mirror-to-Tooth Position. The mirror must be kept parallel to the working surface. Remember that you are loo... | 509 | ||
| Using a Fulcrum | 510 | ||
| Understanding Dental Anatomy | 510 | ||
| Understanding Cavity Preparations | 510 | ||
| Adapting Instrumentation | 510 | ||
| Applying Dental Materials | 510 | ||
| Evaluation of Expanded Functions | 510 | ||
| 34 - Dental Hand Instruments | 517 | ||
| Identifying Hand Instruments | 517 | ||
| Instrument Number | 517 | ||
| Instrument Design | 518 | ||
| Handle | 518 | ||
| Shank | 518 | ||
| Working End | 518 | ||
| Black’s Instrument Formula | 518 | ||
| Instrument Classification | 518 | ||
| Instrument Sequence | 519 | ||
| Examination Instruments | 519 | ||
| Basic Setup | 519 | ||
| Hand (Manual) Cutting Instruments | 519 | ||
| Restorative Instruments | 520 | ||
| Accessory Instruments and Items | 521 | ||
| Preset Cassettes (Trays) | 526 | ||
| Storage Tubs | 526 | ||
| Color-Coding Systems | 527 | ||
| 35 - Dental Handpieces and Accessories | 530 | ||
| Evolution of Rotary Equipment | 530 | ||
| Dental Handpieces | 531 | ||
| Low-Speed Motor | 531 | ||
| Low-Speed Motor with Straight Attachment | 531 | ||
| Low-Speed Motor with Contra-Angle Attachment | 531 | ||
| Prophylaxis Angle | 532 | ||
| High-Speed Handpiece | 532 | ||
| Uses of the High-Speed Handpiece | 532 | ||
| Water Coolant System | 532 | ||
| Bur Adaptation | 532 | ||
| Fiber-Optic Lighting | 533 | ||
| Ultrasonic Handpiece | 533 | ||
| Laser Handpiece | 533 | ||
| Precautions in the Care and Handling of Laser Handpieces | 534 | ||
| Air Abrasion Handpiece | 534 | ||
| Laboratory Handpiece | 534 | ||
| Handpiece Maintenance | 534 | ||
| Handpiece Sterilization | 535 | ||
| General Considerations for Handpiece Sterilization | 535 | ||
| Sterilization Procedure Sheets. A dental office may acquire handpieces made by different manufacturers over time as handpieces a... | 535 | ||
| Rotary Cutting Instruments | 535 | ||
| Shank Types | 535 | ||
| Neck | 536 | ||
| Head | 536 | ||
| Dental Burs | 536 | ||
| Bur Shapes | 536 | ||
| Diamond Rotary Instruments | 538 | ||
| Finishing Rotary Instruments | 538 | ||
| Abrasive Rotary Instruments | 538 | ||
| Accessories | 538 | ||
| Laboratory Rotary Instruments | 539 | ||
| 36 - Moisture Control | 544 | ||
| Oral Evacuation Systems | 544 | ||
| Saliva Ejector | 545 | ||
| High-Volume Evacuator | 545 | ||
| Suction Tips | 545 | ||
| Grasping the Evacuator | 545 | ||
| Positioning the Evacuator | 546 | ||
| Daily Maintenance of the Evacuation System | 546 | ||
| Rinsing the Oral Cavity | 547 | ||
| Limited-Area Rinsing | 547 | ||
| Full-Mouth Rinsing | 547 | ||
| Air-Water Syringe | 547 | ||
| Isolation of Teeth | 547 | ||
| Cotton Roll Isolation | 547 | ||
| Cotton Roll Holders | 548 | ||
| Dry-Angle Isolation | 548 | ||
| The Dental Dam | 548 | ||
| Dental Dam Material | 549 | ||
| Size | 549 | ||
| Color | 549 | ||
| Thickness | 549 | ||
| Dental Dam Frame | 549 | ||
| Dental Dam Napkin | 550 | ||
| Lubricants | 550 | ||
| Dental Dam Punch | 550 | ||
| Size of Holes on the Punch Plate. The holes on the punch plate are graduated in size and are numbered from 1 to 5, with 1 being ... | 550 | ||
| Dental Dam Stamp and Template | 550 | ||
| Dental Dam Forceps | 550 | ||
| Dental Dam Clamps | 551 | ||
| Parts of the Dental Dam Clamp. Parts of the clamp that are important to identify are the bow and the jaws (Fig. 36.20). The bow ... | 551 | ||
| Fitting the Dental Dam Clamp. Dental dam clamps are available in many sizes and designs to accommodate different needs (Fig. 36.... | 552 | ||
| Ligatures on Clamps. Dental floss or dental tape should always be attached to the bow of the dental dam clamp as a ligature befo... | 552 | ||
| Dental Dam Stabilizing Cord | 553 | ||
| Dental Dam Preparation | 553 | ||
| Maxillary Arch Application | 553 | ||
| Mandibular Arch Application | 553 | ||
| Curve of the Arch | 554 | ||
| Malaligned Teeth | 554 | ||
| Teeth to Be Isolated | 554 | ||
| Keypunch Hole | 554 | ||
| Hole Sizing and Spacing | 554 | ||
| Troubleshooting Hole Sizing and Spacing. If the holes are too large, the dam will not fit tightly around the tooth. This may all... | 554 | ||
| Dental Dam Placement and Removal | 554 | ||
| Anterior Teeth | 554 | ||
