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Book Details
Abstract
For courses in Physiological Psychology and Biopsychology
Explore how the central nervous system governs behavior
Biopsychology presents a clear, engaging introduction to biopsychological theory and research through a unique combination of biopsychological science and personal, reader-oriented discourse. Original author John Pinel and new co-author Steven Barnes address students directly and interweave the fundamentals of the field with clinical case studies, useful metaphors, and memorable anecdotes that make course material personally and socially relevant to readers. In addition to expanded learning objectives that guide students through the course, the Tenth Edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect this rapidly progressing scientific field.
MyLab™ Psychology not included. Students, if MyLab is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MyLab should only be purchased when required by an instructor.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | 1 | ||
| Copyright Page | 2 | ||
| Brief Contents | 3 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Preface | 16 | ||
| To the Student | 22 | ||
| About the Authors | 22 | ||
| Part One What Is Biopsychology? | 25 | ||
| 1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway? | 25 | ||
| The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time | 27 | ||
| Four Major Themes of This Text | 27 | ||
| Thinking Creatively About Biopsychology | 27 | ||
| Clinical Implications | 27 | ||
| The Evolutionary Perspective | 28 | ||
| Neuroplasticity | 28 | ||
| What Is Biopsychology? | 28 | ||
| Defining Biopsychology | 28 | ||
| What Are the Origins of Biopsychology? | 28 | ||
| How Is Biopsychology Related to the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience? | 28 | ||
| What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach? | 29 | ||
| Human and Nonhuman Subjects | 29 | ||
| Experiments and Nonexperiments | 30 | ||
| Experiments | 30 | ||
| Quasiexperimental Studies | 32 | ||
| Case Studies | 32 | ||
| Pure and Applied Research | 32 | ||
| What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology? | 33 | ||
| Physiological Psychology | 34 | ||
| Psychopharmacology | 34 | ||
| Neuropsychology | 34 | ||
| The Case of Mr. R., the Brain-damaged Student Who Switched to Architecture | 34 | ||
| Psychophysiology | 35 | ||
| Cognitive Neuroscience | 35 | ||
| Comparative Psychology | 36 | ||
| How Do Biopsychologists Conduct Their Work? | 37 | ||
| Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together? | 37 | ||
| Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain? | 38 | ||
| Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims | 40 | ||
| Case 1: José and the Bull | 40 | ||
| Case 2: Becky, Moniz, and the Prefrontal Lobotomy | 41 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 42 | ||
| Key Terms | 43 | ||
| Part Two Foundations of Biopsychology | 44 | ||
| 2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking About the Biology of Behavior | 44 | ||
| Thinking bbout the Biology of Behavior: from Dichotomies to Interactions | 45 | ||
| The Origins of Dichotomous Thinking | 45 | ||
| Is It Physiological, or Is It Psychological? | 45 | ||
| Is It Inherited, or Is It Learned? | 46 | ||
| Problems with Thinking About the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies | 46 | ||
| Physiological-or-Psychological Thinking Runs into Difficulty | 46 | ||
| The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed | 47 | ||
| Case of the Chimps with Mirrors | 47 | ||
| Nature-or-Nurture Thinking Runs into Difficulty | 48 | ||
| The Case of the Thinking Student | 48 | ||
| A Model of the Biology of Behavior. | 49 | ||
| Human Evolution | 49 | ||
| Darwin’s Theory of Evolution | 49 | ||
| Evolution and Behavior | 50 | ||
| Social Dominance | 50 | ||
| Courtship Display | 51 | ||
| Course of Human Evolution | 51 | ||
| Evolution of Vertebrates | 52 | ||
| Evolution of Amphibians | 52 | ||
| Evolution of Reptiles | 52 | ||
| Evolution of Mammals | 52 | ||
| Emergence of Humankind | 53 | ||
| Thinking about Human Evolution | 54 | ||
| Evolution of the Human Brain | 56 | ||
| Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate Bonding | 57 | ||
| Polygyny and Polyandry | 58 | ||
| Monogamy | 58 | ||
| Thinking About Evolutionary Psychology | 59 | ||
| Fundamental Genetics | 60 | ||
| Mendelian Genetics | 60 | ||
| Chromosomes | 60 | ||
| Reproduction and Recombination | 60 | ||
| Structure and Replication | 61 | ||
| Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits | 63 | ||
| Genetic Code and Gene Expression | 63 | ||
| Human Genome Project | 64 | ||
| Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics | 65 | ||
| Epigenetics of Behavioral Development: Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience | 68 | ||
| Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats | 68 | ||
| Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder | 69 | ||
| Development of Birdsong | 70 | ||
| Genetics of Human Psychological Differences | 71 | ||
| Development of Individuals Versus Development of Differences Among Individuals | 72 | ||
| Heritability Estimates: Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart | 72 | ||
| A Look into the Future: Two Kinds of Twin Studies | 73 | ||
| Twin Studies of Epigenetic Effects | 73 | ||
| Twin Studies of the Effects of Experience on Heritability | 74 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 74 | ||
| Key Terms | 75 | ||
| 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System | 76 | ||
| General Layout of the Nervous System | 77 | ||
| Divisions of the Nervous System | 77 | ||
| Meninges | 78 | ||
| Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid | 79 | ||
| Blood–brain Barrier | 80 | ||
| Cells of the Nervous System | 81 | ||
| Anatomy of Neurons | 81 | ||
| External Anatomy of Neurons | 81 | ||
| Internal Anatomy of Neurons | 81 | ||
| Neuron Cell Membrane | 81 | ||
| Classes of Neurons | 82 | ||
| Neurons and Neuroanatomical Structure | 84 | ||
| Glia: The Forgotten Cells | 84 | ||
| Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions | 86 | ||
| Neuroanatomical Techniques | 86 | ||
| Golgi Stain | 86 | ||
| Nissl Stain | 87 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 87 | ||
| Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques | 88 | ||
| Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System | 88 | ||
| Anatomy of the Central Nervous System | 90 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 90 | ||
| Five Major Divisions of the Brain | 90 | ||
| Myelencephalon | 91 | ||
| Metencephalon | 91 | ||
| Mesencephalon | 92 | ||
| Diencephalon | 93 | ||
| Telencephalon | 94 | ||
| Cerebral Cortex | 94 | ||
| Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia | 96 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 100 | ||
| Key Terms | 100 | ||
| 4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals | 101 | ||
| The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson’s Disease | 102 | ||
| Resting Membrane Potential | 103 | ||
| Recording the Membrane Potential | 103 | ||
| Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential | 103 | ||
| Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials | 104 | ||
| Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials | 104 | ||
| Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials | 105 | ||
| Conduction of Action Potentials | 108 | ||
| Ionic Basis of Action Potentials | 108 | ||
| Refractory Periods | 108 | ||
| Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials | 109 | ||
| Conduction in Myelinated Axons | 110 | ||
| The Velocity of Axonal Conduction | 111 | ||
| Conduction in Neurons Without Axons | 111 | ||
| The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective | 111 | ||
| Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals Among Neurons | 111 | ||
| Structure of Synapses | 112 | ||
| Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules | 112 | ||
| Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules | 114 | ||
| Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules | 114 | ||
| Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling | 116 | ||
| Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission | 116 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 118 | ||
| Overview of the Neurotransmitter Classes | 118 | ||
| The Roles and Functions of Neurotransmitters | 119 | ||
| Amino Acid Neurotransmitters | 119 | ||
| Monoamine Neurotransmitters | 119 | ||
| Acetylcholine | 120 | ||
| Unconventional Neurotransmitters | 120 | ||
| Neuropeptides | 120 | ||
| Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior | 121 | ||
| How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission | 121 | ||
| Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research | 121 | ||
| Wrinkles and Darts: Discovery of Receptor Subtypes. | 121 | ||
| Pleasure and Pain: Discovery of Endogenous Opioids | 123 | ||
| Tremors and Mental Illness: Discovery of Antischizophrenic Drugs | 124 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 125 | ||
| Key Terms | 125 | ||
| 5 The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do | 126 | ||
| The Ironic Case of Professor P. | 128 | ||
| Part One Methods of Studying the Nervous System | 128 | ||
| Methods of Visualizing or Stimulating the Living Human Brain | 128 | ||
| X-Ray-Based Techniques | 128 | ||
| Contrast X-Rays | 129 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 129 | ||
| Radioactivity-Based Techniques | 130 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 130 | ||
| Magnetic-Field-Based Techniques | 130 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 130 | ||
| Functional MRI | 131 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging | 132 | ||
| Transcranial Stimulation | 132 | ||
| Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity | 133 | ||
| Psychophysiological Measures of Brain Activity | 133 | ||
| Scalp Electroencephalography | 133 | ||
| Magnetoencephalography | 135 | ||
| Psychophysiological Measures of Somatic Nervous System Activity | 135 | ||
| Muscle Tension | 135 | ||
| Eye Movement | 135 | ||
| Psychophysiological Measures of Autonomic Nervous System Activity | 136 | ||
| Skin Conductance | 136 | ||
| Cardiovascular Activity | 136 | ||
| Invasive Physiological Research Methods | 136 | ||
| Stereotaxic Surgery | 136 | ||
| Lesion Methods | 137 | ||
| Aspiration Lesions | 137 | ||
| Radio-Frequency Lesions | 137 | ||
| Knife Cuts | 137 | ||
| Reversible Lesions | 137 | ||
| Interpreting Lesion Effects. | 138 | ||
| Bilateral and Unilateral Lesions. | 138 | ||
| Electrical Stimulation | 138 | ||
| Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods | 138 | ||
| Intracellular Unit Recording | 138 | ||
| Extracellular Unit Recording | 138 | ||
| Multiple-Unit Recording | 139 | ||
| Invasive Eeg Recording | 139 | ||
| Pharmacological Research Methods | 139 | ||
| Routes of Drug Administration | 140 | ||
| Selective Chemical Lesions | 140 | ||
| Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain | 140 | ||
| 2-Deoxyglucose Technique | 140 | ||
| Cerebral Dialysis | 140 | ||
| Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain | 140 | ||
| Immunocytochemistry | 140 | ||
| In Situ Hybridization | 141 | ||
| Genetic Engineering | 142 | ||
| Gene Knockout and Gene Replacement Techniques | 142 | ||
| Gene Knockout Techniques | 142 | ||
| Gene Replacement Techniques | 142 | ||
| Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow | 142 | ||
| Optogenetics: A Neural Light Switch | 144 | ||
| Part Two Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology | 144 | ||
| Neuropsychological Testing | 145 | ||
| Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing | 145 | ||
| The Single-Test Approach | 145 | ||
| The Standardized-Test-Battery Approach | 145 | ||
| The Customized-Test-Battery Approach | 145 | ||
| Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery | 146 | ||
| Intelligence | 146 | ||
| Memory | 146 | ||
| Language | 147 | ||
| Language Lateralization | 147 | ||
| Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function | 147 | ||
| Memory | 147 | ||
| Language | 148 | ||
| Frontal-Lobe Function | 148 | ||
| Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience | 148 | ||
| Paired-Image Subtraction Technique | 149 | ||
| Default Mode Network | 149 | ||
| Mean Difference Images | 149 | ||
| Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior | 150 | ||
| Paradigms for the Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors | 150 | ||
| Open-Field Test | 150 | ||
| Tests of Aggressive and Defensive Behavior | 151 | ||
| Tests of Sexual Behavior | 151 | ||
| Traditional Conditioning Paradigms | 151 | ||
| Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms | 151 | ||
| Conditioned Taste Aversion | 152 | ||
| Radial ARM Maze | 152 | ||
| Morris Water Maze | 152 | ||
| Conditioned Defensive Burying | 153 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 154 | ||
| Key Terms | 154 | ||
| Part Three Sensory and Motor Systems | 156 | ||
| 6 The Visual System: How We See | 156 | ||
| The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer | 158 | ||
| Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina | 159 | ||
| Pupil and Lens | 159 | ||
| Eye Position and Binocular Disparity | 160 | ||
| The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals | 162 | ||
| Structure of the Retina | 162 | ||
| Cone and Rod Vision | 163 | ||
| Spectral Sensitivity | 165 | ||
| Eye Movement | 166 | ||
| Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals | 167 | ||
| From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex | 168 | ||
| Retina-Geniculate-Striate System | 168 | ||
| Retinotopic Organization | 169 | ||
| The M and P Channels | 169 | ||
| Seeing Edges | 170 | ||
| Lateral Inhibition and Contrast Enhancement | 170 | ||
| Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons | 172 | ||
| Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System | 172 | ||
| Receptive Fields | 174 | ||
| Simple Cortical Cells | 174 | ||
| Complex Cortical Cells | 174 | ||
| Organization of Primary Visual Cortex | 175 | ||
| The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited | 175 | ||
| Changing Concept of Visual Receptive Fields: Contextual Influences in Visual Processing | 176 | ||
| Seeing Color | 176 | ||
| Component and Opponent Processing | 176 | ||
| Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory | 178 | ||
| Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness | 180 | ||
| Three Different Classes of Visual Cortex | 180 | ||
| Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion | 181 | ||
| The Case of the Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear | 181 | ||
| The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Blindsight | 182 | ||
| Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex | 182 | ||
| Dorsal and Ventral Streams | 183 | ||
| The Case of D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Consciously See | 184 | ||
| The Case of A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw | 185 | ||
| Prosopagnosia | 185 | ||
| Is Prosopagnosia Specific to Faces? | 186 | ||
| R.P., a Typical Prosopagnosic | 186 | ||
| What Brain Pathology Is Associated with Prosopagnosia? | 186 | ||
| Can Prosopagnosics Perceive Faces in the Absence of Conscious Awareness? | 186 | ||
| Akinetopsia | 187 | ||
| Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia | 187 | ||
| Conclusion | 187 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 188 | ||
| Key Terms | 188 | ||
| 7 Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention: How You Know the World | 189 | ||
| The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One Thing at a Time | 191 | ||
| Principles of Sensory System Organization | 191 | ||
| Types of Sensory Areas of Cortex | 191 | ||
| Features of Sensory System Organization | 191 | ||
| Hierarchical Organization | 191 | ||
| Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat | 192 | ||
| Functional Segregation | 192 | ||
| Parallel Processing | 192 | ||
| Summary Model of Sensory System Organization | 192 | ||
| Auditory System | 193 | ||
| Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound | 193 | ||
| The Ear | 194 | ||
| From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex | 196 | ||
| Subcortical Mechanisms of Sound Localization | 196 | ||
| Auditory Cortex | 197 | ||
| Organization of Primate Auditory Cortex | 197 | ||
| What Sounds Should Be Used to Study Auditory Cortex? | 197 | ||
| Two Streams of Auditory Cortex | 197 | ||
| Auditory-Visual Interactions | 198 | ||
| Where Does the Perception of Pitch Occur? | 198 | ||
| Effects of Damage to the Auditory System | 198 | ||
| Auditory Cortex Damage | 198 | ||
| Deafness in Humans | 199 | ||
| Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain | 200 | ||
| Cutaneous Receptors | 200 | ||
| Dermatomes | 201 | ||
| Two Major Somatosensory Pathways | 201 | ||
| Cortical Areas of Somatosensation | 202 | ||
| Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex | 204 | ||
| Somatosensory System and Association Cortex | 205 | ||
| The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma with His Hand | 205 | ||
| Somatosensory Agnosias | 205 | ||
| The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body | 205 | ||
| Rubber-Hand Illusion | 205 | ||
| Perception of Pain | 206 | ||
| Adaptiveness of Pain | 206 | ||
| The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain | 206 | ||
| Lack of Clear Cortical Representation of Pain | 207 | ||
| Descending Pain Control | 207 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 208 | ||
| Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste | 208 | ||
| Adaptive Roles of the Chemical Senses | 209 | ||
| Olfactory System | 209 | ||
| Gustatory System | 211 | ||
| Broad Tuning Versus Narrow Tuning | 212 | ||
| Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses | 213 | ||
| Selective Attention | 213 | ||
| Characteristics of Selective Attention | 213 | ||
| Change Blindness | 214 | ||
| Neural Mechanisms of Attention | 214 | ||
| Simultanagnosia | 216 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 216 | ||
| Key Terms | 216 | ||
| 8 The Sensorimotor System: How You Move | 218 | ||
| The Case of Rhonelle, the Dexterous Cashier | 220 | ||
| Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function | 220 | ||
| The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized | 220 | ||
| Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input | 221 | ||
| The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback | 221 | ||
| Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control | 221 | ||
| General Model of Sensorimotor System Function | 221 | ||
| Sensorimotor Association Cortex | 222 | ||
| Posterior Parietal Association Cortex | 222 | ||
| The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles | 223 | ||
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex | 224 | ||
| Secondary Motor Cortex | 225 | ||
| Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex | 225 | ||
| Mirror Neurons | 226 | ||
