Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Part of the trusted Robbins and Cotran family, Robbins Basic Pathology provides a readable, well-illustrated and concise overview of the principles of human pathology that's ideal for today's busy students. This thoroughly revised edition continues with a strong emphasis on pathogenesis and the clinical features of disease, adding new artwork and more schematic diagrams to further aid in summarizing key pathologic processes and expand the already impressive illustration program.
- Excellent art program boasts high-quality photomicrographs, gross photos, and radiologic images to supplement the world-class illustrations.
- Bulleted summary boxes provide quick access to key information and easy review of key concepts.
- Includes increased and updated clinical topics.
- New artwork and more schematic diagrams summarize key pathologic processes.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Student Consult ad | IFC1 | ||
| Robbins Basic Pathology | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Clinical Consultants | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | x | ||
| Online Resources for Instructors and Students | xi | ||
| Resources for Instructors | xi | ||
| Image Collection | xi | ||
| Test Bank | xi | ||
| Resources for Students | xi | ||
| Textbook Online | xi | ||
| Targeted Therapy Boxes | xi | ||
| Videos | xi | ||
| Clinical Cases | xi | ||
| Self-Assessment Questions | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| 1 The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease | 1 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1 | ||
| The Genome | 1 | ||
| Noncoding DNA | 1 | ||
| Histone Organization | 3 | ||
| Micro-RNA and Long Noncoding RNA | 4 | ||
| Gene Editing | 5 | ||
| Cellular Housekeeping | 6 | ||
| Plasma Membrane: Protection and Nutrient Acquisition | 8 | ||
| Passive Membrane Diffusion | 9 | ||
| Carriers and Channels | 9 | ||
| Receptor-Mediated and Fluid-Phase Uptake | 9 | ||
| Cytoskeleton | 11 | ||
| Cell-Cell Interactions | 12 | ||
| Biosynthetic Machinery: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus | 12 | ||
| Waste Disposal: Lysosomes and Proteasomes | 13 | ||
| Cellular Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function | 13 | ||
| Cellular Activation | 16 | ||
| Cell Signaling | 16 | ||
| Signal Transduction Pathways | 16 | ||
| Modular Signaling Proteins, Hubs, and Nodes | 18 | ||
| Transcription Factors | 19 | ||
| Growth Factors and Receptors | 19 | ||
| Extracellular Matrix | 21 | ||
| Components of the Extracellular Matrix | 22 | ||
| Maintaining Cell Populations | 24 | ||
| Proliferation and the Cell Cycle | 24 | ||
| Stem Cells | 25 | ||
| Regenerative Medicine | 28 | ||
| Concluding Remarks | 28 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 29 | ||
| Genetics and Epigenetics | 29 | ||
| Cellular Housekeeping | 29 | ||
| Cellular Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function | 29 | ||
| Cellular Activation | 29 | ||
| Maintaining Cell Populations | 29 | ||
| 2 Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations | 31 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 31 | ||
| Introduction to Pathology | 31 | ||
| Overview of Cellular Responses to Stress and Noxious Stimuli | 31 | ||
| Causes of Cell Injury | 32 | ||
| Sequence of Events in Cell Injury and Cell Death | 33 | ||
| Reversible Cell Injury | 33 | ||
| Cell Death | 34 | ||
| Necrosis | 35 | ||
| Morphologic Patterns of Tissue Necrosis | 36 | ||
| Apoptosis | 37 | ||
| Causes of Apoptosis | 37 | ||
| Mechanisms of Apoptosis | 38 | ||
| Other Pathways of Cell Death | 40 | ||
| Autophagy | 40 | ||
| Mechanisms of Cell Injury and Cell Death | 41 | ||
| Hypoxia and Ischemia | 42 | ||
| Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury | 43 | ||
| Oxidative Stress | 43 | ||
| Generation and Removal of Reactive Oxygen Species | 43 | ||
| Cell Injury Caused by Reactive Oxygen Species | 45 | ||
| Cell Injury Caused by Toxins | 45 | ||
| Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress | 45 | ||
| DNA Damage | 47 | ||
| Inflammation | 47 | ||
| Common Events in Cell Injury From Diverse Causes | 47 | ||
| Mitochondrial Dysfunction | 47 | ||
| Defects in Membrane Permeability | 47 | ||
| Cellular Adaptations to Stress | 48 | ||
| Hypertrophy | 48 | ||
| Hyperplasia | 49 | ||
| Atrophy | 50 | ||
| Metaplasia | 50 | ||
| Intracellular Accumulations | 51 | ||
| Pathologic Calcification | 53 | ||
| Cellular Aging | 54 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 56 | ||
| 3 Inflammation and Repair | 57 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 57 | ||
| Overview of Inflammation: Definitions and General Features | 57 | ||
| Causes of Inflammation | 59 | ||
| Recognition of Microbes and Damaged Cells | 59 | ||
| Acute Inflammation | 60 | ||
| Reactions of Blood Vessels in Acute Inflammation | 60 | ||
| Changes in Vascular Flow and Caliber | 60 | ||
| Increased Vascular Permeability (Vascular Leakage) | 61 | ||
| Responses of Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Nodes | 62 | ||
| Leukocyte Recruitment to Sites of Inflammation | 62 | ||
| Leukocyte Adhesion to Endothelium | 62 | ||
| Leukocyte Migration Through Endothelium | 65 | ||
| Chemotaxis of Leukocytes | 65 | ||
| Phagocytosis and Clearance of the Offending Agent | 66 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 67 | ||
| Intracellular Destruction of Microbes and Debris | 68 | ||
| Neutrophil Extracellular Traps | 69 | ||
| Leukocyte-Mediated Tissue Injury | 69 | ||
| Other Functional Responses of Activated Leukocytes | 70 | ||
| Termination of the Acute Inflammatory Response | 70 | ||
| Mediators of Inflammation | 70 | ||
| Vasoactive Amines: Histamine and Serotonin | 71 | ||
| Arachidonic Acid Metabolites | 71 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 71 | ||
| Leukotrienes | 73 | ||
| Lipoxins | 73 | ||
| Pharmacologic Inhibitors of Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes | 73 | ||
| Cytokines and Chemokines | 73 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1 | 73 | ||
| Chemokines | 74 | ||
| Other Cytokines in Acute Inflammation | 75 | ||
| Complement System | 75 | ||
| Other Mediators of Inflammation | 77 | ||
| Platelet-Activating Factor | 77 | ||
| Products of Coagulation | 77 | ||
| Kinins | 77 | ||
| Neuropeptides | 77 | ||
| Morphologic Patterns of Acute Inflammation | 78 | ||
| Serous Inflammation | 78 | ||
| Fibrinous Inflammation | 78 | ||
| Purulent (Suppurative) Inflammation, Abscess | 78 | ||
| Ulcers | 79 | ||
| Outcomes of Acute Inflammation | 79 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation | 81 | ||
| Causes of Chronic Inflammation | 81 | ||
| Morphologic Features | 81 | ||
| Cells and Mediators of Chronic Inflammation | 82 | ||
| Role of Macrophages | 82 | ||
| Role of Lymphocytes | 83 | ||
| Other Cells in Chronic Inflammation | 84 | ||