| Stabilizing the Cervical Clamp. Occasionally, additional stabilization of the cervical clamp is necessary. Softened stick compou... | 555 | ||
| Fixed Bridge | 555 | ||
| 37 - Anesthesia and Pain Control | 563 | ||
| Topical Anesthesia | 564 | ||
| Local Anesthesia | 564 | ||
| Characteristics of Local Anesthetics | 564 | ||
| Method of Action | 565 | ||
| Chemical Composition of Anesthetics | 565 | ||
| Time Span of Anesthetics | 565 | ||
| Vasoconstrictors in Anesthetics | 565 | ||
| Contraindications to Vasoconstrictors | 565 | ||
| Injection Techniques | 566 | ||
| Maxillary Anesthesia | 566 | ||
| Palatal Anesthesia | 566 | ||
| Mandibular Anesthesia | 566 | ||
| Periodontal Ligament Injection | 567 | ||
| Anesthetic Syringe | 567 | ||
| Anesthetic Cartridges | 568 | ||
| Color-Coding of Local Anesthetic Cartridges. A color-coding system designed by the American Dental Association Council on Scient... | 568 | ||
| Guidelines for Handling Anesthetic Cartridges | 569 | ||
| Disposable Needle | 569 | ||
| Injecting into a Blood Vessel | 570 | ||
| Infected Areas | 570 | ||
| Systemic Reactions. Although local anesthetic solutions are remarkably safe in their use, the importance of their systemic toxic... | 570 | ||
| Temporary Numbness | 570 | ||
| Paresthesia | 570 | ||
| Electronic Anesthesia | 571 | ||
| Inhalation Sedation | 571 | ||
| Advantages of N2O Use | 571 | ||
| Disadvantages of N2O Use | 571 | ||
| Contraindications to N2O Use | 571 | ||
| Pregnancy | 571 | ||
| Nasal Obstruction | 571 | ||
| Emphysema and Multiple Sclerosis | 571 | ||
| Emotional Instability | 572 | ||
| Chemical Makeup | 572 | ||
| Effects of Nitrous Oxide | 572 | ||
| Equipment | 572 | ||
| Patient Assessment and Monitoring | 573 | ||
| Patient Education | 573 | ||
| Administration | 573 | ||
| Safety Work Practices for the Clinical Team | 574 | ||
| Scavenger System | 574 | ||
| Venting Exhaust Fumes Outside | 574 | ||
| Testing Pressure Connections | 574 | ||
| Inspection of the equipment | 574 | ||
| Properly Fitting Mask | 574 | ||
| Limit Talking | 574 | ||
| Exposure Assessment | 574 | ||
| Antianxiety Agents | 574 | ||
| Intravenous Sedation | 574 | ||
| General Anesthesia | 575 | ||
| Four Stages of Anesthesia | 575 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 575 | ||
| Patient Education | 575 | ||
| Patient Recovery | 575 | ||
| Mind-Body Medicine | 576 | ||
| Documentation of Anesthesia and Pain Control | 576 | ||
| 8 -\rRadiographic Imaging | 583 | ||
| 38 - Foundations of Radiography, Radiographic Equipment, and Radiation Safety | 584 | ||
| Discovery of X-Radiation | 585 | ||
| Pioneers in Dental Radiography | 587 | ||
| History of Dental X-Ray Equipment | 587 | ||
| Radiation Physics | 587 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 588 | ||
| Nucleus | 588 | ||
| Electrons | 588 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung Radiation | 588 | ||
| Ionization | 588 | ||
| Properties of X-Rays | 589 | ||
| The Dental X-Ray Machine | 589 | ||
| Tubehead | 591 | ||
| X-Ray Tube | 591 | ||
| Cathode | 592 | ||
| Anode | 592 | ||
| Position Indicator Device | 592 | ||
| Extension Arm | 592 | ||
| Control Panel | 593 | ||
| Master Switch and Indicator Lights | 593 | ||
| Exposure Button | 594 | ||
| Milliamperage Selector | 594 | ||
| Kilovoltage Selector | 594 | ||
| X-Ray Production | 594 | ||
| Types of Radiation | 594 | ||
| Radiolucent and Radiopaque Characteristics | 595 | ||
| Characteristics of X-Ray Beam | 595 | ||
| Quality | 595 | ||
| Quantity | 596 | ||
| Intensity | 596 | ||
| Contrast | 596 | ||
| Density | 597 | ||
| Geometric Characteristics | 597 | ||
| Radiation Effects | 598 | ||
| Tissue Damage | 598 | ||
| Ionization | 598 | ||
| Biologic Effects | 598 | ||
| Cumulative Effects | 598 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Radiation Exposure | 598 | ||
| Genetic and Somatic Effects | 598 | ||
| Critical Organs | 598 | ||
| Radiation Measurement | 599 | ||
| Maximum Permissible Dose | 599 | ||
| Radiation Safety | 600 | ||
| Protective Devices | 600 | ||
| Aluminum Filtration | 600 | ||
| Collimator | 600 | ||
| Position Indicator Device | 601 | ||
| Patient Protection | 601 | ||
| Lead Apron and Thyroid Collar | 601 | ||
| Fast-Speed Film | 601 | ||
| Image Receptor–Holding Devices | 601 | ||
| Exposure Factor | 602 | ||
| Proper Technique | 602 | ||
