BOOK
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Global Edition
Eric J. Simon | Jean L. Dickey | Jane B. Reece | Kelly A. Hogan
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For non-majors/mixed biology courses.
Helping students understand why biology matters
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology makes biology interesting and understandable for non-majors biology students. This best-selling textbook, known for its scientific accuracy, clear explanations, and intuitive illustrations, has been revised to further emphasize the relevance of biology to everyday life, using memorable analogies, real-world examples, conversational language, engaging new Why Biology Matters photo essays, and more.
MasteringBiology not included. Students, if MasteringBiology is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MasteringBiology should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
MasteringBiology is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product that improves results by helping students quickly master concepts. Students benefit from self-paced tutorials that feature immediate wrong-answer feedback and hints that emulate the office-hour experience to help keep students on track. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, many of them contributed by Essential Biology authors, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts. New MasteringBiology activities for this edition include “Essential Biology” videos that help students efficiently review key topics outside of class, “Evaluating Science in the Media” activities that help students to build science literacy skills, and “Scientific Thinking” coaching activities that guide students in understanding the scientific method.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology | CVR | ||
| Brief Contents | IFC | ||
| Title Page | 1 | ||
| Copyright | 2 | ||
| About the Authors | 3 | ||
| Detailed Contents | 4 | ||
| Preface | 27 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 29 | ||
| 1: Introduction: Biology Today | 36 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: An Innate Passion for Life | 37 | ||
| The Scientific Study of Life | 38 | ||
| The Process of Science | 38 | ||
| Discovery Science | 38 | ||
| Hypothesis-Driven Science | 39 | ||
| Theories in Science | 41 | ||
| The Nature of Life | 41 | ||
| The Properties of Life | 41 | ||
| Life in Its Diverse Forms | 42 | ||
| Major Themes in Biology | 44 | ||
| Evolution: Evolution | 44 | ||
| Structure/Function: The Relationship of Structure to Function | 48 | ||
| Information Flow: Information Flow | 48 | ||
| Energy Transformations: Pathways that Transform Energy and Matter | 49 | ||
| Interconnections within Systems: Interconnections within Biological Systems | 50 | ||
| Chapter Review | 52 | ||
| UNIT 1: Cells | 55 | ||
| 2: Essential Chemistry for Biology | 56 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Radioactivity | 57 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Radiation and Health | 57 | ||
| Some Basic Chemistry | 58 | ||
| Matter: Elements and Compounds | 58 | ||
| Atoms | 59 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Radioactive Tracers Identify Brain Diseases? | 60 | ||
| Chemical Bonding and Molecules | 61 | ||
| Chemical Reactions | 62 | ||
| Water and Life | 63 | ||
| Structure/Function: Water | 63 | ||
| Acids, Bases, and pH | 65 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock | 67 | ||
| Chapter Review | 68 | ||
| 3: The Molecules of Life | 70 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Lactose Intolerance | 71 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Got Lactose? | 71 | ||
| Organic Compounds | 72 | ||
| Carbon Chemistry | 72 | ||
| Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks | 73 | ||
| Large Biological Molecules | 74 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 74 | ||
| Lipids | 77 | ||
| Proteins | 80 | ||
| Structure/Function: Protein Shape | 81 | ||
| Nucleic Acids | 83 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis? | 85 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans | 85 | ||
| Chapter Review | 86 | ||
| 4: A Tour of the Cell | 88 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Humans Versus Bacteria | 89 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells | 89 | ||
| The Microscopic World of Cells | 90 | ||
| The Two Major Categories of Cells | 91 | ||
| An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells | 92 | ||
| Membrane Structure | 94 | ||
| Structure/Function: The Plasma Membrane | 94 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Makes a Superbug? | 95 | ||
| Cell Surfaces | 95 | ||
| The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell | 96 | ||
| The Nucleus | 96 | ||
| Ribosomes | 97 | ||
| How DNA Directs Protein Production | 97 | ||
| The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products | 98 | ||
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum | 98 | ||
