BOOK
Pharmacology - E-Book
Linda E. McCuistion | Jennifer J. Yeager | Mary Beth Winton | Kathleen DiMaggio
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get the right dosage of pharmacology content to succeed on the NCLEX and as a professional nurse with Pharmacology: A Patient-Centered Nursing Process Approach, 9th Edition. Using a streamlined prototype approach and an emphasis on nursing care, this text makes it easy for today’s nursing students to better understand the complicated subject of pharmacology. The book’s detailed chapter on dosage calculation, the nursing process framework for drug therapy, strong QSEN focus, and summaries of prototype drugs help deliver the perfect pharmacology foundation. This new edition also features an improved overall organization, more streamlined content, updated prototype drug charts, a new chapter on transplant drugs, expanded information on cultural considerations, new and updated critical thinking case studies, and much more. In all, it’s the surest way to put your best foot forward when it comes to nursing pharmacology on the NCLEX and in practice!
- UNIQUE! An extensive, color-coded Drug Calculations chapter presents six methods of dosage calculation, providing a helpful review and supplement to a dosage calculations textbook.
- UNIQUE! Nursing Process summaries present patient care and drug therapy within the framework of each step of the nursing process, including information on patient teaching and cultural considerations.
- UNIQUE! Illustrated overviews of normal anatomy and physiology open each unit and provide a critical foundational review for understanding how drugs work in each body system.
- Chapter on safety and quality discusses medication errors, specific nursing measures to promote safety, National Patient Safety Goals, and many other safety issues and concerns.
- Cultural considerations icons highlight important cultural considerations in the Nursing Process sections.
- QSEN focus emphasizes patient-centered care, safety, quality, and collaboration and teamwork.
- Application-level NCLEX Study Questions at the end of each chapter help prepare readers for the growing pharmacology coverage on the NCLEX Examination.
- Consistent RN-standard chapter pedagogy includes objectives, outlines, key terms with page references, and activities on the Evolve companion website.
- Coverage of prioritization throughout the text helps readers learn to prioritize nursing care and differentiate need-to-know from nice-to-know content.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| TABLE OF CONTENTS (BRIEF) | i | ||
| Pharmacology | ii | ||
| Pharmacology: A Patient-CenteredNursing Process Approach | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| MEET THE AUTHORS | vi | ||
| KATHLEEN VULJOIN-DIMAGGIO | vi | ||
| MARY B. WINTON | vii | ||
| JENNIFER J. YEAGER | vii | ||
| IN RECOGNITION | ix | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS | xi | ||
| REVIEWERS | xiii | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| Organization | xv | ||
| Additional Features | xv | ||
| Teaching and Learning Resources | xvi | ||
| For Students | xvi | ||
| For Faculty Members | xvi | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | xvii | ||
| CONTENTS | xix | ||
| I - Introduction to Pharmacology | 1 | ||
| 1 - Drug Development and Ethical Considerations | 2 | ||
| CORE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES | 3 | ||
| Respect for Persons | 3 | ||
| Informed Consent | 3 | ||
| Beneficence | 4 | ||
| Risk-Benefit Ratio | 4 | ||
| Justice | 4 | ||
| OBJECTIVES AND PHASES OFPHARMACEUTICALRESEARCH | 4 | ||
| Preclinical Trials | 4 | ||
| Human Clinical Experimentation | 4 | ||
| Clinical Research Study Design | 4 | ||
| AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION CODE OF ETHICS | 6 | ||
| The Nurse’s Role in Clinical Research | 6 | ||
| DRUG STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION | 7 | ||
| Drug Standards | 7 | ||
| Federal Legislation | 7 | ||
| 1912: The Sherley Amendment | 7 | ||
| 1914: The Harrison Narcotic Act | 8 | ||
| 1938: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | 8 | ||
| 1951: Durham-Humphrey Amendment | 8 | ||
| 1962: Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the 1938 Act | 8 | ||
| 1965: Drug Abuse Control Amendments | 8 | ||
| 1970: The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act | 8 | ||
| 1983: The Orphan Drug Act | 8 | ||
| 1994: Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act | 8 | ||
| 1996: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | 8 | ||
| 1997: The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act | 8 | ||
| 2002: Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act | 9 | ||
| 2003: Pediatric Research Equity Act | 9 | ||
| 2007: Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act | 9 | ||
| 2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | 9 | ||
| 2012: Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA) | 9 | ||
| NURSE PRACTICE ACTS | 9 | ||
| CANADIAN DRUG REGULATION | 10 | ||
| INITIATIVES TO COMBAT DRUGCOUNTERFEITING | 10 | ||
| DRUG NAMES | 11 | ||
| OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS | 11 | ||
| DRUG RESOURCES | 13 | ||
| 2 - Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacogenetics | 15 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 16 | ||
| Drug Absorption | 16 | ||
| Drug Distribution | 17 | ||
| Protein Binding | 17 | ||
| Drug Metabolism | 18 | ||
| Loading Dose | 19 | ||
| Drug Excretion | 19 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMICS | 19 | ||
| Dose-Response Relationship | 19 | ||
| Onset, Peak, and Duration of Action | 20 | ||
| Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | 20 | ||
| Receptor Theory | 20 | ||
| Agonists and Antagonists | 21 | ||
| Nonspecific and Nonselective Drug Effects | 21 | ||
| Mechanisms of Drug Action | 21 | ||
| Side Effects, Adverse Drug Reactions, and Drug Toxicity | 22 | ||
| PHARMACOGENETICS | 23 | ||
| Biologic Variations | 23 | ||
| Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis | 23 | ||
| Placebo Effect | 23 | ||
| DRUG INTERACTIONS | 23 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Interactions | 24 | ||
| Absorption | 24 | ||
| Metabolism | 24 | ||
| Excretion | 25 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Interactions | 25 | ||
| Additive Drug Effects | 25 | ||
| Synergistic Drug Effects and Potentiation | 25 | ||
| Antagonistic Drug Effects | 26 | ||
| DRUG-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS | 26 | ||
| DRUG-LABORATORY INTERACTIONS | 26 | ||
| DRUG-INDUCED PHOTOSENSITIVITY | 26 | ||
| 3 - Cultural Considerations | 30 | ||
| ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | 30 | ||
| PHARMACOGENETICS | 31 | ||
| TRANSCULTURAL NURSING | 31 | ||