| Granulomatous Inflammation | 85 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Inflammation | 86 | ||
| Tissue Repair | 87 | ||
| Overview of Tissue Repair | 87 | ||
| Cell and Tissue Regeneration | 88 | ||
| Cell Proliferation: Signals and Control Mechanisms | 88 | ||
| Mechanisms of Tissue Regeneration | 88 | ||
| Liver Regeneration | 89 | ||
| Repair by Scarring | 89 | ||
| Steps in Scar Formation | 89 | ||
| Angiogenesis | 90 | ||
| Activation of Fibroblasts and Deposition of Connective Tissue | 91 | ||
| Remodeling of Connective Tissue | 92 | ||
| Factors That Impair Tissue Repair | 93 | ||
| Clinical Examples of Abnormal Wound Healing and Scarring | 93 | ||
| Defects in Healing: Chronic Wounds | 93 | ||
| Excessive Scarring | 93 | ||
| Fibrosis in Parenchymal Organs | 94 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 95 | ||
| 4 Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism, and Shock | 97 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 97 | ||
| Hyperemia and Congestion | 97 | ||
| Edema | 98 | ||
| Increased Hydrostatic Pressure | 99 | ||
| Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure | 99 | ||
| Lymphatic Obstruction | 99 | ||
| Sodium and Water Retention | 100 | ||
| Clinical Features | 100 | ||
| Hemorrhage | 100 | ||
| Hemostasis and Thrombosis | 101 | ||
| Normal Hemostasis | 101 | ||
| Platelets | 102 | ||
| Coagulation Cascade | 103 | ||
| Factors That Limit Coagulation. | 105 | ||
| Endothelium | 106 | ||
| Thrombosis | 106 | ||
| Endothelial Injury | 107 | ||
| Abnormal Blood Flow | 108 | ||
| Hypercoagulability | 108 | ||
| Fate of the Thrombus | 110 | ||
| Clinical Features | 111 | ||
| Venous Thrombosis (Phlebothrombosis) | 111 | ||
| Arterial and Cardiac Thrombosis | 111 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) | 111 | ||
| Embolism | 112 | ||
| Pulmonary Thromboembolism | 112 | ||
| Systemic Thromboembolism | 112 | ||
| Fat Embolism | 112 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid Embolism | 113 | ||
| Air Embolism | 113 | ||
| Infarction | 114 | ||
| Factors That Influence Infarct Development | 115 | ||
| Shock | 115 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Septic Shock | 116 | ||
| Stages of Shock | 118 | ||
| Clinical Features | 119 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 119 | ||
| 5 Diseases of the Immune System | 121 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 121 | ||
| The Normal Immune Response | 121 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 122 | ||
| Receptors of Innate Immunity | 122 | ||
| Toll-Like Receptors | 123 | ||
| NOD-Like Receptors and the Inflammasome | 123 | ||
| Other Receptors for Microbial Products | 123 | ||
| Reactions of Innate Immunity | 123 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 124 | ||
| Cells and Tissues of the Immune System | 124 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 124 | ||
| T Lymphocytes | 124 | ||
| Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules: The Peptide Display System of Adaptive Immunity | 126 | ||
| B Lymphocytes | 127 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells | 128 | ||
| Antigen-Presenting Cells | 128 | ||
| Dendritic Cells | 128 | ||
| Other Antigen-Presenting Cells | 129 | ||
| Lymphoid Tissues | 129 | ||
| Peripheral Lymphoid Organs | 129 | ||
| Cytokines: Messenger Molecules of the Immune System | 130 | ||
| Overview of Lymphocyte Activation and Adaptive Immune Responses | 130 | ||
| Capture and Display of Antigens | 130 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity: Activation of T Lymphocytes and Elimination of Intracellular Microbes | 132 | ||
| Humoral Immunity: Activation of B Lymphocytes and Elimination of Extracellular Microbes | 132 | ||
| Decline of Immune Responses and Immunologic Memory | 134 | ||
| Hypersensitivity: Immunologically Mediated Tissue Injury | 134 | ||
| Causes of Hypersensitivity Reactions | 135 | ||
| Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions | 135 | ||
| Immediate (Type I) Hypersensitivity | 136 | ||
| Sequence of Events in Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions | 136 | ||
| Development of Allergies | 137 | ||
| Clinical and Pathologic Manifestations | 138 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Diseases (Type II Hypersensitivity) | 139 | ||
| Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Diseases | 139 | ||
| Immune Complex–Mediated Diseases (Type III Hypersensitivity) | 140 | ||
| Systemic Immune Complex Disease | 141 | ||
| Formation of Immune Complexes. | 141 | ||
| Deposition of Immune Complexes. | 141 | ||
| Inflammation and Tissue Injury. | 142 | ||
| Local Immune Complex Disease (Arthus Reaction) | 142 | ||
| T Cell–Mediated Diseases (Type IV Hypersensitivity) | 142 | ||
| CD4+ T Cell–Mediated Inflammation | 142 | ||
| Clinical Examples of CD4+ T Cell–Mediated Inflammatory Reactions | 143 | ||
| CD8+ T Cell–Mediated Cytotoxicity | 145 | ||
| Autoimmune Diseases | 145 | ||
| Immunologic Tolerance | 145 | ||
| Central Tolerance | 146 | ||
| Peripheral Tolerance | 146 | ||
| Mechanisms of Autoimmunity: General Principles | 147 | ||
| Genetic Factors in Autoimmunity | 147 | ||
| Role of Infections, Tissue Injury, and Other Environmental Factors | 148 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 150 | ||
| Spectrum of Autoantibodies in SLE | 150 | ||
| Anti-Nuclear Antibodies | 151 | ||
| Other Autoantibodies | 151 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 152 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 152 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 152 | ||
| Immunologic Factors | 153 | ||
| A Model for the Pathogenesis of SLE | 153 | ||
| Mechanisms of Tissue Injury | 153 | ||
| Clinical Features | 157 | ||
| Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | 157 | ||
| Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus | 157 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 158 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 158 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 158 | ||
| Clinical Features | 158 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) | 159 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 159 | ||
| Clinical Features | 161 | ||
| Inflammatory Myopathies | 162 | ||
| Mixed Connective Tissue Disease | 162 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa and Other Vasculitides | 162 | ||
| IgG4-Related Disease | 162 | ||
| Rejection of Transplants | 162 | ||
| Recognition and Rejection of Allografts | 162 | ||
| Recognition of Graft Alloantigens | 162 | ||
| Mechanisms of Graft Rejection | 163 | ||
| Methods of Increasing Graft Survival | 165 | ||
| Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells | 166 | ||
| Graft-Versus-Host Disease | 166 | ||
| Immune Deficiencies | 168 | ||
| Immunodeficiency Syndromes | 168 | ||
| Primary (Inherited) Immunodeficiencies | 168 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency | 168 | ||
| X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia | 170 | ||