| Pregnancy | 602 | ||
| Operator Protection and Monitoring | 602 | ||
| Radiation Monitoring | 603 | ||
| Equipment Monitoring | 603 | ||
| Pediatric Patients | 603 | ||
| ALARA Concept | 604 | ||
| 39 - Digital Imaging, Dental Film, and Processing Radiographs | 605 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 606 | ||
| Types of Digital Imaging Systems | 607 | ||
| Direct Digital Imaging | 607 | ||
| Phosphor Storage Imaging | 608 | ||
| Digitizing Images | 609 | ||
| Digital Imaging Software Programs | 609 | ||
| X-Ray Film and Film Processing | 609 | ||
| Positioning Instruments | 609 | ||
| Beam Alignment Devices | 611 | ||
| Dental Film | 612 | ||
| Film Composition | 612 | ||
| Latent Image | 612 | ||
| Film Speed | 612 | ||
| Types of Film | 612 | ||
| Intraoral Film | 614 | ||
| Film Packet | 614 | ||
| Packet Information. Boxes of film are labeled with (1) type of film, (2) film speed, (3) number of films per individual packet, ... | 614 | ||
| Wrapper and Lead Sheet. The black paper film wrapper inside the film packet is a protective sheet that covers the film and shiel... | 614 | ||
| Package Positioning. If the film packet is inadvertently positioned in the mouth backward and then is exposed, a herringbone pat... | 614 | ||
| Package Disposal. In many states, the lead foil from radiograph packets is considered a hazardous waste and must not be disposed... | 614 | ||
| Outer Packet | 615 | ||
| Tube Side. The tube side is solid white and has the raised bump on one corner. When placed in the mouth, the white side (tube si... | 615 | ||
| Label Side. The label side of the film packet has a flap that is used to open the film packet before processing. The label side ... | 615 | ||
| Film Sizes | 615 | ||
| Extraoral Film | 615 | ||
| Film Packaging | 615 | ||
| Film Cassette | 616 | ||
| Intensifying Screen | 616 | ||
| Film Types | 617 | ||
| Duplicating Film | 617 | ||
| Film Storage | 617 | ||
| Film Processing | 618 | ||
| Five Steps in Processing | 618 | ||
| Processing Solutions | 618 | ||
| The Darkroom | 619 | ||
| Lighting | 619 | ||
| Room Lighting. The darkroom must have an overhead white light that provides adequate lighting when one is performing tasks such ... | 619 | ||
| Safelighting. A safelight is a low-intensity light in the red-orange spectrum. Safelighting provides enough illumination in the ... | 619 | ||
| Processing Tanks | 619 | ||
| Automatic Processor | 619 | ||
| Components | 620 | ||
| Processing Solutions | 622 | ||
| Processing Errors | 622 | ||
| 40 - Legal Issues, Quality Assurance, and Infection Prevention | 628 | ||
| Legal Considerations | 629 | ||
| Federal and State Regulations | 629 | ||
| Licensure Requirements | 629 | ||
| Risk Management | 629 | ||
| Informed Consent | 630 | ||
| Liability | 630 | ||
| Patient Records | 630 | ||
| Ownership of Dental Radiographs | 630 | ||
| Digital Files Security | 630 | ||
| Patient Refusal | 630 | ||
| Patient Education | 630 | ||
| Quality Assurance in the Dental Office | 631 | ||
| Quality Control Tests | 631 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Machines | 631 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Film | 632 | ||
| Phosphor Storage Plates | 632 | ||
| Screens and Cassettes | 632 | ||
| View Boxes | 632 | ||
| Darkroom Lighting | 633 | ||
| Safelight Test. The “light-tightness” of the darkroom must be confirmed before you can test the effectiveness of the safelight. ... | 633 | ||
| Film Processing | 633 | ||
| Manual Processing. With the manual system, the thermometer and the timer must be checked for accuracy. The temperature and level... | 633 | ||
| Automatic Processing. With automatic equipment, you must check the water circulation system, the solution levels, the replenishm... | 633 | ||
| Processing Solutions. The processing solutions are the most critical component in the quality control of film processing. As dis... | 633 | ||
| Developer Strength. As the developer loses strength, the time-temperature chart is no longer accurate. An easy way to check the ... | 633 | ||
| Reference Radiograph. A reference radiograph is processed under ideal conditions and then is used to compare the film densities ... | 634 | ||
| Stepwedge Radiograph. A stepwedge is a device that is constructed of layered aluminum steps. When a stepwedge is placed on top o... | 634 | ||