| THE GIGER AND DAVIDHIZAR TRANSCULTURAL ASSESSMENT MODEL | 31 | ||
| Communication | 31 | ||
| Vernacular English and Standard English | 31 | ||
| Greetings and Communication Styles | 32 | ||
| Space | 32 | ||
| Social Organization | 32 | ||
| Time | 33 | ||
| Environmental Control | 33 | ||
| Biologic Variations | 33 | ||
| 4 - Complementary and Alternative Therapies | 37 | ||
| DIETARY SUPPLEMENT HEALTH AND | 38 | ||
| CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES | 38 | ||
| COMMONLY USED HERBAL REMEDIES | 38 | ||
| Astragalus (A. membranaceus and A. mongholicus) | 38 | ||
| Chamomile (Matricaria recutita and Chamomilla recutita) | 39 | ||
| Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum and C. cassia) | 39 | ||
| Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) | 39 | ||
| Garlic (Allium sativum) | 39 | ||
| Ginger (Zingiber officinale) | 39 | ||
| Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) | 39 | ||
| Ginseng (Panax ginseng) | 40 | ||
| Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata and C. monogyna) | 40 | ||
| Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra and G. uralensis) | 40 | ||
| Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) | 40 | ||
| Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) | 40 | ||
| St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) | 40 | ||
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa) | 40 | ||
| Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) | 40 | ||
| POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF HERBS | 41 | ||
| TIPS FOR CONSUMERS AND HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS | 41 | ||
| HERBAL RESOURCES | 41 | ||
| 5 - Pediatric Considerations | 43 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 44 | ||
| Absorption | 44 | ||
| Distribution | 45 | ||
| Metabolism | 45 | ||
| Excretion | 45 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMICS | 45 | ||
| NURSING IMPLICATIONS | 45 | ||
| Pediatric Drug Dosing and Monitoring | 45 | ||
| Pediatric Drug Administration | 46 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ADOLESCENT PATIENT | 48 | ||
| NURSING PROCESS: FAMILY-CENTEREDCOLLABORATIVECARE | 49 | ||
| 6 - Geriatric Considerations | 52 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES | 52 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 53 | ||
| Absorption | 53 | ||
| Distribution | 53 | ||
| Metabolism | 53 | ||
| Excretion | 53 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMICS | 53 | ||
| NURSING IMPLICATIONS: OLDER ADULT DRUG DOSING AND MONITORING | 54 | ||
| Polypharmacy | 54 | ||
| Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults | 54 | ||
| Adverse Drug Events | 55 | ||
| Adherence | 55 | ||
| HEALTH TEACHING WITH THE OLDER ADULT | 55 | ||
| 7 - Drugs in Substance Use Disorder | 59 | ||
| SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER | 59 | ||
| Context | 59 | ||
| Definition | 60 | ||
| Neurobiology | 60 | ||
| Types of Substance Use Disorders | 61 | ||
| Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | 61 | ||
| Treatment. AUD can be treated through a variety of options. However, very few people with the disorder seek care. Alcohol treatm... | 61 | ||
| Drug-assisted treatment. Several drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat AUD. Disulfira... | 61 | ||
| Cannabis Use Disorder | 67 | ||
| Opioid Use Disorder | 68 | ||
| Drug-Assisted Treatment. Naloxone (see Table 7.6) is the drug of choice in the treatment of respiratory depression associated wi... | 68 | ||
| Tobacco Use Disorder | 69 | ||
| Drug-Assisted Treatment. Nicotine replacement drugs—sold as a gum, patch, spray, inhaler, or lozenge—mimic the nicotine effects ... | 70 | ||
| Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. An anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) is a synthetic agent used to treat conditions caused by low l... | 71 | ||
| SPECIAL NEEDS OF PATIENTS WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER | 71 | ||
| Surgical Patients | 71 | ||
| Pain Management | 72 | ||
| THE NURSE WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER | 72 | ||
| Contributing Factors | 72 | ||
| Characteristics | 72 | ||
| II - Pharmacotherapy and Drug Administration | 75 | ||
| 8 - The Nursing Process and Patient-Centered Care | 76 | ||
| NURSING PROCESS: PATIENT-CENTERED COLLABORATIVE CARE | 77 | ||
| Assessment | 77 | ||
| Subjective Data | 77 | ||
| Objective Data | 77 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 77 | ||
| Planning | 78 | ||
| Implementation of Nursing Interventions | 78 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 78 | ||
| Evaluation | 80 | ||
| 9 - Safety and Quality | 82 | ||
| “FIVE-PLUS-FIVE” RIGHTS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION | 83 | ||
| Right Patient | 83 | ||
| Right Drug | 83 | ||
| Right Dose | 85 | ||
| Right Time | 85 | ||
| Right Route | 86 | ||
| Right Assessment | 86 | ||
| Right Documentation | 86 | ||
| Right to Education | 87 | ||
| Right Evaluation | 87 | ||
| Right to Refuse | 87 | ||
| NURSES’ RIGHTS WHEN ADMINISTERING MEDICATION | 87 | ||
| CULTURE OF SAFETY | 88 | ||
| The Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals | 88 | ||
| Drug Reconciliation | 89 | ||
| Disposal of Medications | 90 | ||
| Sharps Safety | 90 | ||
| SAFETY RISKS WITH MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION | 91 | ||
| Counterfeit Drugs | 91 | ||
| Dosage Forms: To Crush or Not to Crush | 91 | ||
| ?HIGH-ALERT MEDICATIONS | 91 | ||
| ?LOOK-ALIKE AND SOUND-ALIKE DRUG NAMES | 92 | ||
| OTHER FACTORS IN THE PREVENTION OF MEDICATION ERRORS | 92 | ||
| RESOURCES FOR PREVENTING ERRORS IN MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION | 93 | ||
| PREGNANCY CATEGORIES AND SUBSECTIONS | 93 | ||
| 10 - Drug Administration | 96 | ||
| SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION | 96 | ||
| FORMS AND ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION | 96 | ||
| Tablets and Capsules | 97 | ||
| Liquids | 97 | ||
| Transdermals | 97 | ||
| Topicals | 97 | ||
| Instillations | 98 | ||
| Inhalations | 98 | ||
| Nasogastric and Gastrostomy Tubes | 100 | ||
| Suppositories | 101 | ||
| Rectal Suppositories | 101 | ||
| Vaginal Medications | 101 | ||
| Parenteral Administration of Medications | 101 | ||
| III - Maintenance of Homeostasis | 155 | ||
| 12 - Fluid Volume and Electrolytes | 156 | ||
| HOMEOSTASIS | 157 | ||
| Osmolality | 158 | ||
| FLUID REPLACEMENT | 158 | ||
| General Considerations | 158 | ||
| Intravenous Solutions | 158 | ||
| Types of Intravenous Solutions | 158 | ||
| Crystalloids. Crystalloid solutions contain fluids and electrolytes and are able to freely cross capillary walls. They do not co... | 158 | ||
| Colloids. Colloid solutions contain protein or other large molecular substances that increase osmolarity without dissolving in t... | 159 | ||