| Primary Motor Cortex | 227 | ||
| Conventional View of Primary Motor Cortex Function | 227 | ||
| Current View of Primary Motor Cortex Function | 228 | ||
| Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind | 229 | ||
| Effects of Primary Motor Cortex Lesions | 229 | ||
| Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia | 229 | ||
| Cerebellum | 230 | ||
| Basal Ganglia | 230 | ||
| Descending Motor Pathways | 231 | ||
| Dorsolateral Corticospinal Tract and Dorsolateral Corticorubrospinal Tract | 231 | ||
| Ventromedial Corticospinal Tract and Ventromedial Cortico-brainstem-spinal Tract | 231 | ||
| Comparison of the Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways | 232 | ||
| Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits | 234 | ||
| Muscles | 234 | ||
| Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles | 235 | ||
| Stretch Reflex | 236 | ||
| Withdrawal Reflex | 237 | ||
| Reciprocal Innervation | 237 | ||
| Recurrent Collateral Inhibition | 238 | ||
| Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex | 238 | ||
| Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning | 240 | ||
| A Hierarchy of Central Sensorimotor Programs | 240 | ||
| Characteristics of Central Sensorimotor Programs | 240 | ||
| Central Sensorimotor Programs Are Capable of Motor Equivalence | 240 | ||
| Sensory Information That Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs Is Not Necessarily Conscious | 240 | ||
| Central Sensorimotor Programs Can Develop Without Practice | 241 | ||
| Practice Can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs | 241 | ||
| Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning | 242 | ||
| The Case of Rhonelle, Revisited | 243 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 243 | ||
| Key Terms | 243 | ||
| Part Four Brain Plasticity | 245 | ||
| 9 Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You | 245 | ||
| The Case of Genie | 246 | ||
| Five Phases of Neurodevelopment | 247 | ||
| Induction of the Neural Plate | 247 | ||
| Neural Proliferation | 248 | ||
| Migration and Aggregation | 248 | ||
| Migration | 248 | ||
| Aggregation | 250 | ||
| Axon Growth and Synapse Formation | 250 | ||
| Axon Growth | 250 | ||
| Synapse Formation | 252 | ||
| Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement | 253 | ||
| Neuron Death | 253 | ||
| Synapse Rearrangement | 254 | ||
| Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants | 254 | ||
| Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain | 255 | ||
| Development of the Prefrontal Cortex | 255 | ||
| Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development of Neural Circuits | 256 | ||
| Critical Periods Versus Sensitive Periods | 256 | ||
| Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Deprivation and Enrichment | 256 | ||
| Competitive Nature of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Ocular Dominance Columns | 256 | ||
| Effects of Experience on Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps | 257 | ||
| Experience Fine-Tunes Neurodevelopment | 258 | ||
| Neuroplasticity in Adults | 258 | ||
| Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals | 258 | ||
| Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex | 260 | ||
| Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome | 261 | ||
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | 261 | ||
| The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock? | 261 | ||
| Genetic Basis of ASD | 262 | ||
| Neural Mechanisms of ASD | 262 | ||
| Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities | 262 | ||
| ASD Is a Heterogeneous Disorder | 262 | ||
| ASD Savants | 262 | ||
| Williams Syndrome | 263 | ||
| The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities | 263 | ||
| Epilogue | 264 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 264 | ||
| Key Terms | 265 | ||
| 10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage? | 266 | ||
| The Ironic Case of Professor P. | 267 | ||
| Causes of Brain Damage | 268 | ||
| Brain Tumors | 268 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Disorders: Strokes | 269 | ||
| Cerebral Hemorrhage | 270 | ||
| Cerebral Ischemia | 270 | ||
| Closed-Head Injuries | 271 | ||
| The Case of Junior Seau | 272 | ||
| Infections of the Brain | 272 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 272 | ||
| Viral Infections | 272 | ||
| Neurotoxins | 273 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 273 | ||
| Programmed Cell Death | 274 | ||
| Neurological Diseases | 274 | ||
| Epilepsy | 274 | ||
| Focal Seizures | 275 | ||
| The Subtlety of Complex Partial Seizures: Two Cases | 275 | ||
| Generalized Seizures | 275 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 276 | ||
| Huntington’s Disease | 277 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 278 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 278 | ||
| Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases | 281 | ||
| Kindling Model of Epilepsy | 281 | ||
| Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease | 282 | ||
| MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease | 282 | ||
| The Cases of the Frozen Addicts | 282 | ||
| Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery | 283 | ||
| Neural Degeneration | 283 | ||
| Neural Regeneration | 283 | ||
| Neural Reorganization | 285 | ||
| Cortical Reorganization Following Damage in Laboratory Animals | 286 | ||
| Cortical Reorganization Following Damage in Humans | 287 | ||
| Mechanisms of Neural Reorganization | 287 | ||
| Recovery of Function after CNS Damage | 287 | ||
| Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage | 288 | ||
| Neurotransplantation as a Treatment for CNS Damage: Early Research | 289 | ||
| The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant | 289 | ||
| Modern Research on Neurotransplantation | 290 | ||
| Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training | 290 | ||
| Treating Strokes | 290 | ||
| Treating Spinal Injury | 291 | ||
| Benefits of Cognitive and Physical Exercise | 291 | ||
| Treating Phantom Limbs | 291 | ||
| Cases of Carlos and Philip: Phantom Limbs and Ramachandran | 292 | ||
| The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery | 292 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 293 | ||
| Key Terms | 293 | ||
| 11 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information | 295 | ||
| Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy | 297 | ||
| The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Memory | 297 | ||
| Formal Assessment of H.M.’s Anterograde Amnesia: Discovery of Unconscious Memories | 298 | ||
| Digit Span + 1 Test | 298 | ||
| Block-Tapping Memory-Span Test | 298 | ||
| Mirror-Drawing Test | 298 | ||
| Incomplete-Pictures Test | 298 | ||
| Pavlovian Conditioning | 299 | ||
| Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M.’s Case | 299 | ||
| Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia | 300 | ||
| Semantic and Episodic Memories | 301 | ||
| The Case of K.C., the Man Who Can’t Time Travel | 301 | ||
| The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting Episodic Memory Deficits | 301 | ||
| Effects of Global Cerebral Ischemia on the Hippocampus and Memory | 302 | ||
| The Case of R.B., Product of a Bungled Operation | 302 | ||
| Amnesias of Korsakoff’s Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease | 303 | ||
| Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome | 303 | ||
| The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A. | 303 | ||
| Amnesia of Alzheimer’s Disease | 304 | ||
| Amnesia after Concussion: Evidence for Consolidation | 304 | ||
| Posttraumatic Amnesia | 304 | ||
| Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation | 305 | ||
| Hippocampus and Consolidation | 305 | ||
| Reconsolidation | 306 | ||
| Evolving Perspective of the Role of the Hippocampus in Memory | 307 | ||
| Animal Models of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test | 307 | ||
| Monkey Version of the Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample Test | 307 | ||
| Rat Version of the Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample Test | 308 | ||
| Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy | 310 | ||
| Neurons of the Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory | 312 | ||
| Morris Water Maze Test | 312 | ||
| Radial Arm Maze Test | 312 | ||
| Hippocampal Place Cells and Entorhinal Grid Cells | 313 | ||
| Comparative Studies of the Hippocampus and Spatial Memory | 313 | ||
| Jennifer Aniston Neurons: Concept Cells | 314 | ||
| Engram Cells | 315 | ||
| Where Are Memories Stored? | 315 | ||
| Five Brain Areas Implicated in Memory | 316 | ||
| Inferotemporal Cortex | 316 | ||
| Amygdala | 317 | ||
| Prefrontal Cortex | 317 | ||
| The Case of the Cook Who Couldn’t | 317 | ||
| Cerebellum and Striatum | 317 | ||
| Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory | 318 | ||
| Long-Term Potentiation | 318 | ||
| Induction of LTP: Learning | 320 | ||
| Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall | 321 | ||
| Variability of LTP | 322 | ||
| Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You | 322 | ||
| Infantile Amnesia | 322 | ||
| Smart Drugs: Do They Work? | 323 | ||
| Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory | 323 | ||
| The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M. | 323 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 324 | ||
| Key Terms | 324 | ||
| Part Five Biopsychology of Motivation | 326 | ||
| 12 Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do Many People Eat Too Much? | 326 | ||
| The Case of the Man Who Forgot Not to Eat | 328 | ||
| Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization | 328 | ||
| Digestion and Energy Storage in the Body | 328 | ||
| Digestion | 328 | ||
| Energy Storage in the Body | 328 | ||
| Three Phases of Energy Metabolism | 329 | ||
| Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points Versus Positive Incentives | 330 | ||
| Set-Point Assumption | 330 | ||
| Glucostatic Theory | 332 | ||
| Lipostatic Theory | 332 | ||
| Problems with Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating | 332 | ||
| Positive-Incentive Perspective | 333 | ||
| Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat | 333 | ||
| Factors That Influence What We Eat | 333 | ||
| Learned Taste Preferences and Aversions | 333 | ||
| Learning to Eat Vitamins and Minerals | 334 | ||
| Factors That Influence When We Eat | 334 | ||
| Premeal Hunger | 334 | ||
| Pavlovian Conditioning of Hunger | 334 | ||
| Factors That Influence How Much We Eat | 335 | ||
| Satiety Signals | 335 | ||
| Sham Eating | 335 | ||
| Appetizer Effect and Satiety | 335 | ||
| Serving Size and Satiety | 335 | ||
| Social Influences and Satiety | 335 | ||
| Sensory-Specific Satiety | 335 | ||
| Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety | 337 | ||
| Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety | 337 | ||
| Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers | 337 | ||
| VMH Satiety Center | 337 | ||
| LH Feeding Center | 338 | ||
| Reinterpretation of the Effects of VMH and LH Lesions | 338 | ||
| Modern Research on the Role of Hypothalamic Nuclei in Hunger and Satiety | 339 | ||
| Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety | 339 | ||
| Hunger and Satiety Peptides | 340 | ||
| Serotonin and Satiety | 341 | ||
| Prader-Willi Syndrome: Patients with Insatiable Hunger | 341 | ||
| Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A. | 341 | ||
| Body-Weight Regulation: Set Points Versus Settling Points | 342 | ||
| Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating | 342 | ||
| Variability of Body Weight | 342 | ||
| Set Points and Health | 342 | ||
| Regulation of Body Weight by Changes in the Efficiency of Energy Utilization | 343 | ||
| Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control | 343 | ||
| Human Obesity: Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments | 346 | ||
| Obesity: Who Needs to Be Concerned? | 346 | ||
| Obesity: Why Is There an Epidemic? | 346 | ||
| Why Do Some People Become Obese While Others Do Not? | 347 | ||
| Differences in Consumption | 347 | ||
| Differences in Energy Expenditure | 347 | ||
| Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition | 347 | ||
| Genetic and Epigenetic Factors | 347 | ||
| Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Often Ineffective? | 348 | ||
| Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat | 348 | ||
| Obese Mice and the Discovery of Leptin | 349 | ||
| Leptin, Insulin, and the Arcuate Melanocortin System | 349 | ||
| Leptin as a Treatment for Human Obesity | 349 | ||
| The Case of the Child with No Leptin | 350 | ||
| Treatment of Obesity | 350 | ||
| Serotonergic Agonists | 350 | ||
| Gastric Surgery | 350 | ||
| Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa | 350 | ||
| Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa | 351 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 351 | ||
| Bulimia Nervosa | 351 | ||
| Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia | 352 | ||
| Anorexia and Positive Incentives | 352 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis | 353 | ||
| The Case of the Student with Anorexia | 353 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 354 | ||
| Key Terms | 354 | ||
| 13 Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa? | 355 | ||
| Men-are-Men-and-Women-are-Women Assumption | 357 | ||
| Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones. | 357 | ||
| Neuroendocrine System | 357 | ||
| Glands | 357 | ||
| Gonads | 358 | ||
| Hormones | 358 | ||
| Sex Steroids | 358 | ||
| The Pituitary | 359 | ||
| Female Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Steady | 359 | ||
| Control of the Pituitary | 359 | ||
| Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus | 360 | ||
| Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones | 360 | ||
| Regulation of Hormone Levels | 361 | ||
| Regulation by Neural Signals | 361 | ||
| Regulation by Hormonal Signals | 361 | ||
| Regulation by Nonhormonal Chemicals | 362 | ||
| Pulsatile Hormone Release | 362 | ||
| Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation | 362 | ||
| Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body | 362 | ||
| Sexual Differentiation | 363 | ||
| Fetal Hormones and Development of Reproductive Organs | 363 | ||
| Internal Reproductive Ducts | 363 | ||
| External Reproductive Organs | 364 | ||
| Puberty: Hormones and Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics | 364 | ||
| Hormones and Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior | 365 | ||
| Sex Differences in the Brain | 365 | ||
| First Discovery of a Sex Difference in Mammalian Brain Function | 366 | ||
| Aromatization Hypothesis | 366 | ||
| Sex Differences in the Brain: The Modern Perspective | 367 | ||
| Development of Sex Differences in Behavior | 368 | ||
| Development of Reproductive Behaviors in Laboratory Animals | 368 | ||
| Development of Sex Differences in the Behavior of Humans | 368 | ||
| Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development | 369 | ||
| Exceptional Cases of Human Sexual Development | 370 | ||
| The Case of Anne S., the Woman Who Wasn’t | 370 | ||
| The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy | 370 | ||
| The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis | 371 | ||
| Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule? | 372 | ||
| Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults | 372 | ||
| Male Sexual Behavior and Testosterone | 372 | ||
| The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained His Manhood | 373 | ||
| Female Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones | 373 | ||
| Anabolic Steroid Abuse | 374 | ||
| Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior | 376 | ||
| Four Brain Structures Associated with Sexual Activity | 376 | ||
| Cortex and Sexual Activity | 376 | ||
| Hypothalamus and Sexual Activity | 376 | ||
| Amygdala and Sexual Activity | 377 | ||
| Ventral Striatum and Sexual Activity | 378 | ||
| Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | 378 | ||
| Sexual Orientation | 378 | ||
| Sexual Orientation and Genes | 378 | ||
| Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones | 379 | ||
| What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction? | 379 | ||
| Is There a Difference in the Brains of Gay Persons and Heterosexuals? | 379 | ||
| Gender Identity | 380 | ||
| Independence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | 380 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 381 | ||
| Key Terms | 382 | ||
| 14 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep? | 383 | ||
| The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep | 385 | ||
| Stages of Sleep | 386 | ||
| Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep | 386 | ||
| Three Stages of Sleep EEG | 386 | ||
| Dreaming | 387 | ||
| REM Sleep and Dreaming | 387 | ||
| Testing Common Beliefs About Dreaming | 388 | ||
| Interpretation of Dreams | 388 | ||
| Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do? | 389 | ||
| Two Kinds of Theories of Sleep | 389 | ||
| Comparative Analysis of Sleep | 389 | ||
| Effects of Sleep Deprivation | 390 | ||
| Interpretation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation: the Stress Problem | 390 | ||
| Predictions of Recuperation Theories About Sleep Deprivation | 391 | ||
| Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies | 391 | ||
| The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students | 391 | ||
| The Case of Randy Gardner | 391 | ||
| Experimental Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans | 391 | ||
| Sleep-Deprivation Studies of Laboratory Animals | 393 | ||
| REM-Sleep Deprivation | 393 | ||
| Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep | 394 | ||
| Circadian Sleep Cycles | 396 | ||
| Circadian Rhythms | 396 | ||
| Free-Running Circadian Sleep–Wake Cycles | 396 | ||
| Jet Lag and Shift Work | 397 | ||
| A Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei | 397 | ||
| Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment | 398 | ||
| Genetics of Circadian Rhythms | 399 | ||
| Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep | 399 | ||
| Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep | 399 | ||
| The Case of Constant in vonEconomo, the Insightful Neurologist | 400 | ||
| Reticular Formation and Sleep | 400 | ||
| Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei | 401 | ||
| Drugs That Affect Sleep | 403 | ||
| Hypnotic Drugs | 403 | ||
| Antihypnotic Drugs | 403 | ||
| Melatonin | 404 | ||
| Sleep Disorders | 405 | ||
| Insomnia | 405 | ||
| Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia | 405 | ||
| Hypersomnia | 406 | ||
| REM-Sleep–Related Disorders | 407 | ||
| The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle | 407 | ||
| Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction | 408 | ||
| Differences between Short and Long Sleepers | 408 | ||
| Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep | 408 | ||
| Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping | 409 | ||
| Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health | 409 | ||
| Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study | 410 | ||
| The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep | 410 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 411 | ||
| Key Terms | 411 | ||
| 15 Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure | 413 | ||
| Case of the Drugged High School Teachers | 414 | ||
| Basic Principles of Drug Action | 415 | ||
| Drug Administration, Absorption, and Penetration of the Central Nervous System | 415 | ||
| Oral Ingestion | 415 | ||
| Injection | 415 | ||
| Inhalation | 415 | ||
| Absorption Through Mucous Membranes | 415 | ||
| Drug Action, Metabolism, and Elimination | 415 | ||
| Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System | 415 | ||
| Mechanisms of Drug Action | 415 | ||
| Drug Metabolism and Elimination | 416 | ||
| Drug Tolerance, Drug Withdrawal Effects, and Physical Dependence | 416 | ||
| Drug Tolerance | 416 | ||
| Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence | 416 | ||
| Drug Addiction: What Is It? | 417 | ||
| Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance | 418 | ||
| Contingent Drug Tolerance | 418 | ||
| Conditioned Drug Tolerance | 419 | ||
| Thinking About Drug Conditioning. | 420 | ||
| Five Commonly Used Drugs | 420 | ||
| Tobacco | 421 | ||
| Alcohol | 421 | ||
| Marijuana | 423 | ||
| Cocaine and Other Stimulants | 425 | ||
| The Opioids: Heroin and Morphine | 426 | ||
| Comparing the Health Hazards of Commonly Used Drugs | 428 | ||
| Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards of Drugs | 428 | ||
| Comparison of the Hazards of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin | 429 | ||
| Early Biopsychological Research on Addiction | 430 | ||
| Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction | 430 | ||
| Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System | 431 | ||
| Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction | 432 | ||
| Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction | 432 | ||
| Current Approaches to the Mechanisms of Addiction | 433 | ||
| Three Stages in the Development of an Addiction | 434 | ||
| Initial Drug Taking | 434 | ||
| Habitual Drug Taking | 435 | ||
| Drug Craving and Addiction Relapse | 436 | ||
| Current Concerns About the Drug Self-Administration Paradigm | 437 | ||
| Unnatural Housing and Testing Conditions | 437 | ||
| Excessive Focus on Stimulants | 437 | ||
| A Noteworthy Case of Addiction | 437 | ||
| The Case of Sigmund Freud | 437 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 438 | ||
| Key Terms | 438 | ||
| Part Six Disorders of Cognition and Emotion | 440 | ||
| 16 Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and Right Brain | 440 | ||
| Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction | 443 | ||
| Discovery of the Specific Contributions of Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and Apraxia | 443 | ||
| Tests of Cerebral Lateralization | 443 | ||
| Sodium Amytal Test | 443 | ||
| Dichotic Listening Test | 444 | ||
| Functional Brain Imaging | 444 | ||
| Discovery of the Relation Between Speech Laterality and Handedness | 444 | ||
| Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization | 444 | ||
| The Split Brain | 445 | ||
| Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry | 445 | ||
| Commissurotomy in Human’s with Epilepsy | 447 | ||
| Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function Independently | 448 | ||
| Cross-Cuing | 449 | ||
| Doing Two Things at Once | 449 | ||
| The Z Lens | 450 | ||
| Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients | 451 | ||
| The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented by Conflict | 451 | ||
| Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective | 451 | ||
| Differences Between Left and Right Hemispheres | 452 | ||
| Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function | 452 | ||
| Superiority of the Left Hemisphere in Controlling Ipsilateral Movement | 453 | ||
| Superiority of the Right Hemisphere in Spatial Ability | 453 | ||
| Specialization of the Right Hemisphere for Emotion | 453 | ||
| Superior Musical Ability of the Right Hemisphere | 453 | ||
| Hemispheric Differences in Memory | 454 | ||
| The Left-Hemisphere Interpreter | 454 | ||
| What Is Lateralized—Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes? | 454 | ||
| Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain | 455 | ||
| Evolutionary Perspective of Cerebral Lateralization and Language | 456 | ||
| Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization | 456 | ||
| Analytic–Synthetic Theory | 456 | ||
| Motor Theory | 457 | ||
| Linguistic Theory | 457 | ||
| The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced Aphasia for Sign Language | 457 | ||
| When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve? | 457 | ||
| What Are the Survival Advantages of Cerebral Lateralization? | 457 | ||
| Evolution of Human Language | 458 | ||
| Vocal Communication in Nonhuman Primates | 458 | ||
| Motor Theory of Speech Perception | 458 | ||
| Gestural Language | 459 | ||
| Cortical Localization of Language: The Wernicke-Geschwind Model | 460 | ||
| Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model | 460 | ||
| The Wernicke-Geschwind Model | 461 | ||
| Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence | 462 | ||
| Effects of Cortical Damage and Brain Stimulation on Language Abilities | 462 | ||
| Evidence from Studies of the Effects of Cortical Damage | 463 | ||
| Evidence from Functional Neuroimaging Studies | 463 | ||
| Evidence from Studies of Electrical Stimulation of the Cortex | 464 | ||
| Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model | 466 | ||
| Cognitive Neuroscience of Language | 466 | ||
| Three Premises That Define the Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Language | 467 | ||
| Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language | 467 | ||
| Bavelier’s fMRI Study of Reading | 467 | ||
| Damasio’s Pet Study of Naming | 468 | ||
| Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia | 469 | ||
| Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms | 469 | ||
| Developmental Dyslexia and Culture | 469 | ||
| Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface Dyslexia | 470 | ||
| The Case of N.I., the Woman Who Read with Her Right Hemisphere | 471 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 471 | ||