| Fixer Strength. When the fixer solution loses its strength, the film takes a longer time to “clear,” or become transparent, in u... | 634 | ||
| Quality Administration Procedures | 635 | ||
| Description | 635 | ||
| Monitoring | 635 | ||
| Maintenance | 635 | ||
| Evaluation | 635 | ||
| Training | 635 | ||
| Infection Control | 635 | ||
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines | 636 | ||
| ?The Radiography Operatory | 636 | ||
| X-Ray Machine | 637 | ||
| Dental Chair | 637 | ||
| Lead Apron | 637 | ||
| Work Area | 637 | ||
| Equipment and Supplies | 637 | ||
| Film and Phosphor Storage Plates | 638 | ||
| FILM. Once films are removed from the mouth, they are obviously contaminated and should be handled only with gloved hands. One t... | 638 | ||
| PSPs. PSPs are reusable and must be placed in a sealed barrier packet before exposure (Fig. 40.11). Caution must be used to prev... | 638 | ||
| Digital Sensors | 638 | ||
| Image Receptor Positioning Instruments | 638 | ||
| Operator Preparation | 638 | ||
| Drying of Exposed Film or PSP | 639 | ||
| Collection of Contaminated Films and PSPs | 640 | ||
| Positioning Instruments | 640 | ||
| Disposal of Contaminated Items | 640 | ||
| Handwashing | 640 | ||
| Surface Disinfection | 640 | ||
| Procedures During X-Ray Film Processing | 640 | ||
| Transporting Film | 640 | ||
| 41 - Intraoral Imaging | 649 | ||
| Full-Mouth Survey | 650 | ||
| Intraoral Imaging Techniques | 650 | ||
| Paralleling Technique | 651 | ||
| Five Basic Rules | 651 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 651 | ||
| Exposure Sequence for Image Receptor Placement | 651 | ||
| Anterior Exposure Sequence | 651 | ||
| Posterior Exposure Sequence | 654 | ||
| Film Placement | 655 | ||
| Bisecting Technique | 655 | ||
| Image Receptor Holders | 655 | ||
| Angulation of Position Indicator Device | 656 | ||
| Horizontal Angulation | 656 | ||
| Correct Horizontal Angulation. With correct horizontal angulation, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the curvature of... | 656 | ||
| Incorrect Horizontal Angulation. Incorrect horizontal angulation results in overlapped (unopened) contact areas (Fig. 41.17). A ... | 657 | ||
| Vertical Angulation | 657 | ||
| Correct Vertical Angulation. Correct vertical angulation results in a radiographic image that is the same length as the tooth (T... | 657 | ||
| Incorrect Vertical Angulation. Incorrect vertical angulation results in an image that is not the same length as the tooth that i... | 657 | ||
| Foreshortened Images. On a foreshortened image, the teeth appear too short. Foreshortening of images results from excessive vert... | 658 | ||
| Elongated Images. On elongated images, the teeth appear too long. Elongation of images is caused by insufficient (not enough) ve... | 658 | ||
| Image Receptor Size and Placement | 658 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 658 | ||
| Beam Alignment | 658 | ||
| Bitewing Technique | 659 | ||
| Image Receptor Holder and Bitewing Tab | 659 | ||
| Angulation of Position Indicator Device | 659 | ||
| Exposure for Image Receptor Placement | 659 | ||
| Occlusal Technique | 660 | ||
| Patients with Special Medical Needs | 660 | ||
| Vision Impairment | 660 | ||
| Hearing Impairment | 660 | ||
| Mobility Impairment | 660 | ||
| Developmental Disabilities | 661 | ||
| Patients with Special Dental Needs | 661 | ||
| Edentulous Patient | 661 | ||
| Pediatric Patient | 662 | ||
| Endodontic Patient | 662 | ||
| Gagging Patient | 662 | ||
| Exposure Sequencing | 663 | ||
| Demonstrate Image Receptor Placement. In the areas that are most likely to elicit the gag reflex, rub a finger along the tissues... | 663 | ||
| Extreme Cases | 663 | ||
| Dental Imaging Technique Errors | 663 | ||
| Mounting Dental Radiographs | 663 | ||
| Selecting the Mount | 666 | ||
| Methods of Mounting | 666 | ||
| Portable Imaging | 666 | ||
| 42 - Extraoral Imaging | 693 | ||
| Panoramic Imaging | 694 | ||
| Types of Panoramic Units | 694 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 695 | ||
| Focal Trough | 695 | ||
| Equipment | 696 | ||
| Tubehead | 696 | ||
| Head Positioner | 696 | ||
| Exposure Controls | 697 | ||
| Film and Intensifying Screens | 697 | ||
| Common Errors | 697 | ||