| Blood and Blood Products. Nurses complete a thorough patient assessment prior to, during, and after administration of blood prod... | 160 | ||
| ELECTROLYTES | 162 | ||
| Potassium | 162 | ||
| Functions | 163 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 163 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 163 | ||
| Effect of Drugs on Potassium Balance | 164 | ||
| Sodium | 167 | ||
| Functions | 167 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 167 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 168 | ||
| Calcium | 168 | ||
| Functions | 169 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 169 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 170 | ||
| Effect of Drugs on Calcium Balance | 170 | ||
| Clinical Management of Calcium Imbalance | 171 | ||
| ?Magnesium | 172 | ||
| Functions | 172 | ||
| Effect of Drugs on Magnesium Balance | 172 | ||
| Chloride | 173 | ||
| Phosphorus | 173 | ||
| 13 - Vitamin and Mineral Replacement | 176 | ||
| VITAMINS | 176 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | 177 | ||
| Vitamin A | 177 | ||
| Vitamin D | 178 | ||
| Vitamin E | 179 | ||
| Vitamin K | 179 | ||
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | 180 | ||
| Vitamin B Complex | 180 | ||
| Vitamin C | 180 | ||
| Folic Acid (Folate) | 181 | ||
| Vitamin B12 | 182 | ||
| MINERALS | 183 | ||
| Iron | 183 | ||
| Copper | 183 | ||
| Zinc | 184 | ||
| Chromium | 185 | ||
| Selenium | 185 | ||
| 14 - Nutritional Support | 188 | ||
| DIFFERENT TYPES OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT | 188 | ||
| Oral Feeding | 188 | ||
| Enteral Nutrition | 189 | ||
| Routes for Enteral Feedings | 189 | ||
| Enteral Solutions | 189 | ||
| Methods for Delivery | 190 | ||
| Complications | 190 | ||
| Enteral Safety | 191 | ||
| Enteral Medications | 191 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition | 192 | ||
| Complications | 193 | ||
| IV - Autonomic Nervous System Drugs | 196 | ||
| SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 196 | ||
| 15 - Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists | 199 | ||
| PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 197 | ||
| ADRENERGIC AGONISTS | 199 | ||
| Inactivation of Neurotransmitters | 201 | ||
| Classification of Sympathomimetics | 201 | ||
| Epinephrine | 202 | ||
| V - Central and Peripheral Nervous System Drugs | 223 | ||
| 17 - Stimulants | 226 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 226 | ||
| AMPHETAMINES | 227 | ||
| Amphetamine-Like Drugs for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Narcolepsy | 227 | ||
| ANOREXIANTS AND ANALEPTICS | 229 | ||
| Anorexiants | 229 | ||
| VI - Mental and Behavioral Health Drugs | 278 | ||
| 22 - Antipsychotics and Anxiolytics | 280 | ||
| PSYCHOSIS | 280 | ||
| ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS | 281 | ||
| Pharmacophysiologic Mechanisms of Action | 281 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 281 | ||
| Extrapyramidal Syndrome | 281 | ||
| Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome | 282 | ||
| Phenothiazines | 282 | ||
| Nonphenothiazines | 284 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 285 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 285 | ||
| Antipsychotic Dosage for Older Adults | 285 | ||
| Atypical Antipsychotics (Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonists) | 285 | ||
| ANXIOLYTICS | 289 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures | 289 | ||
| ?Benzodiazepines | 290 | ||
| Miscellaneous Anxiolytics | 290 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 292 | ||
| 23 - Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers | 294 | ||
| DEPRESSION | 294 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 295 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapy for Depression | 295 | ||
| ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS | 295 | ||
| Tricyclic Antidepressants | 295 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 295 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 296 | ||
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | 296 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 296 | ||
| Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors | 297 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Effects | 297 | ||
| Atypical Antidepressants | 297 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | 297 | ||
| Drug and Food Interactions | 301 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 301 | ||
| MOOD STABILIZERS | 303 | ||
| VII - Pain and Inflammation Management Drugs | 306 | ||
| 24 - Antiinflammatories | 307 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 307 | ||
| ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS | 308 | ||
| NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS | 308 | ||
| Salicylates | 308 | ||
| Hypersensitivity to Salicylate Products | 312 | ||
| Para-Chlorobenzoic Acid | 313 | ||
| Phenylacetic Acid Derivatives | 313 | ||
| Propionic Acid Derivatives | 313 | ||
| Fenamates | 313 | ||
| Oxicams | 314 | ||
| General Side Effects and Adverse Reactions With First-Generation NSAIDs | 314 | ||
| Selective COX-2 Inhibitors | 315 | ||
| Use of NSAIDs in Older Adults | 315 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROIDS | 315 | ||
| DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS | 315 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Agents | 316 | ||
| Immunomodulators | 316 | ||
| Antimalarials | 316 | ||
| ANTIGOUT DRUGS | 318 | ||
| Antiinflammatory Gout Drug: Colchicine | 318 | ||
| Uric Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors | 318 | ||
| Uricosurics | 319 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 319 | ||
| 25 - Analgesics | 322 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 323 | ||
| Undertreatment of Pain | 323 | ||
| NONOPIOID ANALGESICS | 324 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 324 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 324 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 325 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 326 | ||
| ?OPIOID ANALGESICS | 326 | ||
| Morphine | 328 | ||
| Meperidine | 330 | ||
| Hydromorphone | 330 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 330 | ||
| Contraindications | 332 | ||
| Combination Drugs | 332 | ||
| Patient-Controlled Analgesia | 332 | ||
| Transdermal Opioid Analgesics | 332 | ||
| Analgesic Titration | 332 | ||
| Opioid Use in Special Populations | 332 | ||
| Children | 332 | ||
| Older Adults | 332 | ||
| Cognitively Impaired Individuals | 333 | ||
| Oncology Patients | 333 | ||
| Individuals With a History of Substance Use Disorder | 333 | ||
| ADJUVANT THERAPY | 333 | ||