| The Golgi Apparatus | 99 | ||
| Lysosomes | 100 | ||
| Vacuoles | 101 | ||
| Energy Transformations: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria | 102 | ||
| Chloroplasts | 102 | ||
| Mitochondria | 102 | ||
| The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement | 103 | ||
| Maintaining Cell Shape | 103 | ||
| Cilia and Flagella | 104 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans | 105 | ||
| Chapter Review | 106 | ||
| 5: The Working Cell | 108 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Nanotechnology | 109 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Harnessing Cellular Structures | 109 | ||
| Some Basic Energy Concepts | 110 | ||
| Conservation of Energy | 110 | ||
| Heat | 111 | ||
| Chemical Energy | 111 | ||
| Food Calories | 112 | ||
| Energy Transformations: ATP and Cellular Work | 113 | ||
| The Structure of ATP | 113 | ||
| Phosphate Transfer | 113 | ||
| The ATP Cycle | 114 | ||
| Enzymes | 114 | ||
| Activation Energy | 114 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Enzymes Be Engineered? | 115 | ||
| Structure/Function: Enzyme Activity | 116 | ||
| Enzyme Inhibitors | 116 | ||
| Membrane Function | 117 | ||
| Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes | 117 | ||
| Osmosis and Water Balance | 118 | ||
| Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes | 120 | ||
| Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules | 120 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Origin of Membranes | 121 | ||
| Chapter Review | 121 | ||
| 6: Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food | 124 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Exercise Science | 124 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Getting the most out of your muscles | 124 | ||
| Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere | 126 | ||
| Producers and Consumers | 126 | ||
| Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration | 126 | ||
| Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy | 128 | ||
| Energy Transformations: An Overview of Cellular Respiration | 128 | ||
| The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration | 130 | ||
| The Results of Cellular Respiration | 134 | ||
| Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy | 135 | ||
| Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells | 135 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Causes Muscle Burn? | 136 | ||
| Fermentation in Microorganisms | 136 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Importance of Oxygen | 137 | ||
| Chapter Review | 138 | ||
| 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food | 140 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Biofuels | 141 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A Greasy Crime Wave | 141 | ||
| The Basics of Photosynthesis | 142 | ||
| Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis | 142 | ||
| Energy Transformations: An Overview of Photosynthesis | 143 | ||
| The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy | 144 | ||
| The Nature of Sunlight | 144 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis? | 145 | ||
| What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis? | 145 | ||
| Chloroplast Pigments | 145 | ||
| How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy | 146 | ||
| How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH | 147 | ||
| The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide | 149 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Creating a Better Biofuel Factory | 149 | ||
| Chapter Review | 150 | ||
| UNIT 2: Genetics | 153 | ||
| 8: Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells | 154 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Life with and without Sex | 155 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Virgin Birth of a Dragon | 155 | ||
| What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes | 156 | ||
| The Cell Cycle and Mitosis | 157 | ||
| Eukaryotic Chromosomes | 157 | ||
| Information Flow: Duplicating Chromosomes | 159 | ||
| The Cell Cycle | 159 | ||
| Mitosis and Cytokinesis | 160 | ||
| Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control | 162 | ||
| Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction | 164 | ||
| Homologous Chromosomes | 164 | ||
| Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism | 165 | ||
| The Process of Meiosis | 166 | ||
| Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis | 168 | ||
| The Origins of Genetic Variation | 169 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do All Animals Have Sex? | 171 | ||
| When Meiosis Goes Awry | 172 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Advantages of Sex | 174 | ||
| Chapter Review | 175 | ||
| 9: Patterns of Inheritance | 178 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Dog Breeding | 179 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Longest-Running Genetic Experiment | 179 | ||