| DiGeorge Syndrome (Thymic Hypoplasia) | 170 | ||
| Hyper-IgM Syndrome | 170 | ||
| Common Variable Immunodeficiency | 171 | ||
| Isolated IgA Deficiency | 171 | ||
| Other Defects in Lymphocyte Activation | 171 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies Associated With Systemic Diseases | 171 | ||
| Defects in Innate Immunity | 172 | ||
| Defects in Leukocyte Function | 172 | ||
| Deficiencies Affecting the Complement System | 172 | ||
| Secondary (Acquired) Immunodeficiencies | 173 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 173 | ||
| Epidemiology | 173 | ||
| Properties of HIV | 174 | ||
| Structure of HIV | 174 | ||
| Pathogenesis of HIV Infection and AIDS | 175 | ||
| Life Cycle of HIV | 175 | ||
| Infection of Cells by HIV | 175 | ||
| Viral Replication | 175 | ||
| Mechanism of T-Cell Depletion in HIV Infection | 176 | ||
| HIV Infection of Non–T Immune Cells | 177 | ||
| Macrophages. | 177 | ||
| Dendritic Cells. | 177 | ||
| B Cell Function in HIV Infection. | 177 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Central Nervous System Involvement | 177 | ||
| Natural History and Course of HIV Infection | 178 | ||
| Clinical Features of AIDS | 180 | ||
| Opportunistic Infections | 180 | ||
| Tumors | 180 | ||
| Kaposi Sarcoma. | 180 | ||
| Lymphomas. | 181 | ||
| Other Tumors. | 181 | ||
| Central Nervous System Disease | 181 | ||
| Effect of Anti-Retroviral Drug Therapy on the Course of HIV Infection | 181 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 182 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Amyloid Deposition | 183 | ||
| Classification of Amyloidosis and Mechanisms of Amyloid Formation | 183 | ||
| Primary Amyloidosis: Plasma Cell Proliferations Associated With Amyloidosis. | 183 | ||
| Reactive Systemic Amyloidosis. | 184 | ||
| Heredofamilial Amyloidosis. | 185 | ||
| Hemodialysis-Associated Amyloidosis. | 185 | ||
| Localized Amyloidosis. | 185 | ||
| Endocrine Amyloid. | 185 | ||
| Amyloid of Aging. | 185 | ||
| Clinical Features | 187 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 187 | ||
| 6 Neoplasia | 189 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 189 | ||
| Nomenclature | 190 | ||
| Benign Tumors | 190 | ||
| Malignant Tumors | 190 | ||
| Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms | 192 | ||
| Differentiation and Anaplasia | 192 | ||
| Local Invasion | 194 | ||
| Metastasis | 195 | ||
| Epidemiology | 196 | ||
| Cancer Incidence | 197 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 197 | ||
| Age and Cancer | 199 | ||
| Acquired Predisposing Conditions | 199 | ||
| Interactions Between Environmental and Genetic Factors | 200 | ||
| Cancer Genes | 200 | ||
| Genetic Lesions in Cancer | 201 | ||
| Driver and Passenger Mutations | 201 | ||
| Point Mutations | 201 | ||
| Gene Rearrangements | 201 | ||
| Deletions | 202 | ||
| Gene Amplifications | 203 | ||
| Aneuploidy | 203 | ||
| MicroRNAs and Cancer | 203 | ||
| Epigenetic Modifications and Cancer | 203 | ||
| Carcinogenesis: A Multistep Process | 204 | ||
| Hallmarks of Cancer | 204 | ||
| Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals | 205 | ||
| Growth Factors | 206 | ||
| Growth Factor Receptors | 206 | ||
| Downstream Signal-Transducing Proteins | 206 | ||
| RAS | 206 | ||
| ABL | 207 | ||
| Nuclear Transcription Factors | 207 | ||
| Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases | 207 | ||
| Insensitivity to Growth Inhibitory Signals: Tumor Suppressor Genes | 208 | ||
| RB: Governor of the Cell Cycle | 208 | ||
| TP53: Guardian of the Genome | 211 | ||
| Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathway | 213 | ||
| Contact Inhibition, NF2, and APC | 213 | ||
| Altered Cellular Metabolism | 214 | ||
| Autophagy | 216 | ||
| Oncometabolism | 216 | ||
| Evasion of Cell Death | 217 | ||
| Limitless Replicative Potential (Immortality) | 218 | ||
| Sustained Angiogenesis | 219 | ||
| Invasion and Metastasis | 220 | ||
| Invasion of Extracellular Matrix | 220 | ||
| Vascular Dissemination and Homing of Tumor Cells | 222 | ||
| Metastasis | 223 | ||
| Evasion of Immune Surveillance | 223 | ||
| Tumor Antigens. | 224 | ||
| Effective Immune Responses to Tumor Antigens. | 224 | ||
| Immune Evasion by Cancers. | 224 | ||
| Genomic Instability as an Enabler of Malignancy | 226 | ||
| Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome | 227 | ||
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum | 227 | ||
| Diseases With Defects in DNA Repair by Homologous Recombination | 227 | ||
| Cancers Resulting From Mutations Induced by Regulated Genomic Instability: Lymphoid Neoplasms | 227 | ||
| Tumor-Promoting Inflammation as an Enabler of Malignancy | 228 | ||
| Etiology of Cancer: Carcinogenic Agents | 228 | ||
| Chemical Carcinogens | 228 | ||
| Direct-Acting Agents | 229 | ||
| Indirect-Acting Agents | 229 | ||
| Mechanisms of Action of Chemical Carcinogens | 230 | ||
| Radiation Carcinogenesis | 231 | ||
| Viral and Microbial Oncogenesis | 231 | ||
| Oncogenic RNA Viruses | 231 | ||
| Oncogenic DNA Viruses | 232 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus | 232 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus | 233 | ||
| Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viruses | 234 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | 235 | ||
| Clinical Aspects of Neoplasia | 235 | ||
| Effects of Tumor on Host | 235 | ||
| Cancer Cachexia | 236 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Syndromes | 236 | ||
| Grading and Staging of Cancer | 236 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis of Cancer | 237 | ||
| Morphologic Methods | 238 | ||
| Tumor Markers | 238 | ||
| Molecular Diagnosis | 239 | ||
| Molecular Profiling of Tumors: The Future of Cancer Diagnostics | 239 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 241 | ||
| 7 Genetic and Pediatric Diseases | 243 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 243 | ||
| Genetic Diseases | 243 | ||
| Nature of Genetic Abnormalities Contributing to Human Disease | 244 | ||
| Mutations in Protein-Coding Genes | 244 | ||
| Alterations in Protein-Coding Genes Other Than Mutations | 244 | ||
| Alterations in Non-Coding RNAs | 244 | ||
| Mendelian Disorders: Diseases Caused by Single-Gene Defects | 245 | ||
| Transmission Patterns of Single-Gene Disorders | 246 | ||
| Disorders of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance | 246 | ||
| Disorders of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance | 246 | ||
| X-Linked Disorders | 246 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Structural Proteins | 247 | ||
| Marfan Syndrome | 247 | ||
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes | 248 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Receptor Proteins or Channels | 248 | ||
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 248 | ||
| Normal Cholesterol Metabolism. | 248 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 249 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 250 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 251 | ||