| TREATMENT FOR OPIOID-ADDICTED | 334 | ||
| OPIOID AGONIST-ANTAGONISTS | 334 | ||
| OPIOID ANTAGONISTS | 335 | ||
| HEADACHES: MIGRAINE AND CLUSTER | 336 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 336 | ||
| Treatment of Migraine Headaches | 336 | ||
| VIII - Antimicrobial Drugs | 340 | ||
| 26 - Antibacterials | 341 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 343 | ||
| ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS | 343 | ||
| Antibacterials/Antibiotics | 343 | ||
| Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action | 343 | ||
| Body Defenses | 344 | ||
| Resistance to Antibacterials | 344 | ||
| Use of Antibiotic Combinations | 345 | ||
| General Adverse Reactions to Antibacterials | 345 | ||
| Narrow-Spectrum and Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics | 345 | ||
| PENICILLINS | 346 | ||
| Broad-Spectrum Penicillins (Aminopenicillins) | 346 | ||
| Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins (Antistaphylococcal Penicillins) | 346 | ||
| Extended-Spectrum Penicillins (Antipseudomonal Penicillins) | 346 | ||
| Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors | 348 | ||
| Geriatrics | 349 | ||
| IX - Immunologic Drugs | 402 | ||
| IMMUNE SYSTEM STRUCTURE | 402 | ||
| IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION | 402 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 402 | ||
| Antigen-Antibody Interactions | 402 | ||
| Acquiring Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 402 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 403 | ||
| Protection Provided by Cell-Mediated Immunity | 403 | ||
| 29 - HIV- and AIDS-Related Drugs | 404 | ||
| HIV INFECTION: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 405 | ||
| HIV LIFE CYCLE | 405 | ||
| HIV TRANSMISSION | 406 | ||
| LABORATORY TESTING | 406 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 406 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | 406 | ||
| ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | 407 | ||
| Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors | 407 | ||
| Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors | 412 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors | 413 | ||
| Fusion (Entry) Inhibitors | 416 | ||
| Chemokine (CCR5) Coreceptor Antagonists | 416 | ||
| Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors | 416 | ||
| IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME | 416 | ||
| THE NURSE’S ROLE IN ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | 416 | ||
| OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS | 418 | ||
| ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN PREGNANCY | 419 | ||
| OCCUPATIONAL HIV EXPOSURE AND POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS | 419 | ||
| 30 - Transplant Drugs | 421 | ||
| ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION | 421 | ||
| Principles of Immunosuppression | 421 | ||
| Immunosuppressant Drugs | 421 | ||
| Induction Therapy | 421 | ||
| Tacrolimus. Approved by the FDA in 1994, tacrolimus is the second calcineurin inhibitor approved for prophylaxis of rejection in... | 424 | ||
| Costimulation Blockers. Belatacept is a first-in-class selective T-cell costimulation blocking agent indicated for use in combin... | 424 | ||
| Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors. There are two mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors approved for the prevent... | 425 | ||
| Purine Antimetabolites. Azathioprine, a purine antimetabolite, is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body, where it blocks p... | 425 | ||
| Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. Mycophenolate mofetil blocks synthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of th... | 426 | ||
| Corticosteroids. Prednisone, a corticosteroid, is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. It decreases inflammation by suppression of... | 427 | ||
| Drugs for Transplant Rejection | 427 | ||
| Drugs for Infection | 428 | ||
| Bacterial | 428 | ||
| Fungal | 428 | ||
| Viral | 428 | ||
| PROMOTING ADHERENCE | 428 | ||
| 31 - Vaccines | 430 | ||
| IMMUNITY | 431 | ||
| Active Immunity | 431 | ||
| Passive Immunity | 431 | ||
| Community Immunity | 431 | ||
| VACCINES | 431 | ||
| VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES | 432 | ||
| VACCINATION RECOMMENDATIONS | 432 | ||
| IMMUNIZATION BEFORE INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL | 436 | ||
| VACCINE SAFETY: REPORTING DISEASES AND ADVERSE REACTIONS | 436 | ||
| VARICELLA VACCINE | 436 | ||
| Contraindications | 436 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 437 | ||
| FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN VACCINES | 437 | ||
| X - Antineoplastics and Biologic Response Modifiers | 442 | ||
| GROWTH RATE | 442 | ||
| XI - Respiratory Drugs | 506 | ||
| LUNG COMPLIANCE | 507 | ||
| CONTROL OF RESPIRATION | 507 | ||
| BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE | 507 | ||
| 35 - Upper Respiratory Disorders | 508 | ||
| COMMON COLD, ACUTE RHINITIS, AND ALLERGIC RHINITIS | 508 | ||
| Antihistamines | 509 | ||
| First-Generation Antihistamines | 509 | ||
| Side Effects of Most First-Generation Antihistamines. The most common side effects of first-generation antihistamines are drowsi... | 509 | ||
| Second-Generation Antihistamines | 509 | ||
| Nasal and Systemic Decongestants | 511 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 512 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 512 | ||
| Intranasal Glucocorticoids | 512 | ||
| Antitussives | 513 | ||
| Expectorants | 514 | ||
| SINUSITIS | 515 | ||
| ACUTE PHARYNGITIS | 515 | ||
| 36 - Lower Respiratory Disorders | 517 | ||
| CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE | 518 | ||
| Bronchial Asthma | 518 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 518 | ||
| SYMPATHOMIMETICS: ALPHA- AND BETA2-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS | 519 | ||
| Albuterol | 519 | ||
| Metaproterenol | 520 | ||
| Use of an Aerosol Inhaler | 520 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 520 | ||
| ANTICHOLINERGICS | 522 | ||
| METHYLXANTHINE (XANTHINE) DERIVATIVES | 522 | ||
| Theophylline | 522 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 523 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 523 | ||
| LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS AND SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS | 524 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOIDS (STEROIDS) | 527 | ||
| CROMOLYN | 528 | ||
| DRUG THERAPY FOR ASTHMA ACCORDING TO SEVERITY | 528 | ||
| DRUG THERAPY FOR ASTHMA ACCORDING TO AGE | 528 | ||
| Young Children | 528 | ||
| Older Adults | 529 | ||
| MUCOLYTICS | 529 | ||
| ANTIMICROBIALS | 529 | ||
| XII - Cardiovascular Drugs | 531 | ||