| Key Terms | 471 | ||
| 17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion | 473 | ||
| Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction | 474 | ||
| Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion | 474 | ||
| The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage | 474 | ||
| Darwin’s Theory of the Evolution of Emotion | 475 | ||
| James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories | 476 | ||
| Sham Rage | 476 | ||
| Limbic System and Emotion | 477 | ||
| Klüver-Bucy Syndrome | 477 | ||
| A Human Case of Klüver-Bucy Syndrome | 478 | ||
| Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System | 478 | ||
| Emotional Specificity of the Autonomic Nervous System | 478 | ||
| Polygraphy | 478 | ||
| Emotions and Facial Expression | 479 | ||
| Universality of Facial Expression | 479 | ||
| Primary Facial Expressions | 479 | ||
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis | 479 | ||
| Voluntary Control of Facial Expression | 480 | ||
| Facial Expressions: Current Perspectives | 481 | ||
| Fear, Defense, and Aggression | 481 | ||
| Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors | 482 | ||
| Aggression and Testosterone | 483 | ||
| Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning | 484 | ||
| Amygdala and Fear Conditioning | 484 | ||
| Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus | 484 | ||
| Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning | 485 | ||
| Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion | 486 | ||
| Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion | 486 | ||
| Amygdala and Human Emotion | 487 | ||
| The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn’t Perceive Fear | 487 | ||
| Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion | 487 | ||
| Lateralization of Emotion | 488 | ||
| Neural Mechanisms of Human Emotion: Current Perspectives | 488 | ||
| Stress and Health | 489 | ||
| The Stress Response | 489 | ||
| Animal Models of Stress | 490 | ||
| Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers | 490 | ||
| Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain | 491 | ||
| Innate Immune System | 491 | ||
| Adaptive Immune System | 491 | ||
| What Effect Does Stress Have on Immune Function: Disruptive or Beneficial? | 492 | ||
| How Does Stress Influence Immune Function? | 493 | ||
| Does Stress Affect Susceptibility to Infectious Disease? | 493 | ||
| Early Experience of Stress | 494 | ||
| Stress and the Hippocampus | 495 | ||
| Conclusion. | 495 | ||
| The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper | 495 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 496 | ||
| Key Terms | 496 | ||
| 18 Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged | 497 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 499 | ||
| Schizophrenia: The Case of Lena | 499 | ||
| What Is Schizophrenia? | 500 | ||
| Causal Factors in Schizophrenia | 500 | ||
| Discovery of the First Antipsychotic Drugs | 501 | ||
| Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia | 501 | ||
| Schizophrenia: Current Research and Treatment | 503 | ||
| Atypical Antipsychotics | 503 | ||
| Renewed Interest in Hallucinogenic Drugs | 504 | ||
| Mechanisms of Schizophrenia-Related Genes | 504 | ||
| Schizophrenia and Brain Structure Changes | 504 | ||
| Conclusion | 505 | ||
| Depressive Disorders | 505 | ||
| Defining Depressive Disorders | 505 | ||
| The Case of S.B., the Depressed Biopsychology Student | 506 | ||
| Causal Factors in Major Depressive Disorder | 506 | ||
| Antidepressant Drugs | 507 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | 507 | ||
| Tricyclic Antidepressants | 507 | ||
| Selective Monoamine-Reuptake Inhibitors | 507 | ||
| Atypical Antidepressants | 507 | ||
| NMDA-Receptor Antagonists | 508 | ||
| Effectiveness of Drugs in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders | 508 | ||
| Brain Differences in Depression | 508 | ||
| Theories of Depression | 509 | ||
| Monoamine Theory of Depression | 509 | ||
| Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression | 509 | ||
| Treatment of Depression with Brain Stimulation | 510 | ||
| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | 510 | ||
| Deep Brain Stimulation | 510 | ||
| Conclusion | 510 | ||
| Bipolar Disorders | 511 | ||
| Defining Bipolar Disorders | 511 | ||
| The Case of S.B. Revisited: The Biopsychology Student with Bipolar Disorder | 511 | ||
| Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders | 512 | ||
| Mood Stabilizers | 512 | ||
| Brain Differences Associated with Bipolar Disorders | 513 | ||
| Theories of Bipolar Disorders | 513 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 513 | ||
| The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was Afraid to Go Out | 514 | ||
| Four Anxiety Disorders | 514 | ||
| Etiology of Anxiety Disorders | 514 | ||
| Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders | 515 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 515 | ||
| Serotonin Agonists | 515 | ||
| Antidepressant Drugs | 515 | ||
| Animal Models of Anxiety Disorders | 515 | ||
| Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders | 516 | ||
| Tourette’s Disorder | 516 | ||
| The Case of R.G.—Barking Like a Dog | 516 | ||
| What Is Tourette’s Disorder? | 517 | ||
| Neural Bases of Tourette’s Disorder | 518 | ||
| Treatment of Tourette’s Disorder | 518 | ||
| The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette’s Disorder | 518 | ||
| Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs | 519 | ||
| Clinical Trials: The Three Phases | 519 | ||
| Phase 1: Screening for Safety. | 519 | ||
| Phase 2: Establishing the Testing Protocol. | 520 | ||
| Phase 3: Final Testing. | 520 | ||
| Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials | 520 | ||
| Requirement for Double-Blind Design and Placebo Controls | 520 | ||
| The Need for Active Placebos | 520 | ||
| Length of Time Required | 520 | ||
| Financial Issues | 521 | ||
| Targets of Psychopharmacology | 521 | ||
| Effectiveness of Clinical Trials | 521 | ||
| Conclusion | 522 | ||
| Conclusion of the Case of S.B.: The Biopsychology Student Who Took Control | 522 | ||
| Themes Revisited | 523 | ||
| Key Terms | 523 | ||
| Epilogue | 524 | ||
| Appendixes | 524 | ||
| Glossary | 528 | ||
| References | 549 | ||
| Credits | 592 | ||
| Name Index | 594 | ||
| Subject Index | 607 |