| Clinical Course | 253 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Enzyme Proteins | 254 | ||
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | 254 | ||
| Galactosemia | 255 | ||
| Lysosomal Storage Diseases | 255 | ||
| Tay-Sachs Disease (GM2 Gangliosidosis: Deficiency in Hexosaminidase β Subunit) | 256 | ||
| Niemann-Pick Disease Types A and B | 257 | ||
| Niemann-Pick Disease Type C | 258 | ||
| Gaucher Disease | 258 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 259 | ||
| Glycogen Storage Diseases (Glycogenoses) | 260 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Proteins That Regulate Cell Growth | 261 | ||
| Complex Multigenic Disorders | 261 | ||
| Cytogenetic Disorders | 262 | ||
| Numeric Abnormalities | 262 | ||
| Structural Abnormalities | 263 | ||
| General Features of Chromosomal Disorders | 264 | ||
| Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Autosomes | 264 | ||
| Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) | 264 | ||
| 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome | 266 | ||
| Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes | 267 | ||
| Klinefelter Syndrome | 267 | ||
| Turner Syndrome | 267 | ||
| Single-Gene Disorders With Atypical Patterns of Inheritance | 269 | ||
| Triplet Repeat Mutations | 269 | ||
| Fragile X Syndrome | 269 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 269 | ||
| Fragile X Tremor/Ataxia | 270 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Mutations in Mitochondrial Genes | 271 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Alterations of Imprinted Regions: Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes | 271 | ||
| Pediatric Diseases | 273 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 273 | ||
| Etiology | 275 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 276 | ||
| Perinatal Infections | 277 | ||
| Prematurity and Fetal Growth Restriction | 277 | ||
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn | 278 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 278 | ||
| Clinical Features | 278 | ||
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 279 | ||
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | 280 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 280 | ||
| Fetal Hydrops | 282 | ||
| Immune Hydrops | 283 | ||
| Nonimmune Hydrops | 283 | ||
| Clinical Course | 284 | ||
| Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions of Infancy and Childhood | 285 | ||
| Benign Neoplasms | 285 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 286 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 286 | ||
| Clinical Course and Prognosis | 287 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 289 | ||
| Clinical Features | 289 | ||
| Wilms Tumor | 289 | ||
| Clinical Course | 291 | ||
| Molecular Diagnosis of Mendelian and Complex Disorders | 291 | ||
| Indications for Genetic Analysis | 292 | ||
| Molecular Diagnosis of Copy Number Abnormalities | 292 | ||
| Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization | 292 | ||
| Array-Based Genomic Hybridization | 293 | ||
| Direct Detection of DNA Mutations by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis | 294 | ||
| Next Generation Sequencing | 295 | ||
| Linkage Analysis and Genomewide Association Studies | 295 | ||
| Linkage Analysis | 296 | ||
| Genomewide Association Studies (GWASs) | 296 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 296 | ||
| 8 Environmental and Nutritional Diseases | 299 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 299 | ||
| Health Effects of Climate Change | 299 | ||
| Toxicity of Chemical and Physical Agents | 301 | ||
| Environmental Pollution | 302 | ||
| Air Pollution | 302 | ||
| Outdoor Air Pollution | 302 | ||
| Indoor Air Pollution | 303 | ||
| Metals as Environmental Pollutants | 304 | ||
| Lead | 304 | ||
| Mercury | 305 | ||
| Arsenic | 305 | ||
| Cadmium | 306 | ||
| Industrial and Agricultural Exposures | 306 | ||
| Effects of Tobacco | 307 | ||
| Effects of Alcohol | 310 | ||
| Injury by Therapeutic Drugs and Drugs of Abuse | 312 | ||
| Injury by Therapeutic Drugs: Adverse Drug Reactions | 312 | ||
| Exogenous Estrogens and Oral Contraceptives | 313 | ||
| Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) | 313 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 314 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 314 | ||
| Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) | 314 | ||
| Injury by Nontherapeutic Agents (Drug Abuse) | 315 | ||
| Cocaine | 315 | ||
| Heroin and Other Opioids | 316 | ||
| Marijuana | 317 | ||
| Other Illicit Drugs | 317 | ||
| Injury by Physical Agents | 317 | ||
| Mechanical Trauma | 317 | ||
| Thermal Injury | 318 | ||
| Thermal Burns | 318 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 319 | ||
| Hypothermia | 319 | ||
| Electrical Injury | 319 | ||
| Injury Produced by Ionizing Radiation | 320 | ||
| Main Determinants of the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation | 320 | ||
| DNA Damage and Carcinogenesis | 321 | ||
| Fibrosis | 321 | ||
| Effects on Organ Systems | 322 | ||
| Total-Body Irradiation | 323 | ||
| Nutritional Diseases | 323 | ||
| Malnutrition | 324 | ||
| Severe Acute Malnutrition | 324 | ||
| Marasmus | 325 | ||
| Kwashiorkor | 325 | ||
| Secondary Malnutrition | 326 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia | 326 | ||
| Vitamin Deficiencies | 326 | ||
| Vitamin A | 327 | ||
| Function. | 327 | ||
| Deficiency States. | 328 | ||
| Vitamin A Toxicity. | 329 | ||
| Vitamin D | 329 | ||
| Metabolism. | 329 | ||
| Functions. | 329 | ||
| Deficiency States | 330 | ||
| Nonskeletal Effects of Vitamin D. | 331 | ||
| 9 General Pathology of Infectious Diseases | 341 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 341 | ||
| General Principles of Microbial Pathogenesis | 341 | ||
| Categories of Infectious Agents | 341 | ||
| Prions | 341 | ||
| Viruses | 341 | ||
| Bacteria | 342 | ||
| Fungi | 343 | ||
| Protozoa | 345 | ||
| Helminths | 345 | ||
| Ectoparasites | 346 | ||
| The Microbiome | 346 | ||
| Techniques for Identifying Infectious Agents | 346 | ||
| Newly Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases | 347 | ||
| Agents of Bioterrorism | 348 | ||
| Transmission and Dissemination of Microbes | 349 | ||
| Routes of Entry of Microbes | 349 | ||
| Skin | 349 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 349 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 350 | ||
| Urogenital Tract | 351 | ||
| Spread and Dissemination of Microbes Within the Body | 351 | ||
| Transmission of Microbes | 352 | ||
| How Microorganisms Cause Disease | 352 | ||
| Mechanisms of Viral Injury | 353 | ||
| Mechanisms of Bacterial Injury | 353 | ||
| Bacterial Virulence | 353 | ||
| Bacterial Adherence to Host Cells | 354 | ||
| Bacterial Toxins | 354 | ||
| Injurious Effects of Host Immune Responses | 355 | ||