| HEART | 531 | ||
| CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICAL | 531 | ||
| REGULATION OF HEART RATE AND BLOOD FLOW | 531 | ||
| CIRCULATION | 532 | ||
| BLOOD | 532 | ||
| 37 - Cardiac Glycosides, Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics | 533 | ||
| CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES | 534 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures to Treat Heart Failure | 534 | ||
| Digoxin | 535 | ||
| Digitalis (Digoxin) Toxicity | 536 | ||
| Antidote for Cardiac/Digitalis Glycosides | 536 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 536 | ||
| ?Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 538 | ||
| OTHER AGENTS USED TO TREAT HEART FAILURE | 538 | ||
| ANTIANGINAL DRUGS | 538 | ||
| Types of Angina Pectoris | 538 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures to Control Angina | 538 | ||
| Types of Antianginal Drugs | 539 | ||
| Nitrates | 539 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 540 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 540 | ||
| ?Beta Blockers | 540 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Both nonselective and selective beta blockers cause a decrease in heart rate and blood press... | 542 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 542 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. The side effects of calcium blockers include headache, hypotension (more common with nifedip... | 543 | ||
| ?ANTIDYSRHYTHMIC DRUGS | 544 | ||
| Cardiac Dysrhythmias | 544 | ||
| Cardiac Action Potentials | 544 | ||
| Types of Antidysrhythmic Drugs | 545 | ||
| Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers | 545 | ||
| Class II: Beta Blockers | 545 | ||
| Class III: Drugs That Prolong Repolarization | 548 | ||
| Class IV: Calcium Channel Blockers | 548 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions With Antidysrhythmic Drugs. Quinidine, the first drug used to treat cardiac dysrhythmias, has... | 548 | ||
| 38 - Diuretics | 551 | ||
| THIAZIDES AND THIAZIDE-LIKE DIURETICS | 552 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects and adverse reactions of thiazides include electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia,... | 554 | ||
| Contraindications. Thiazides are contraindicated for use in renal failure. Symptoms of severe kidney impairment or shutdown incl... | 554 | ||
| Drug Interactions. Of the numerous thiazide drug interactions, the most serious occurs with digoxin. Thiazides can cause hypokal... | 554 | ||
| LOOP (HIGH-CEILING) DIURETICS | 556 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. The most common side effects of loop diuretics are fluid and electrolyte imbalances such as ... | 556 | ||
| OSMOTIC DIURETICS | 559 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. The side effects and adverse reactions of mannitol include fluid and electrolyte imbalance, ... | 559 | ||
| Contraindications | 559 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 559 | ||
| CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS | 559 | ||
| POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS | 559 | ||
| 39 - Antihypertensives | 563 | ||
| HYPERTENSION | 563 | ||
| Selected Regulators of Blood Pressure | 563 | ||
| Physiologic Risk Factors | 564 | ||
| Cultural Responses to Antihypertensive Agents | 564 | ||
| Hypertension in Older Adults | 564 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OFHYPERTENSION | 565 | ||
| GUIDELINES FOR HYPERTENSION | 565 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OFHYPERTENSION | 565 | ||
| Diuretics | 565 | ||
| Sympatholytics (Sympathetic Depressants) | 565 | ||
| ?Beta-Adrenergic Blockers | 565 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects and adverse reactions include decreased pulse rate; markedly decreased blood pr... | 566 | ||
| Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists | 569 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects and adverse reactions of alpha2 agonists include drowsiness, dry mouth, dizzine... | 569 | ||
| Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers | 569 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects of prazosin, doxazosin, and terazosin include orthostatic hypotension (dizzines... | 570 | ||
| Drug Interactions. Drug interactions occur when alpha-adrenergic blockers are taken with antiinflammatory drugs and nitrates, su... | 570 | ||
| Adrenergic Neuron Blockers (Peripherally Acting Sympatholytics) | 572 | ||
| ?Alpha1- and Beta1-Adrenergic Blockers | 572 | ||
| Direct-Acting Arteriolar Vasodilators | 573 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 573 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. The primary side effect of ACE inhibitors is a constant, irritated cough. Other side effects... | 575 | ||
| Contraindications. ACE inhibitors should not be given during pregnancy because harm to the fetus due to reduction in placental b... | 575 | ||
| Angiotensin II–Receptor Blockers | 576 | ||
| Direct Renin Inhibitors | 577 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 577 | ||
| 40 - Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and Thrombolytics | 580 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: THROMBUS FORMATION | 580 | ||
| ?ANTICOAGULANTS | 581 | ||
| Heparin | 581 | ||
| Low–Molecular-Weight Heparins | 581 | ||
| Contraindications | 582 | ||
| ?Direct Thrombin Inhibitors: Parenteral Anticoagulants II | 582 | ||
| Oral Anticoagulants | 583 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Bleeding (hemorrhage) is the major adverse effect of warfarin. Patients should be monitored ... | 584 | ||
| Drug Interactions. Because warfarin is highly protein bound, it is affected by drug interactions. Aspirin, nonsteroidal antiinfl... | 584 | ||
| ?Factor Xa Inhibitors: Oral Anticoagulants. Four oral | 585 | ||
| Anticoagulant Antagonists | 585 | ||
| ANTIPLATELET DRUGS | 586 | ||
| ?THROMBOLYTICS | 588 | ||
| 41 - Antihyperlipidemics and Drugs to Improve Peripheral Blood Flow | 592 | ||
| LIPOPROTEINS | 592 | ||
| APOLIPOPROTEINS | 593 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC METHODS OF CHOLESTEROL REDUCTION | 593 | ||
| ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMICS | 593 | ||
| Statins | 593 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 594 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects and adverse reactions of cholestyramine include constipation and peptic ulcer. ... | 594 | ||
| DRUGS TO IMPROVE PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW | 598 | ||
| Cilostazol | 598 | ||
| Pentoxifylline | 599 | ||
| XIII - Gastrointestinal Drugs | 602 | ||
| ORAL CAVITY | 602 | ||
| ESOPHAGUS | 602 | ||
| STOMACH | 602 | ||
| SMALL INTESTINE | 602 | ||
| LARGE INTESTINE | 602 | ||