| Solution. The patient must be instructed to remove all objects from the head and neck region before being positioned for a panor... | 697 | ||
| Lead Apron Artifact. If the lead apron is incorrectly placed, or if a lead apron with a thyroid collar is used during exposure o... | 697 | ||
| Solution. Use a lead apron without a thyroid collar, and place the lead apron low around the neck of the patient so that it does... | 697 | ||
| Solution. The patient must be instructed to close the lips around the bite-block. The patient must also be instructed to swallow... | 698 | ||
| Chin Too High (Positioning Of Frankfort Plane). If the Frankfort plane is incorrect and the patient’s chin is positioned too hig... | 698 | ||
| Solution. Position the patient so that the Frankfort plane is parallel to the floor | 698 | ||
| Chin Too Low. If the Frankfort plane is incorrect and the patient’s chin is positioned too low or is tipped downward, the follow... | 698 | ||
| Solution. Position the patient so that the Frankfort plane is parallel to the floor (Fig. 42.13) | 700 | ||
| Posterior to Focal Trough. If the patient’s anterior teeth are positioned too far back on the bite-block, or posterior to the fo... | 700 | ||
| 9 -\rDental Materials | 713 | ||
| 43 - Restorative and Esthetic Dental Materials | 714 | ||
| Standardization of Dental Materials | 715 | ||
| Criteria for a New Dental Material | 715 | ||
| Properties of Dental Materials | 715 | ||
| Mechanical Properties | 716 | ||
| Types of Stress and Strain | 716 | ||
| Ductility and Malleability | 716 | ||
| Thermal Change | 716 | ||
| Contraction and Expansion | 716 | ||
| Electrical Properties | 716 | ||
| Corrosive Properties | 716 | ||
| Hardness | 717 | ||
| Solubility | 717 | ||
| Application Properties | 717 | ||
| Flow | 717 | ||
| Adhesion | 717 | ||
| Retention | 717 | ||
| Curing | 718 | ||
| Direct Restorative and Esthetic Materials | 718 | ||
| Amalgam | 718 | ||
| Indications for Using Dental Amalgam | 718 | ||
| Contraindications to the Use of Dental Amalgam | 718 | ||
| Composition of Dental Amalgam | 718 | ||
| High-Copper Alloys | 719 | ||
| Mercury-to-Alloy Ratios | 719 | ||
| Nonmercury Alloys | 719 | ||
| Controversial Issues in Mercury | 719 | ||
| Trituration. Also known as amalgamation, trituration is the process by which mercury and alloy powders are mixed together to for... | 720 | ||
| Condensation. The amalgam is carried to the tooth by the amalgam carrier and is placed in increments into the prepared tooth, an... | 720 | ||
| Carving and Finishing. With the use of hand carving instruments, the dentist is able to carve back the amalgam material to the t... | 720 | ||
| Composite Resins | 722 | ||
| Indications for Using Composite Resins | 722 | ||
| Contraindications for Using Composite Resins | 722 | ||
| Composition of Composite Resins | 723 | ||
| Resin Matrix. The resin matrix component of composite is a fluid-like material called dimethacrylate, which is also referred to ... | 723 | ||
| Filler. Inorganic fillers used in composite resins include quartz (a hard rock-forming mineral), glass, silica (white or colorle... | 723 | ||
| Coupling Agent. The coupling agent is important because it strengthens the resin by chemically bonding the filler to the resin m... | 725 | ||
| Pigments. For a composite material to match a tooth color, coloring must be added. Most often, the coloring comes from an inorga... | 725 | ||
| Application of Composites | 725 | ||
| Shade Selection. Color matching is one of the most critical aspects when working with composite resins. If the correct shade is ... | 725 | ||
| Tips When Choosing a Shade | 726 | ||
| Application. Light-cured composite resins are supplied in a single-paste, lightproof syringe. These resins do not require mixing... | 726 | ||
| Polymerization | 726 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing | 726 | ||
| Steps in Finishing a Composite Resin | 726 | ||
| Glass Ionomers | 726 | ||
| Resin Modified | 727 | ||
| Metal Reinforcement | 727 | ||
| Fabrication and Application | 727 | ||
| Cautions for Placing Glass Ionomers | 727 | ||
| Temporary Restorative Materials | 727 | ||
| Intermediate Restorative Materials | 728 | ||
| Provisional Restorative Materials | 728 | ||
| Tooth-Whitening Materials | 729 | ||