| Immune Evasion by Microbes | 355 | ||
| Spectrum of Inflammatory Responses to Infection | 357 | ||
| Mononuclear and Granulomatous Inflammation | 357 | ||
| Cytopathic-Cytoproliferative Reaction | 357 | ||
| Tissue Necrosis | 358 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation and Scarring | 358 | ||
| Infections in Individuals With Immunodeficiencies | 358 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 359 | ||
| 10 Blood Vessels | 361 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 361 | ||
| Structure and Function of Blood Vessels | 361 | ||
| Vascular Organization | 362 | ||
| Endothelial Cells | 363 | ||
| Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells | 364 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 364 | ||
| Blood Pressure Regulation | 364 | ||
| Hypertensive Vascular Disease | 366 | ||
| Epidemiology of Hypertension | 366 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 367 | ||
| Mechanisms of Essential Hypertension | 367 | ||
| Vascular Wall Response to Injury | 368 | ||
| Intimal Thickening: A Stereotypical Response to Vascular Injury | 368 | ||
| Arteriosclerosis | 369 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 369 | ||
| Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis | 370 | ||
| Constitutional Risk Factors | 370 | ||
| Modifiable Major Risk Factors | 371 | ||
| Additional Risk Factors | 371 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 372 | ||
| Endothelial Injury | 372 | ||
| Hemodynamic Disturbances | 373 | ||
| Lipids | 373 | ||
| Inflammation | 374 | ||
| SMC Proliferation and Matrix Synthesis | 374 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Consequences of Atherosclerosis | 376 | ||
| Atherosclerotic Stenosis | 376 | ||
| Acute Plaque Change | 377 | ||
| Aneurysms and Dissections | 378 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 378 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 379 | ||
| Clinical Consequences | 380 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm | 380 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 380 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 381 | ||
| Clinical Consequences | 381 | ||
| Vasculitis | 382 | ||
| Noninfectious Vasculitis | 382 | ||
| Immune Complex–Associated Vasculitis | 382 | ||
| Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies | 384 | ||
| Anti-Endothelial Cell Antibodies and Autoreactive T Cells | 384 | ||
| Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis | 384 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 384 | ||
| Clinical Features | 385 | ||
| Takayasu Arteritis | 385 | ||
| Clinical Features | 386 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | 386 | ||
| 11 Heart | 399 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 399 | ||
| Overview of Heart Disease | 399 | ||
| Heart Failure | 400 | ||
| Left-Sided Heart Failure | 401 | ||
| Clinical Features | 402 | ||
| Right-Sided Heart Failure | 402 | ||
| Clinical Features | 403 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 403 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 403 | ||
| Clinical Features | 404 | ||
| Malformations Associated With Left-to-Right Shunts | 404 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defects and Patent Foramen Ovale | 405 | ||
| Clinical Features | 405 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defects | 405 | ||
| 12 Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems | 441 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 441 | ||
| Red Cell Disorders | 442 | ||
| Anemia of Blood Loss: Hemorrhage | 443 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia | 443 | ||
| Hereditary Spherocytosis | 444 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 444 | ||
| Clinical Features. | 445 | ||
| Sickle Cell Anemia | 445 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 445 | ||
| Clinical Features. | 446 | ||
| Thalassemia | 447 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 447 | ||
| β-Thalassemia | 448 | ||
| α-Thalassemia | 448 | ||
| Clinical Features. | 449 | ||
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency | 450 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 450 | ||
| Clinical Features. | 450 | ||
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria | 450 | ||
| Immunohemolytic Anemia | 451 | ||
| Warm Antibody Immunohemolytic Anemia | 451 | ||
| Cold Antibody Immunohemolytic Anemia | 451 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia Resulting From Mechanical Trauma to Red Cells | 451 | ||
| Malaria | 452 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 452 | ||
| Clinical Features | 453 | ||
| Anemia of Diminished Erythropoiesis | 453 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 453 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 455 | ||
| Clinical Features. | 455 | ||
| Anemia of Chronic Inflammation | 455 | ||
| 13 Lung | 495 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 495 | ||
| Atelectasis (Collapse) | 495 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 496 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 496 | ||
| Clinical Features | 497 | ||
| Obstructive Versus Restrictive Pulmonary Diseases | 498 | ||
| Obstructive Lung (Airway) Diseases | 498 | ||
| Emphysema | 498 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 500 | ||
| Clinical Features | 501 | ||
| Conditions Related to Emphysema | 501 | ||
| Chronic Bronchitis | 502 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 502 | ||
| Clinical Features | 502 | ||
| Asthma | 503 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 503 | ||
| Atopic Asthma | 503 | ||
| Non-Atopic Asthma | 503 | ||
| Drug-Induced Asthma | 503 | ||
| Occupational Asthma | 503 | ||
| Clinical Features | 505 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 505 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 506 | ||
| Clinical Features | 506 | ||
| Chronic Interstitial (Restrictive, Infiltrative) Lung Diseases | 506 | ||
| Fibrosing Diseases | 507 | ||
| Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis | 507 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 507 | ||
| Clinical Features | 508 | ||
| Other Fibrosing Diseases | 508 | ||
| Pneumoconioses | 508 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 509 | ||
| Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis | 509 | ||
| Clinical Features | 509 | ||
| Silicosis | 510 | ||
| 14 Kidney and Its Collecting System | 549 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 549 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Renal Diseases | 549 | ||
| Glomerular Diseases | 550 | ||
| Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury and Disease | 552 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis Caused by Circulating Immune Complexes | 552 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis Caused by Immune Complexes Formed in Situ | 553 | ||
| Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody–Mediated Glomerulonephritis | 554 | ||
| Glomerular Diseases Caused by Complement Activation | 554 | ||
| Mediators of Immune Injury | 554 | ||
| Non-immune Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury | 554 | ||
| Podocyte Injury | 554 | ||
| Nephron Loss | 555 | ||
| Minimal-Change Disease | 555 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 555 | ||
| Clinical Features | 555 | ||
| Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis | 556 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 556 | ||
| Clinical Course | 557 | ||
| Membranous Nephropathy | 557 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 558 | ||
| Clinical Features | 558 | ||
| Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 559 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 559 | ||
| Clinical Features | 559 | ||
| C3 Glomerulopathy | 560 | ||
| 15 Oral Cavities and Gastrointestinal Tract | 583 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 583 | ||
| Oral Cavity | 583 | ||
| Diseases of Teeth and Supporting Structures | 584 | ||
| Caries | 584 | ||
| Gingivitis | 584 | ||
| Periodontitis | 584 | ||
| Oral Inflammatory Lesions | 584 | ||
| Aphthous Ulcers (Canker Sores) | 584 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | 584 | ||
| Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) | 585 | ||
| Proliferative and Neoplastic Lesions of the Oral Cavity | 585 | ||
| Fibrous Proliferative Lesions | 585 | ||
| Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia | 585 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 586 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 586 | ||
| Diseases of Salivary Glands | 587 | ||
| Xerostomia | 587 | ||
| Sialadenitis | 588 | ||
| Neoplasms | 588 | ||
| Pleomorphic Adenoma | 589 | ||
| Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma | 589 | ||
| Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors | 590 | ||
| Esophagus | 590 | ||
| Obstructive and Vascular Diseases | 590 | ||
| Mechanical Obstruction | 590 | ||
| Functional Obstruction | 591 | ||
| Ectopia | 591 | ||
| Esophageal Varices | 591 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 591 | ||
| Clinical Features | 591 | ||
| Esophagitis | 591 | ||
| Esophageal Lacerations, Mucosal Injury, and Infections | 591 | ||
| Chemical and Infectious Esophagitis | 591 | ||
| Reflux Esophagitis | 593 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 594 | ||
| Clinical Features | 594 | ||
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 594 | ||
| Barrett Esophagus | 595 | ||
| Clinical Features | 595 | ||
| Esophageal Tumors | 596 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 596 | ||
| 16 Liver and Gallbladder | 637 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 637 | ||
| The Liver and Bile Ducts | 637 | ||
| General Features of Liver Disease | 638 | ||
| Mechanisms of Injury and Repair | 638 | ||
| Liver Failure | 639 | ||
| Acute Liver Failure | 639 | ||
| Clinical Features | 639 | ||
| Chronic Liver Failure and Cirrhosis | 640 | ||
| Clinical Features | 641 | ||
| Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure | 642 | ||
| Infectious Disorders | 642 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 642 | ||
| Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) | 642 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) | 643 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) | 645 | ||
| Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) | 647 | ||
| Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | 647 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Syndromes of Viral Hepatitis | 648 | ||
| Acute Asymptomatic Infection With Recovery. | 648 | ||
| Acute Symptomatic Infection With Recovery. | 648 | ||
| Fulminant Hepatic Failure. | 648 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis. | 648 | ||
| The Carrier State. | 648 | ||
| HIV and Chronic Viral Hepatitis. | 648 | ||
| Bacterial, Parasitic, and Helminthic Infections | 650 | ||
| Autoimmune Hepatitis | 651 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Features | 651 | ||
| Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury | 651 | ||
| Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 652 | ||
| Alcoholic Liver Disease | 653 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 653 | ||
| Clinical Features | 654 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 655 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 655 | ||
| Clinical Features | 655 | ||
| Inherited Metabolic Liver Diseases | 656 | ||
| Hemochromatosis | 656 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 656 | ||
| Clinical Features | 657 | ||
| Wilson Disease | 657 | ||
| Clinical Features | 658 | ||
| α1-Anti-Trypsin Deficiency | 658 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 658 | ||
| Clinical Features | 659 | ||
| Cholestatic Syndromes | 659 | ||
| Bilirubin and Bile Formation | 659 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Jaundice | 660 | ||
| Defects in Hepatocellular Bilirubin Metabolism | 661 | ||
| Neonatal Jaundice | 661 | ||
| Hereditary Hyperbilirubinemias | 661 | ||
| Cholestasis | 661 | ||
| Bile Duct Obstruction and Ascending Cholangitis | 661 | ||
| Neonatal Cholestasis | 662 | ||
| Biliary Atresia | 663 | ||
| 17 Pancreas | 679 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 679 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 680 | ||
| Agenesis | 680 | ||
| Pancreas Divisum | 680 | ||
| Annular Pancreas | 680 | ||
| Ectopic Pancreas | 680 | ||
| Congenital Cysts | 680 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 680 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 680 | ||
| Etiology | 680 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 681 | ||
| Clinical Features | 682 | ||
| Pancreatic Pseudocysts | 683 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 683 | ||
| Etiology | 683 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 684 | ||
| Clinical Features | 684 | ||
| Pancreatic Neoplasms | 685 | ||
| Cystic Neoplasms | 685 | ||
| Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms | 686 | ||
| Pancreatic Carcinoma | 686 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 687 | ||
| Clinical Features | 688 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 689 | ||
| 18 Male Genital System and Lower Urinary Tract | 691 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 691 | ||
| Penis | 691 | ||
| Malformations | 691 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 691 | ||
| Neoplasms | 691 | ||
| Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis | 692 | ||
| Cryptorchidism and Testicular Atrophy | 692 | ||
| Inflammatory Lesions | 693 | ||
| Vascular Disturbances | 693 | ||
| Testicular Neoplasms | 693 | ||
| Clinical Features | 696 | ||
| Prostate | 697 | ||
| Prostatitis | 697 | ||
| 19 Female Genital System and Breast | 713 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 713 | ||
| Vulva | 713 | ||