| Genetics and Heredity | 180 | ||
| In an Abbey Garden | 180 | ||
| Mendel’s Law of Segregation | 181 | ||
| Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment | 184 | ||
| Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype | 186 | ||
| The Rules of Probability | 186 | ||
| Family Pedigrees | 187 | ||
| Human Disorders Controlled by a Single Gene | 188 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Is the Genetic Basis of Coat Variation in Dogs? | 190 | ||
| Variations on Mendel’s Laws | 192 | ||
| Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People | 192 | ||
| ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance | 193 | ||
| Structure/Function: Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease | 194 | ||
| Polygenic Inheritance | 194 | ||
| Epigenetics and the Role of Environment | 195 | ||
| The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance | 196 | ||
| Linked Genes | 196 | ||
| Sex Determination in Humans | 197 | ||
| Sex-Linked Genes | 197 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree | 199 | ||
| Chapter Review | 200 | ||
| 10: The Structure and Function of DNA | 204 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: The Deadliest Virus | 205 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The First 21st-Century Pandemic | 205 | ||
| DNA: Structure and Replication | 206 | ||
| DNA and RNA Structure | 206 | ||
| Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix | 207 | ||
| Structure/Function: DNA Replication | 209 | ||
| Information Flow: From DNA to RNA to Protein | 210 | ||
| How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype | 210 | ||
| From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview | 211 | ||
| The Genetic Code | 212 | ||
| Transcription: From DNA to RNA | 213 | ||
| The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA | 214 | ||
| Translation: The Players | 214 | ||
| Translation: The Process | 216 | ||
| Review: DNA ? RNA ? Protein | 217 | ||
| Mutations | 218 | ||
| Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents | 220 | ||
| Bacteriophages | 220 | ||
| Plant Viruses | 222 | ||
| Animal Viruses | 222 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do Flu Vaccines Protect the Elderly? | 224 | ||
| HIV, the AIDS Virus | 224 | ||
| Viroids and Prions | 226 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Emerging Viruses | 226 | ||
| Chapter Review | 227 | ||
| 11: How Genes Are Controlled | 230 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Cancer | 231 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Tobacco’s Smoking Gun | 231 | ||
| How and Why Genes Are Regulated | 232 | ||
| Gene Regulation in Bacteria | 232 | ||
| Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells | 234 | ||
| Information Flow: Cell Signaling | 237 | ||
| Homeotic Genes | 237 | ||
| DNA Microarrays: Visualizing Gene Expression | 238 | ||
| Cloning Plants and Animals | 239 | ||
| The Genetic Potential of Cells | 239 | ||
| Reproductive Cloning of Animals | 240 | ||
| Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells | 242 | ||
| The Genetic Basis of Cancer | 243 | ||
| Genes That Cause Cancer | 243 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Childhood Tumors Different? | 244 | ||
| Cancer Risk and Prevention | 246 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Cancer in the Body | 247 | ||
| Chapter Review | 247 | ||
| 12: DNA Technology | 250 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: DNA Profiling | 251 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence | 251 | ||
| Genetic Engineering | 252 | ||
| Recombinant DNA Techniques | 252 | ||
| Pharmaceutical Applications | 255 | ||
| Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture | 256 | ||
| Human Gene Therapy | 258 | ||
| DNA Profiling and Forensic Science | 259 | ||
| DNA Profiling Techniques | 259 | ||
| Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA | 262 | ||
| Bioinformatics | 263 | ||
| DNA Sequencing | 263 | ||
| Genomics | 263 | ||
| Genome-Mapping Techniques | 264 | ||
| The Human Genome | 264 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Genomics Cure Cancer? | 266 | ||
| Applied Genomics | 266 | ||
| Interconnections within Systems: Systems Biology | 267 | ||
| Safety and Ethical Issues | 268 | ||
| The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods | 269 | ||
| Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies | 270 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Y Chromosome as a Window on History | 271 | ||
| Chapter Review | 272 | ||
| UNIT 3: Evolution and Diversity | 275 | ||
| 13: How Populations Evolve | 276 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Evolution Past, Present, and Future | 277 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Evolution Today | 277 | ||
| The Diversity of Life | 278 | ||
| Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life | 278 | ||
| Explaining the Diversity of Life | 279 | ||
| Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species | 280 | ||