| Composition of Whitening Materials | 729 | ||
| Methods of Tooth Whitening | 729 | ||
| Indirect Restorative Materials | 729 | ||
| Gold–Noble Metal Alloys | 730 | ||
| Ceramic Castings | 730 | ||
| Porcelain | 730 | ||
| 44 - Dental Liners, Bases, and Bonding Systems | 735 | ||
| Prepared Tooth Structures | 736 | ||
| Pulpal Responses | 736 | ||
| Types of Pulpal Stimuli | 736 | ||
| Cavity Liners | 736 | ||
| Calcium Hydroxide | 736 | ||
| Glass Ionomer | 737 | ||
| 10 -\rAssisting in Comprehensive Dental Care | 805 | ||
| 48 - General Dentistry | 806 | ||
| Restoration Process | 807 | ||
| Initial Preparation | 807 | ||
| Terminology | 807 | ||
| Final Preparation | 808 | ||
| Permanent Restorations | 808 | ||
| Class I Restorations | 809 | ||
| 11 -\rDental Administration and Communication Skills | 1031 | ||
| 61 - Communication in the Dental Office | 1032 | ||
| Understanding Human Behavior | 1032 | ||
| Significant People in Psychology | 1033 | ||
| Social Attitudes | 1033 | ||
| Peer Pressure | 1033 | ||
| Cultural Diversity | 1033 | ||
| Communication Pathways | 1034 | ||
| Verbal Communication | 1034 | ||
| Words Are Important | 1034 | ||
| Voice Quality | 1034 | ||
| Asking Questions | 1034 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication | 1034 | ||
| Listening Skills | 1035 | ||
| Communicating with Colleagues | 1035 | ||
| Being a Team Member | 1035 | ||
| Stress in the Dental Office | 1036 | ||
| Causes | 1036 | ||
| Methods of Stress Reduction | 1036 | ||
| Conflict among Coworkers | 1036 | ||
| Communicating with Patients | 1036 | ||
| Patient Needs | 1036 | ||
| Psychological Needs | 1037 | ||
| Anxiety and Fear of Pain | 1037 | ||
| Dental-Phobic Patients | 1037 | ||
| Patient’s Responses | 1037 | ||
| Physical and Mental Needs | 1038 | ||
| Financial Needs | 1038 | ||
| Meeting Patient Needs | 1038 | ||
| Positive Atmosphere | 1038 | ||
| Sincerity | 1038 | ||
| Showing Respect | 1038 | ||
| Respecting the Patient’s Time | 1038 | ||
| Resolving Complaints and Misunderstandings | 1038 | ||
| Remaining Approachable | 1038 | ||
| Respecting Patient Confidentiality | 1038 | ||
| Phone Skills | 1039 | ||
| Etiquette | 1039 | ||
| Incoming Calls | 1039 | ||
| Working with Difficult Callers | 1039 | ||
| Placing a Caller on Hold | 1039 | ||
| On-Hold Message Systems | 1039 | ||
| Callers Wanting to Speak to the Dentist | 1039 | ||
| Taking Messages | 1040 | ||
| Answering Service | 1040 | ||
| Answering Machine | 1040 | ||
| Voice Mail | 1040 | ||
| Patients’ Preferred Method of Communication | 1041 | ||
| Emailing | 1041 | ||
| Email Etiquette. Because your correspondence says a lot about you and the dental practice, you should be aware of some basic ema... | 1041 | ||
| Automatic Dialing Services | 1041 | ||
| Text Messaging | 1041 | ||
| Headsets | 1041 | ||
| Pager | 1041 | ||
| Facsimile (“Fax”) Machine | 1042 | ||
| Written Communications | 1042 | ||
| Equipment | 1042 | ||
| Business Letters | 1043 | ||
| Types of Business Letters | 1043 | ||
| Letters to Colleagues | 1043 | ||
| Letters to Insurance Carriers | 1043 | ||
| Format of a Business Letter | 1043 | ||
| Anatomy of a Business Letter | 1044 | ||
| Preparing Envelopes for Mailing | 1044 | ||
| Marketing Your Dental Practice | 1047 | ||
| Goals of Practice Marketing | 1047 | ||
| Logistics of Marketing | 1047 | ||
| The Plan | 1047 | ||
| Marketing Budget | 1047 | ||
| Tracking Responses | 1047 | ||
| Types of Practice Marketing | 1047 | ||
| Dental Office Newsletter | 1047 | ||
| Patient Education Materials | 1047 | ||
| 62 - Business Operating Systems | 1050 | ||
| Operating Procedure Manual | 1051 | ||
| HIPAA Compliance | 1051 | ||
| HIPAA Privacy Compliance List | 1051 | ||
| Personnel Manual | 1051 | ||
| Computer Applications in the Dental Office | 1051 | ||
| Characteristics of the Computer | 1052 | ||
| Record Keeping | 1052 | ||
| Patient Dental Records | 1052 | ||
| Patient Financial Records | 1052 | ||
| Practice Business Records | 1053 | ||
| Filing Systems | 1053 | ||
| Basic Filing Methods | 1053 | ||
| Alphabetic | 1053 | ||
| Color Coding | 1053 | ||
| Numeric | 1053 | ||
| Chronologic | 1053 | ||
| Electronic | 1053 | ||
| Guidelines for Efficient Filing | 1053 | ||
| Active and Inactive Files | 1054 | ||
| Purge Tabs | 1055 | ||
| Record Protection and Confidentiality | 1055 | ||