| Vulvitis | 713 | ||
| Nonneoplastic Epithelial Disorders | 714 | ||
| Lichen Sclerosus | 714 | ||
| Lichen Simplex Chronicus | 714 | ||
| Tumors | 714 | ||
| Condylomas | 714 | ||
| Carcinoma of the Vulva | 715 | ||
| Extramammary Paget Disease | 715 | ||
| Vagina | 716 | ||
| Vaginitis | 716 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 716 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 716 | ||
| Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma | 716 | ||
| Sarcoma Botryoides | 717 | ||
| Cervix | 717 | ||
| Cervicitis | 717 | ||
| Neoplasia of the Cervix | 717 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 717 | ||
| Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL, Cervical Intraepithelial Lesion) | 718 | ||
| Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix | 720 | ||
| Clinical Features | 720 | ||
| Endocervical Polyp | 720 | ||
| Uterus | 721 | ||
| Endometritis | 721 | ||
| Adenomyosis | 721 | ||
| Endometriosis | 721 | ||
| Clinical Features | 722 | ||
| Abnormal Uterine Bleeding | 722 | ||
| Proliferative Lesions of the Endometrium and Myometrium | 723 | ||
| Endometrial Hyperplasia | 723 | ||
| Endometrial Carcinoma | 724 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 724 | ||
| Clinical Features | 724 | ||
| Endometrial Polyps | 724 | ||
| Leiomyoma | 725 | ||
| Leiomyosarcoma | 726 | ||
| Fallopian Tubes | 726 | ||
| Ovaries | 727 | ||
| Follicle and Luteal Cysts | 727 | ||
| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | 727 | ||
| Tumors of the Ovary | 727 | ||
| Surface Epithelial Tumors | 727 | ||
| Serous Tumors | 728 | ||
| Mucinous Tumors | 729 | ||
| Endometrioid Tumors | 729 | ||
| Brenner Tumor | 729 | ||
| Other Ovarian Tumors | 730 | ||
| Teratomas | 730 | ||
| Benign (Mature) Cystic Teratomas | 730 | ||
| Immature Malignant Teratomas | 730 | ||
| Specialized Teratomas | 730 | ||
| Clinical Features | 731 | ||
| Diseases of Pregnancy | 732 | ||
| Placental Inflammations and Infections | 732 | ||
| Ectopic Pregnancy | 732 | ||
| Gestational Trophoblastic Disease | 733 | ||
| Hydatidiform Mole: Complete and Partial | 733 | ||
| Invasive Mole | 733 | ||
| Gestational Choriocarcinoma | 734 | ||
| Clinical Features | 734 | ||
| Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor | 735 | ||
| Preeclampsia/Eclampsia (Toxemia of Pregnancy) | 735 | ||
| Clinical Features | 735 | ||
| Breast | 736 | ||
| Clinical Presentations of Breast Disease | 736 | ||
| Inflammatory Processes | 737 | ||
| Stromal NEOPLASMS | 738 | ||
| Benign Epithelial Lesions | 738 | ||
| Carcinoma | 739 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 741 | ||
| Age and Gender. | 741 | ||
| Family History of Breast Cancer. | 741 | ||
| Geographic Factors. | 741 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity. | 741 | ||
| Reproductive History. | 741 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation. | 741 | ||
| Other Risk Factors. | 741 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 741 | ||
| Genetic. | 741 | ||
| Hormonal Influences. | 742 | ||
| Environmental Factors. | 742 | ||
| Clinical Features | 744 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 747 | ||
| 20 Endocrine System | 749 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 749 | ||
| Pituitary | 750 | ||
| Anterior Pituitary Tumors | 750 | ||
| Pituitary Adenomas: General Features | 750 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 751 | ||
| Functioning Adenomas and Hyperpituatarism | 753 | ||
| Lactotroph Adenomas | 753 | ||
| Somatotroph Adenomas | 753 | ||
| Corticotroph Adenomas | 754 | ||
| Other Anterior Pituitary Neoplasms | 754 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 754 | ||
| Posterior Pituitary Syndromes | 755 | ||
| Thyroid | 755 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 756 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 757 | ||
| Autoimmune Thyroid Disease | 758 | ||
| Chronic Lymphocytic (Hashimoto) Thyroiditis | 758 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 758 | ||
| Clinical Features | 759 | ||
| Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis | 759 | ||
| Clinical Features | 760 | ||
| Subacute Lymphocytic Thyroiditis | 760 | ||
| Other Forms of Thyroiditis | 760 | ||
| Graves Disease | 760 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 760 | ||
| Clinical Features | 761 | ||
| Diffuse and Multinodular Goiter | 762 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 762 | ||
| Clinical Features | 763 | ||
| Thyroid Neoplasms | 763 | ||
| Adenomas | 763 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 763 | ||
| Clinical Features | 764 | ||
| Carcinomas | 764 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 764 | ||
| Environmental Factors. | 765 | ||
| Papillary Carcinoma | 765 | ||
| Clinical Features | 766 | ||
| Follicular Carcinoma | 766 | ||
| Clinical Features | 767 | ||
| Anaplastic Carcinoma | 767 | ||
| 21 Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors | 797 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 797 | ||
| Bone | 797 | ||
| Basic Structure and Function of Bone | 797 | ||
| Matrix | 797 | ||
| Cells | 797 | ||
| Development | 798 | ||
| Homeostasis and Remodeling | 799 | ||
| Congenital Disorders of Bone and Cartilage | 799 | ||
| Achondroplasia | 800 | ||
| Thanatophoric Dysplasia | 800 | ||
| Type I Collagen Diseases (Osteogenesis Imperfecta) | 800 | ||
| Osteopetrosis | 800 | ||
| Metabolic Disorders of Bone | 801 | ||
| Osteopenia and Osteoporosis | 801 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 801 | ||
| Clinical Course | 802 | ||
| Rickets and Osteomalacia | 802 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 802 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 802 | ||
| Clinical Course | 803 | ||
| Paget Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) | 803 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 804 | ||
| Clinical Course | 804 | ||
| Fractures | 805 | ||
| Healing of Fractures | 805 | ||
| Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis) | 806 | ||
| Clinical Course | 806 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 806 | ||
| Pyogenic Osteomyelitis | 806 | ||
| Clinical Course | 807 | ||
| Mycobacterial Osteomyelitis | 807 | ||
| Bone Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions | 808 | ||
| Bone-Forming Tumors | 808 | ||
| Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma | 808 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 809 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 809 | ||
| Clinical Course | 810 | ||
| Cartilage-Forming Tumors | 810 | ||
| Osteochondroma | 810 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 810 | ||
| Clinical Course | 811 | ||
| Chondroma | 811 | ||
| 22 Peripheral Nerves and Muscles | 835 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 835 | ||
| Disorders of Peripheral Nerves | 835 | ||
| Patterns of Peripheral Nerve Injury | 835 | ||
| Disorders Associated With Peripheral Nerve Injury | 837 | ||