| DRUGS FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS | 603 | ||
| 42 - Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders | 604 | ||
| VOMITING | 604 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures | 605 | ||
| Nonprescription Antiemetics | 605 | ||
| Prescription Antiemetics | 606 | ||
| Antihistamines and Anticholinergics | 606 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects include drowsiness, which can be a major problem; dry mouth; blurred vision cau... | 606 | ||
| Dopamine Antagonists | 607 | ||
| Phenothiazine Antiemetics | 607 | ||
| Drug and Laboratory Interactions. Central nervous system (CNS) depression increases when promethazine is taken with alcohol, nar... | 608 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Phenothiazines have antihistamine and anticholinergic properties. The side effects of phenot... | 608 | ||
| Butyrophenones | 608 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 609 | ||
| Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists | 609 | ||
| Glucocorticoids (Corticosteroids) | 609 | ||
| Cannabinoids | 609 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects that can occur as a result of cannabinoid use include mood changes, euphoria, d... | 609 | ||
| Miscellaneous Antiemetics | 609 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. The side effects and adverse reactions of the miscellaneous antiemetics are drowsiness and a... | 609 | ||
| Metoclopramide | 609 | ||
| EMETICS | 610 | ||
| DIARRHEA | 610 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures | 610 | ||
| Travelers’ Diarrhea | 610 | ||
| Antidiarrheals | 611 | ||
| Opiates and Opiate-Related Agents | 611 | ||
| Adsorbents | 612 | ||
| Miscellaneous Antidiarrheals | 612 | ||
| CONSTIPATION | 613 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures | 613 | ||
| Laxatives | 613 | ||
| Osmotic (Saline) Laxatives | 614 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Adequate renal function is needed to excrete excess magnesium. Patients who have renal insuf... | 614 | ||
| Stimulant (Contact) Laxatives | 614 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects include nausea, abdominal cramps, weakness, and reddish-brown urine caused by e... | 615 | ||
| Bulk-Forming Laxatives | 616 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Bulk-forming laxatives are not systemically absorbed, therefore there is no systemic effect.... | 616 | ||
| Chloride Channel Activators | 616 | ||
| Emollients (Stool Softeners) | 616 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects of mineral oil include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping. This... | 616 | ||
| Contraindications. Contraindications to the use of laxatives include pregnancy and inflammatory disorders of the GI tract such a... | 616 | ||
| 43 - Antiulcer Drugs | 621 | ||
| PREDISPOSING FACTORS IN PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE | 622 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | 622 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 623 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC MEASURES FOR MANAGING PEPTIC ULCER AND | 623 | ||
| ANTIULCER DRUGS | 623 | ||
| Tranquilizers | 623 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 624 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 624 | ||
| Antacids | 625 | ||
| Histamine2 Blockers | 627 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Side effects and adverse reactions of H2 blockers include headache, dizziness, constipation,... | 628 | ||
| Drug and Laboratory Interactions. Cimetidine interacts with many drugs. By inhibiting hepatic drug metabolism, it enhances the e... | 628 | ||
| Proton Pump Inhibitors (Gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitors, Gastric Acid Pump Inhibitors) | 629 | ||
| Pepsin Inhibitors (Mucosal Protective Drugs) | 631 | ||
| Prostaglandin Analogue Antiulcer Drug | 632 | ||
| XIV - EYE AND EAR DISORDERS | 634 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE EYE | 634 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE EAR | 635 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE SKIN | 635 | ||
| 44 - Eye and Ear Disorders | 636 | ||
| DRUGS FOR DISORDERS OF THE EYE | 636 | ||
| Diagnostic Stains | 636 | ||
| Topical Anesthetics | 637 | ||
| Antiinfectives | 637 | ||
| Antiinflammatories | 637 | ||
| Decongestants | 640 | ||
| Lubricants | 641 | ||
| Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Drugs | 641 | ||
| Prostaglandin Analogues | 643 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Prostaglandin analogues used for glaucoma have unique side effects. These drugs gradually ch... | 643 | ||
| Cholinergic Agents | 643 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Systemic absorption of cholinesterase inhibitors through the conjunctiva and lacrimal duct c... | 643 | ||
| Beta-Adrenergic Blockers | 643 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. In the eye, beta-ad | 643 | ||
| Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists | 644 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Effects. Apraclonidine and brimonidine have minimal, if any, systemic effects. Because of the relative ... | 644 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 645 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Adverse effects of CAIs, particularly with the systemic forms, include CNS effects such as l... | 645 | ||
| Mydriatics and Cycloplegics | 645 | ||
| Drugs for Macular Degeneration | 646 | ||
| Administration of Eyedrops and Ointments | 647 | ||
| Patients With Eye Disorders: General Suggestions for Teaching | 647 | ||
| DRUGS FOR DISORDERS OF THE EAR | 647 | ||
| Antiinfectives | 647 | ||
| Antihistamines and Decongestants | 649 | ||
| Ceruminolytics | 650 | ||
| Administration of Ear Medications | 650 | ||
| Patients With Ear Disorders: General Suggestions for Teaching | 650 | ||
| 45 - Dermatologic Disorders | 652 | ||
| ACNE VULGARIS | 652 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Approach | 653 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 656 | ||
| Topical Antiacne Drugs | 656 | ||
| Systemic Antiacne Drugs | 656 | ||
| PSORIASIS | 657 | ||
| Topical Drugs | 657 | ||
| Systemic Drugs | 658 | ||
| VERRUCA VULGARIS (WARTS) | 660 | ||
| DRUG-INDUCED DERMATITIS | 660 | ||
| CONTACT DERMATITIS | 660 | ||
| IMPETIGO | 660 | ||
| HAIR LOSS AND BALDNESS | 661 | ||
| SUNSCREENS | 661 | ||
| BURNS AND BURN PREPARATIONS | 661 | ||
| Silver Sulfadiazine | 662 | ||
| XV - Endocrine Drugs | 665 | ||
| PITUITARY GLAND | 665 | ||
| ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND | 665 | ||
| THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE | 667 | ||
| ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE | 667 | ||
| GONADOTROPIC HORMONES | 667 | ||
| GROWTH HORMONE | 667 | ||
| POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND | 667 | ||
| THYROID GLAND | 667 | ||
| PARATHYROID GLANDS | 668 | ||
| ADRENAL GLANDS | 668 | ||
| PANCREAS | 668 | ||
| DRUGS FOR ENDOCRINE DISORDERS | 668 | ||
| 46 - Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Disorders | 669 | ||
| PITUITARY GLAND | 670 | ||
| Anterior Lobe | 670 | ||
| Growth Hormone | 670 | ||
| Drug Therapy: Growth Hormone Deficiency. Somatropin is a growth hormone used to treat growth failure in children because of GH d... | 670 | ||
| Side effects and adverse effects. Somatropin can cause paresthesia, arthralgia, myalgia, peripheral edema, weakness, and cephalg... | 670 | ||
| Drug Therapy: Growth Hormone Excess. Gigantism, excessive growth during childhood, and acromegaly, excessive growth after pubert... | 670 | ||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | 670 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | 672 | ||
| Prolactin | 673 | ||
| Posterior Lobe | 673 | ||
| THYROID GLAND | 675 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 675 | ||
| Thyroid Drugs | 675 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 676 | ||
| Antithyroid Drugs | 676 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 676 | ||
| PARATHYROID GLANDS | 678 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 678 | ||
| Calcitriol | 678 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 678 | ||
| ADRENAL GLANDS | 680 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 681 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 683 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 683 | ||
| 47 - Antidiabetics | 686 | ||
| DIABETES MELLITUS | 686 | ||
| Insulin | 687 | ||
| Beta-Cell Secretion of Insulin | 687 | ||
| ?Commercially Prepared Insulin | 687 | ||
| Administration of Insulin | 687 | ||
| Types of Insulin | 688 | ||
| Insulin Resistance | 689 | ||
| Storage of Insulin | 689 | ||
| Sliding-Scale Insulin Coverage | 690 | ||
| Drug Interactions. Drugs such as thiazide diuretics, glucocorticoids (cortisone preparations), thyroid agents, and estrogen incr... | 690 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions: Hypoglycemic | 690 | ||
| Insulin Pen Injectors | 691 | ||
| Insulin Pumps | 691 | ||
| Insulin Jet Injectors | 692 | ||
| ?Oral Antidiabetic (Hypoglycemic) Drugs | 693 | ||
| First- and Second-Generation Sulfonylureas | 693 | ||
| Side Effects, Adverse Reactions, and Contraindications. The side effects of most oral antidiabetic drugs are similar to those of... | 693 | ||
| Drug Interactions. Aspirin, oral anticoagulants, MAOIs, sulfonamides, cimetidine, and some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (... | 693 | ||
| Nonsulfonylureas | 693 | ||
| Biguanides: Metformin | 693 | ||
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Acarbose and Miglitol | 696 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | 696 | ||
| Meglitinides | 696 | ||
| Incretin Modifier | 697 | ||
| Guidelines for Oral Antidiabetic (Hypoglycemic) Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes | 697 | ||
| Other Antidiabetic Agents | 698 | ||
| Hyperglycemic Drugs | 699 | ||
| Glucagon | 699 | ||
| Diazoxide | 699 | ||
| XVI - Renal and Urologic Drugs | 701 | ||
| 48 - Urinary Disorders | 702 | ||
| URINARY ANTISEPTICS/ANTIINFECTIVES AND ANTIBIOTICS | 703 | ||
| Nitrofurantoin | 703 | ||
| Methenamine | 704 | ||
| Trimethoprim and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole | 704 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones) | 704 | ||
| Methenamine. Methenamine has side effects that include nausea, dysuria, hematuria, and crystalluria | 704 | ||
| Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. GI symptoms such as anorexia, nausea, and vomiting and skin problems such as rash and pruritus ca... | 704 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones. Side effects of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin include headaches, photosensitivity, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, ... | 704 | ||
| Drug-Drug Interactions | 704 | ||
| URINARY ANALGESICS | 706 | ||
| Phenazopyridine | 706 | ||
| URINARY STIMULANTS | 706 | ||
| URINARY ANTISPASMODICS/ANTIMUSCARINICS/ANTICHOLINERGICS | 706 | ||
| XVII - Reproductive and Gender-Related Drugs | 709 | ||
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES | 709 | ||
| The Menstrual Cycle | 709 | ||
| MALE REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES | 710 | ||
| Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology | 710 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Male Reproductive Functioning and Spermatogenesis | 710 | ||
| Sexual Function | 711 | ||
| PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION | 712 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY | 713 | ||
| 49 - Pregnancy and Preterm Labor | 713 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC DRUGS AND USE OF HERBS IN PREGNANCY | 714 | ||
| Iron | 714 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 716 | ||
| Nursing Implications | 716 | ||
| Folic Acid | 716 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 717 | ||
| Multiple Vitamins | 717 | ||
| Drugs for Minor Discomforts of Pregnancy | 717 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 717 | ||
| Heartburn | 719 | ||
| Constipation | 719 | ||
| Pain | 719 | ||
| Acetaminophen. Acetaminophen, a para-aminophenol analgesic, is the most commonly ingested nonprescription drug during pregnancy.... | 720 | ||
| Aspirin and Ibuprofen. Aspirin, a salicylate, is classified as a mild analgesic. It is a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor with... | 720 | ||
| Antidepressant Drugs | 721 | ||
| DRUGS THAT DECREASE UTERINE MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY | 722 | ||
| Preterm Labor | 722 | ||
| Tocolytic Therapy | 723 | ||
| Beta-Sympathomimetic Drugs | 723 | ||
| Adverse Reactions. Maternal side effects include tremors, dizziness, nervousness, tachycardia, hypotension, chest pain, palpitat... | 723 | ||
| Drug Interactions. The increased effects of general anesthetics can produce additive hypotension. Pulmonary edema can occur with... | 724 | ||
| Magnesium Sulfate | 724 | ||
| Adverse Reactions. Dosage-related side effects in the patient include flushing, feelings of increased warmth, perspiration, dizz... | 724 | ||
| Nursing Interventions During Tocolytic Therapy | 724 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY IN PRETERM LABOR | 725 | ||
| Betamethasone | 725 | ||
| Dexamethasone | 725 | ||
| DRUGS FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION | 726 | ||
| Methyldopa, Hydralazine, Magnesium Sulfate, and Labetalol | 727 | ||
| Adverse Reactions of Methyldopa | 728 | ||
| Adverse Reactions of Hydralazine | 728 | ||