| HIPAA Electronic Safeguards | 1055 | ||
| Protecting Electronic Files | 1055 | ||
| Protecting Paper Files | 1055 | ||
| Appointment Scheduling | 1058 | ||
| Goals of Efficient Appointment Scheduling | 1058 | ||
| Computerized or Manual Scheduling | 1058 | ||
| The Appointment Book | 1058 | ||
| Units of Time | 1058 | ||
| Columns per Day | 1060 | ||
| Outlining the Appointment Schedule | 1060 | ||
| Office Hours | 1060 | ||
| Buffer Time | 1060 | ||
| Meetings | 1060 | ||
| Holidays | 1060 | ||
| Making Appointment Book and | 1062 | ||
| Special Considerations for Scheduling | 1062 | ||
| Daily Scheduling Rules | 1062 | ||
| New Patients | 1062 | ||
| Scheduling for the Dental Hygienist | 1062 | ||
| Recall Patients | 1063 | ||
| Children | 1063 | ||
| Emergency Patients | 1063 | ||
| Scheduling an Appointment Series | 1063 | ||
| Scheduling for the Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant | 1063 | ||
| Confirmation of Appointments | 1064 | ||
| Late Patients | 1064 | ||
| Canceled Appointments | 1064 | ||
| Short-Notice Appointments | 1064 | ||
| Daily Treatment Area Schedule | 1064 | ||
| Appointment Preparations | 1064 | ||
| Daily Meeting | 1064 | ||
| Preventive Recall Programs | 1064 | ||
| Continuing Appointment System | 1065 | ||
| Written Recall Notification | 1065 | ||
| Recall by Telephone | 1067 | ||
| Inventory Management | 1067 | ||
| Computerized Inventory System | 1068 | ||
| Guidelines for Ordering Dental Supplies | 1069 | ||
| When Ordering Supplies | 1069 | ||
| Reorder Point | 1069 | ||
| Marking the Reorder Point | 1070 | ||
| Automatic Shipments | 1071 | ||
| Quantity Purchase Rate | 1071 | ||
| Reorder Quantity | 1071 | ||
| Backorders | 1071 | ||
| Order Exchange, Return, or Replacement | 1071 | ||
| Requisitions and Purchase Orders | 1071 | ||
| Dental Supply Budget | 1071 | ||
| Consumables and Disposables | 1071 | ||
| Expendables | 1071 | ||
| Nonexpendables | 1071 | ||
| Major Equipment | 1071 | ||
| Equipment Repairs | 1072 | ||
| Equipment Records | 1072 | ||
| Service Contracts | 1072 | ||
| Service Call | 1072 | ||
| 63 - Financial Management in the Dental Office | 1073 | ||
| Account Management | 1074 | ||
| Gathering Financial Information | 1074 | ||
| Credit Reports | 1074 | ||
| Fee Presentation | 1074 | ||
| Making Financial Arrangements | 1074 | ||
| Accounting | 1074 | ||
| Accounts Receivable | 1075 | ||
| Types of Accounts Receivable Systems | 1075 | ||
| Pegboard Accounts Receivable Management | 1075 | ||
| Computerized Accounts Receivable Management | 1075 | ||
| Accounts Receivable Management Basics | 1075 | ||
| Charge Slips | 1075 | ||
| Daily Journal Page | 1075 | ||
| Receipts and Walkout Statements | 1075 | ||
| Recording Payments | 1075 | ||
| Patient Account Records | 1077 | ||
| Payment | 1078 | ||
| Payment at the Time of Treatment | 1078 | ||
| Cash | 1078 | ||
| Check | 1078 | ||
| Credit Cards | 1078 | ||
| Digital Wallet | 1078 | ||
| Professional Courtesy and Discounts | 1078 | ||
| Daily Proof of Posting | 1078 | ||
| Bank Deposits | 1078 | ||
| Monthly Statement | 1079 | ||
| Divided Payment Plans | 1079 | ||
| Collections | 1079 | ||
| Accounts Receivable Report | 1079 | ||
| Management of Collection Efforts | 1080 | ||
| Collection Telephone Calls | 1081 | ||
| Collection Letters | 1081 | ||
| Final Collection Options | 1081 | ||
| Collection Agency | 1081 | ||
| Small Claims Court | 1081 | ||
| Accounts Payable Management | 1081 | ||
| Dental Office Overhead | 1082 | ||
| Fixed Overhead | 1082 | ||
| Variable Overhead | 1082 | ||
| Gross versus Net Income | 1082 | ||
| Disbursements | 1083 | ||
| Packing Slips, Invoices, and Statements | 1083 | ||
| Organizing Expenditure Records | 1085 | ||
| Payment of Accounts | 1085 | ||
| Cash on Delivery | 1085 | ||
| Petty Cash | 1085 | ||
| Replenishing Petty Cash Funds. Petty cash should be balanced and replenished on a regular basis. Because a voucher is completed ... | 1086 | ||
| Writing Checks | 1086 | ||
| Check Terminology | 1086 | ||
| Check Endorsement | 1086 | ||
| Stop Payment Order | 1086 | ||
| Nonsufficient Funds | 1086 | ||
| Business Summaries | 1087 | ||
| Payroll | 1087 | ||
| Income Tax Withholding | 1088 | ||
| Federal Insurance Contributions Act | 1088 | ||
| Other Deductions | 1089 | ||