| Guillain-Barré Syndrome | 838 | ||
| Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) | 838 | ||
| Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy | 838 | ||
| Toxic, Vasculitic, and Inherited Forms of Peripheral Neuropathy | 838 | ||
| Disorders of Neuromuscular Junction | 839 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 839 | ||
| Lambert-Eaton Syndrome | 839 | ||
| Miscellaneous Neuromuscular Junction Disorders | 839 | ||
| Disorders of Skeletal Muscle | 840 | ||
| Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Injury and Atrophy | 840 | ||
| Inherited Disorders of Skeletal Muscle | 841 | ||
| Dystrophinopathies: Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy | 842 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 843 | ||
| Clinical Features | 843 | ||
| Other X-Linked and Autosomal Muscular Dystrophies | 843 | ||
| Channelopathies, Metabolic Myopathies, and Mitochondrial Myopathies | 844 | ||
| Acquired Disorders of Skeletal Muscle | 844 | ||
| Inflammatory Myopathies | 844 | ||
| Toxic Myopathies | 845 | ||
| Tumors of Skeletal Muscles | 845 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors | 846 | ||
| Schwannomas and Neurofibromatosis Type 2 | 846 | ||
| Neurofibromas | 846 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | 846 | ||
| Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors | 846 | ||
| Traumatic Neuroma | 847 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 848 | ||
| 23 Central Nervous System | 849 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 849 | ||
| Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus | 850 | ||
| Cerebral Edema | 850 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 851 | ||
| Herniation | 851 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Diseases | 852 | ||
| Hypoxia, Ischemia, and Infarction | 852 | ||
| Global Cerebral Ischemia | 852 | ||
| Focal Cerebral Ischemia | 853 | ||
| Intracranial Hemorrhage | 854 | ||
| Primary Brain Parenchymal Hemorrhage | 854 | ||
| Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy | 855 | ||
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Saccular Aneurysms | 855 | ||
| Vascular Malformations | 855 | ||
| Other Vascular Diseases | 856 | ||
| Hypertensive Cerebrovascular Disease | 856 | ||
| Vasculitis | 857 | ||
| Central Nervous System Trauma | 857 | ||
| Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries | 857 | ||
| Traumatic Vascular Injury | 858 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 858 | ||
| Subdural Hematoma | 858 | ||
| Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury | 860 | ||
| Malformations | 860 | ||
| Neural Tube Defects | 860 | ||
| Forebrain Malformations | 861 | ||
| Posterior Fossa Anomalies | 861 | ||
| Perinatal Brain Injury | 861 | ||
| Infections of the Nervous System | 862 | ||
| Epidural and Subdural Infections | 862 | ||
| Meningitis | 862 | ||
| Acute Pyogenic Meningitis (Bacterial Meningitis) | 863 | ||
| Aseptic Meningitis (Viral Meningitis) | 863 | ||
| Chronic Meningitis | 863 | ||
| Tuberculous Meningitis | 863 | ||
| Spirochetal Infections | 864 | ||
| Fungal Meningitis | 864 | ||
| Parenchymal Infections | 864 | ||
| Brain Abscesses | 865 | ||
| Viral Encephalitis | 865 | ||
| Arboviruses | 865 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 866 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 867 | ||
| Poliovirus | 867 | ||
| Rabies Virus | 867 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 867 | ||
| Polyomavirus and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy | 867 | ||
| Fungal Encephalitis | 868 | ||
| Other Meningoencephalitides | 868 | ||
| Cerebral Toxoplasmosis | 868 | ||
| Cysticercosis | 868 | ||
| Amebiasis | 868 | ||
| Prion Diseases | 869 | ||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) | 869 | ||
| Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | 870 | ||
| Diseases of Myelin | 870 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | 871 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 871 | ||
| Clinical Features | 871 | ||
| Other Acquired Demyelinating Diseases | 871 | ||
| Leukodystrophies | 872 | ||
| Genetic Metabolic Diseases | 873 | ||
| Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances | 873 | ||
| Nutritional Diseases | 873 | ||
| Thiamine Deficiency | 873 | ||
| Vitamin B12 Deficiency | 873 | ||
| Metabolic Disorders | 873 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 873 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 873 | ||
| Hepatic Encephalopathy | 873 | ||
| Toxic Disorders | 874 | ||
| Neurodegenerative Diseases | 874 | ||
| Alzheimer Disease | 874 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 875 | ||
| Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration | 877 | ||
| Parkinson Disease | 877 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 877 | ||
| Clinical Features | 879 | ||
| Huntington Disease | 879 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 879 | ||
| Spinocerebellar Ataxias | 879 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 880 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 880 | ||
| Tumors | 881 | ||
| Gliomas | 881 | ||
| Diffuse Astrocytoma | 881 | ||
| Oligodendroglioma | 881 | ||
| Genetics and Pathogenesis | 882 | ||
| Midline Glioma | 882 | ||
| Pilocytic Astrocytoma | 883 | ||
| Ependymoma | 883 | ||
| Neuronal Tumors | 883 | ||
| Embryonal (Primitive) Neoplasms | 884 | ||
| Medulloblastoma | 884 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 884 | ||
| Other Parenchymal Tumors | 884 | ||
| Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma | 884 | ||
| Germ Cell Tumors | 885 | ||
| Meningiomas | 885 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors | 885 | ||
| Familial Tumor Syndromes | 886 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis | 886 | ||
| von Hippel–Lindau Disease | 887 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 887 | ||
| Central Nervous System Trauma | 887 | ||
| Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury | 887 | ||
| Infections of the Nervous System | 887 | ||
| Demyelinating Diseases | 887 | ||
| Neurodegenerative Diseases | 887 | ||
| Brain Tumors | 888 | ||
| 24 Skin | 889 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 889 | ||
| Acute Inflammatory Dermatoses | 889 | ||
| Urticaria | 889 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 889 | ||
| Clinical Features | 890 | ||
| Acute Eczematous Dermatitis | 890 | ||
| Clinical Features | 891 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 891 | ||
| Index | 909 | ||
| A | 909 | ||
| B | 911 | ||
| C | 912 | ||
| D | 916 | ||
| E | 916 | ||
| F | 918 | ||
| G | 918 | ||
| H | 920 | ||
| I | 922 | ||
| J | 923 | ||
| K | 923 | ||
| L | 923 | ||
| M | 925 | ||
| N | 926 | ||
| O | 927 | ||
| P | 928 | ||
| Q | 930 | ||
| R | 930 | ||
| S | 931 | ||
| T | 933 | ||
| U | 934 | ||
| V | 934 | ||
| W | 935 | ||
| X | 935 | ||
| Y | 935 | ||
| Z | 935 |