| Adverse Reactions of Magnesium Sulfate | 728 | ||
| 50 - Labor, Delivery, and Postpartum | 732 | ||
| DRUGS FOR PAIN CONTROL DURING LABOR | 733 | ||
| Analgesia and Sedation | 734 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 734 | ||
| Anesthesia | 738 | ||
| Regional Anesthesia | 738 | ||
| Absolute Contraindications to Regional Anesthesia | 741 | ||
| DRUGS THAT ENHANCE UTERINE MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY | 741 | ||
| Oxytocin | 742 | ||
| Other Drugs That Enhance Uterine Contractions: Ergot Alkaloids | 744 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 744 | ||
| DRUGS USED DURING THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD | 745 | ||
| Pain Relief for Uterine Contractions | 745 | ||
| Pain Relief for Perineal Wounds and Hemorrhoids | 747 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 748 | ||
| Lactation Suppression | 749 | ||
| Promotion of Bowel Function | 750 | ||
| Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 750 | ||
| IMMUNIZATIONS | 751 | ||
| Rh0(D) Immune Globulin | 751 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 751 | ||
| Rubella Vaccine | 752 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 752 | ||
| 51 - Neonatal and Newborn | 756 | ||
| DRUG ADMINISTERED TO PRETERM NEONATES | 756 | ||
| Synthetic Surfactant | 756 | ||
| DRUGS ADMINISTERED TO FULL-TERM, HEALTHY NEONATES | 758 | ||
| Erythromycin Ophthalmic Ointment | 758 | ||
| Phytonadione | 758 | ||
| Immunizations | 758 | ||
| 52 - Women’s Reproductive Health | 761 | ||
| COMBINED HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES | 762 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 762 | ||
| Route of Delivery | 763 | ||
| Combined Hormonal Contraceptives | 763 | ||
| Types of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives | 764 | ||
| Withdrawal Bleeding | 765 | ||
| Extended-Use Combined Hormonal Contraceptives | 765 | ||
| Continuous-Use Combined Hormonal Contraceptives | 765 | ||
| Ethinyl Estradiol and Norelgestromin Transdermal Patch | 765 | ||
| Ethinyl Estradiol and Etonogestrel Transvaginal Contraception | 766 | ||
| PROGESTIN CONTRACEPTIVES | 766 | ||
| Progestin-Only Oral Contraceptive Pills | 766 | ||
| Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | 766 | ||
| Progestin Implant | 767 | ||
| Start Date and Dosing Schedule | 768 | ||
| Special Considerations | 768 | ||
| Missed Doses | 768 | ||
| Contraindications | 768 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 768 | ||
| Potential Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 769 | ||
| Cardiovascular. There is an increased risk for hypertension (usually seen within 3 months after initiating CHCs in women with pr... | 770 | ||
| Carcinogenesis. Long-term use of CHCs may increase the risk for breast cancer in younger women, but the risk is minimal. Breast ... | 770 | ||
| OTHER METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION | 772 | ||
| Spermicides | 772 | ||
| Barrier Methods | 772 | ||
| Intrauterine Contraception | 772 | ||
| Emergency Contraception | 773 | ||
| Copper Intrauterine Device | 774 | ||
| MEDICAL ABORTION | 774 | ||
| DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISORDERS IN WOMEN’S HEALTH | 774 | ||
| Irregular or Abnormal Uterine Bleeding | 774 | ||
| Amenorrhea | 775 | ||
| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | 775 | ||
| Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Patterns | 775 | ||
| Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding | 775 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management of Irregular Bleeding | 776 | ||
| Dysmenorrhea | 776 | ||
| Endometriosis | 777 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management of Endometriosis | 777 | ||
| Combined Hormonal Contraceptives. These drugs suppress gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release, prevent ovulation, and cau... | 777 | ||
| Progestin Therapy | 777 | ||
| Gonadotropin-Releasing–Hormone Agonists. In women who experience severe symptoms and who NSAIDs, CHCs, or | 777 | ||
| Premenstrual Syndrome | 778 | ||
| Physical Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome | 778 | ||
| Emotional Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome | 778 | ||
| Behavioral Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome | 778 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome | 778 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment. Nonpharmacologic treatment modalities are very important in treating women with PMS. Therapies inclu... | 778 | ||
| Antidepressant Drugs. PMS is improved with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Symptom relief includes a decrease i... | 778 | ||
| Hormonal Therapy. Long-term suppression of ovulation has been shown to decrease cyclic physical discomforts and to normalize moo... | 778 | ||
| DRUGS USED TO PROMOTE FERTILITY | 778 | ||
| Assessing the Infertile Couple | 778 | ||
| Induction of Ovulation | 779 | ||
| Side Effects. Side effects of CC include breast discomfort, fatigue, dizziness, depression, nausea, increased appetite, dermatit... | 780 | ||
| Adverse reactions. Adverse reactions include bloating and stomach or pelvic pain, photophobia, diplopia, and decreased visual ac... | 780 | ||
| Contraindications. Contraindications for treatment with CC include undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, pregnancy, uterine fibroids, cl... | 780 | ||
| Drug interactions. There are no known significant drug interactions with CC. Danazol may inhibit patient response to CC, and CC ... | 781 | ||
| Other Drug Treatments | 781 | ||
| XVIII - Emergency Drugs | 812 | ||
| 55 - Adult and Pediatric Emergency Drugs | 813 | ||
| OXYGEN AS AN EMERGENCY DRUG | 814 | ||
| EMERGENCY DRUGS FOR CARDIAC DISORDERS | 814 | ||
| Aspirin | 815 | ||
| Nitroglycerin | 815 | ||
| Morphine Sulfate | 815 | ||
| Atropine Sulfate | 815 | ||
| Pediatric Implications | 816 | ||
| Adenosine | 816 | ||
| Diltiazem | 816 | ||
| Amiodarone | 817 | ||
| NANDA-I Definitions | 831 | ||
| Solution Compatibility Chart | 838 | ||
| Immunizations | 840 | ||
| Herb-Drug Interactions | 847 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 864 | ||
| GLOSSARY | 868 | ||
| INDEX | 878 | ||
| A | 878 | ||
| B | 884 | ||
| C | 885 | ||
| D | 889 | ||
| E | 891 | ||
| F | 893 | ||
| G | 894 | ||
| H | 895 | ||
| I | 897 | ||
| J | 898 | ||
| K | 898 | ||
| L | 899 | ||
| M | 900 | ||
| N | 902 | ||
| O | 904 | ||
| P | 905 | ||
| Q | 911 | ||
| R | 911 | ||
| S | 912 | ||
| T | 914 | ||
| U | 916 | ||
| V | 916 | ||
| W | 917 | ||
| X | 918 | ||
| Y | 918 | ||
| Z | 918 | ||
| List of Features | ES2 | ||
| Prototype Drug Charts | ES2 | ||
| Nursing Process | ES2 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies | ES3 | ||
| Patient Safety | ES3 |