| Government Remittance | 1089 | ||
| Dental Insurance | 1089 | ||
| Traditional Insurance Plan | 1089 | ||
| Managed Care Dental Insurance Plan | 1089 | ||
| Capitation Plans (Dental HMOs) | 1089 | ||
| Preferred Provider Organizations (Dental PPOs) | 1089 | ||
| Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs) | 1089 | ||
| Direct Reimbursement Plan | 1089 | ||
| Individual Practice Associations | 1089 | ||
| Affordable Care Act | 1090 | ||
| Government Programs | 1090 | ||
| Parties Involved in Dental Insurance | 1090 | ||
| How Benefits Are Calculated | 1090 | ||
| Usual, Customary, and Reasonable Fees | 1090 | ||
| Schedule of Benefits | 1090 | ||
| Fixed Fee Schedule | 1090 | ||
| Determining Eligibility | 1090 | ||
| Determining Benefits | 1092 | ||
| Limitations | 1093 | ||
| Least Expensive Alternative Treatment. The least expensive alternative treatment (LEAT), also known as an alternative benefit po... | 1093 | ||
| Dual Coverage. If a patient has dental insurance coverage under more than one plan, this is known as dual coverage. In this case... | 1093 | ||
| Determining Primary and Secondary Carriers. With situations involving dual coverage, it is necessary to determine which carrier ... | 1093 | ||
| Birthday Rule. The birthday rule was established to explain which insurance carrier is the primary carrier when both parents hav... | 1093 | ||
| Coordination of Benefits. Under coordination of benefits (COB), the patient will receive payment from both carriers, but the tot... | 1093 | ||
| Nonduplication of Benefits | 1093 | ||
| Dental Procedure Codes | 1093 | ||
| Claim Form Preparation | 1093 | ||
| Paper Claim | 1093 | ||
| Signature On File. The patient registration form has signature boxes similar to those on the claim form; specific signature auth... | 1095 | ||
| Electronic Claim | 1095 | ||
| HIPAA and Electronic Transactions | 1099 | ||
| Claim Form Processing | 1099 | ||
| Tracking Claims in Process | 1099 | ||
| Payments from Insurance Carriers | 1099 | ||
| Handling Overpayments | 1099 | ||
| Insurance Fraud | 1100 | ||
| 64 - Marketing Your Skills | 1101 | ||
| Your Professional Career | 1101 | ||
| Goals and Philosophy | 1101 | ||
| Marketing Yourself | 1101 | ||
| Career Opportunities | 1102 | ||
| Private Practice | 1102 | ||
| Insurance | 1102 | ||
| Sales | 1102 | ||
| Research | 1102 | ||
| Management Consulting | 1102 | ||
| Teaching | 1102 | ||
| Dental Schools | 1103 | ||
| Hospitals | 1103 | ||
| Public Health and Government Programs | 1103 | ||
| Locating Employment Opportunities | 1103 | ||
| Newspaper Advertisements | 1103 | ||
| Campus Placement | 1103 | ||
| Employment Agencies | 1103 | ||
| Temporary Agencies | 1103 | ||
| Dental Supply Companies | 1103 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 1103 | ||
| Social Media | 1104 | ||
| 1104 | |||
| 1104 | |||
| 1104 | |||
| Seeking Employment | 1104 | ||
| Telephone Contact | 1104 | ||
| Résumé | 1104 | ||
| Electronic Résumé | 1106 | ||
| Cover Letter | 1106 | ||
| Completing a Job Application Form | 1106 | ||
| The Interview | 1107 | ||
| Promptness | 1107 | ||
| Appearance | 1107 | ||
| Interviewing Professionally | 1107 | ||
| Listen | 1107 | ||
| Don’t Talk Too Much | 1107 | ||
| Don’t Be Too Familiar | 1107 | ||
| Use Appropriate Language | 1107 | ||
| Don’t Be Arrogant | 1107 | ||
| Take Care to Answer the Questions | 1107 | ||
| Ask Questions | 1107 | ||
| Don’t Appear Desperate | 1107 | ||
| Concluding the Interview | 1107 | ||
| Follow-up Letter | 1108 | ||
| Salary Negotiations | 1108 | ||
| Employment Agreement | 1109 | ||
| Americans with Disabilities Act | 1109 | ||
| Job Termination | 1109 | ||
| Achieving Career Objectives | 1110 | ||
| Positive Attitude | 1111 | ||
| Professional Responsibilities | 1111 | ||
| Physical Well-Being | 1111 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 1113 | ||
| GLOSSARY | 1114 | ||
| INDEX | 1134 | ||
| A | 1134 | ||
| B | 1135 | ||
| C | 1136 | ||
| D | 1139 | ||
| E | 1141 | ||
| F | 1142 | ||
| G | 1143 | ||
| H | 1144 | ||
| I | 1145 | ||
| J | 1146 | ||
| K | 1146 | ||
| L | 1146 | ||
| M | 1147 | ||
| N | 1149 | ||
| O | 1149 | ||
| P | 1150 | ||
| Q | 1153 | ||
| R | 1153 | ||
| S | 1155 | ||
| T | 1156 | ||
| U | 1157 | ||
| V | 1157 | ||
| W | 1158 | ||
| X | 1158 | ||
| Y | 1158 | ||
| Z | 1158 |