| Darwin’s Journey | 280 | ||
| Evolution: Darwin’s Theory | 282 | ||
| Evidence of Evolution | 282 | ||
| Evidence from Fossils | 282 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did Whales Evolve from Land-Dwelling Mammals? | 284 | ||
| Evidence from Homologies | 284 | ||
| Evolutionary Trees | 286 | ||
| Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution | 287 | ||
| Natural Selection in Action | 288 | ||
| Key Points about Natural Selection | 289 | ||
| The Evolution of Populations | 289 | ||
| Sources of Genetic Variation | 289 | ||
| Populations as the Units of Evolution | 291 | ||
| Analyzing Gene Pools | 292 | ||
| Population Genetics and Health Science | 293 | ||
| Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool | 293 | ||
| Mechanisms That Alter Allele Frequencies in a Population | 293 | ||
| Genetic Drift | 293 | ||
| Gene Flow | 296 | ||
| Natural Selection: A Closer Look | 296 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance | 298 | ||
| Chapter Review | 299 | ||
| 14: How Biological Diversity Evolves | 302 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Mass Extinctions | 303 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Sixth Mass Extinction | 303 | ||
| The Origin of Species | 304 | ||
| What Is a Species? | 305 | ||
| Reproductive Barriers between Species | 306 | ||
| Evolution: Mechanisms of Speciation | 308 | ||
| Earth History and Macroevolution | 312 | ||
| The Fossil Record | 312 | ||
| Plate Tectonics and Biogeography | 314 | ||
| Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life | 316 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did a Meteor Kill the Dinosaurs? | 316 | ||
| Mechanisms of Macroevolution | 317 | ||
| Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes | 317 | ||
| The Evolution of Biological Novelty | 318 | ||
| Classifying the Diversity of Life | 320 | ||
| Classification and Phylogeny | 320 | ||
| Classification: A Work in Progress | 322 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Rise of the Mammals | 323 | ||
| Chapter Review | 324 | ||
| 15: The Evolution of Microbial Life | 326 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Human Microbiota | 327 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Invisible Inhabitants | 327 | ||
| Major Episodes in the History of Life | 328 | ||
| The Origin of Life | 330 | ||
| A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life | 330 | ||
| From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution | 332 | ||
| Prokaryotes | 333 | ||
| They’re Everywhere! | 333 | ||
| Structure/Function: Prokaryotes | 334 | ||
| The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes | 337 | ||
| The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea | 338 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity? | 340 | ||
| Protists | 341 | ||
| Protozoans | 342 | ||
| Slime Molds | 343 | ||
| Unicellular and Colonial Algae | 344 | ||
| Seaweeds | 344 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans | 345 | ||
| Chapter Review | 346 | ||
| 16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi | 348 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Plant-Fungus Interactions | 349 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Diamond of the Kitchen | 349 | ||
| Colonizing Land | 350 | ||
| Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants | 350 | ||
| The Origin of Plants from Green Algae | 352 | ||
| Plant Diversity | 352 | ||
| Highlights of Plant Evolution | 352 | ||
| Bryophytes | 353 | ||
| Ferns | 355 | ||
| Gymnosperms | 356 | ||
| Angiosperms | 358 | ||
| Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource | 361 | ||
| Fungi | 362 | ||
| Structure/Function: Characteristics of Fungi | 363 | ||
| The Ecological Impact of Fungi | 364 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did a Fungus Lead to the Salem Witch Hunt? | 365 | ||
| Commercial Uses of Fungi | 365 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A Mutually Beneficial Symbiosis | 366 | ||
| Chapter Review | 367 | ||
| 17: The Evolution of Animals | 370 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Human Evolution | 371 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Discovery of the Hobbit People | 371 | ||
| The Origins of Animal Diversity | 372 | ||
| What Is an Animal? | 372 | ||
| Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion | 373 | ||
| Evolution: Animal Phylogeny | 374 | ||
| Major Invertebrate Phyla | 375 | ||
| Sponges | 375 | ||
| Cnidarians | 376 | ||
| Molluscs | 377 | ||
| Flatworms | 378 | ||
| Annelids | 379 | ||
| Roundworms | 380 | ||
| Arthropods | 381 | ||
| Echinoderms | 387 | ||
| Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity | 388 | ||
| Characteristics of Chordates | 388 | ||
| Fishes | 390 | ||
| Amphibians | 391 | ||
| Reptiles | 392 | ||
| Mammals | 394 | ||
| The Human Ancestry | 395 | ||
| The Evolution of Primates | 395 | ||
| The Emergence of Humankind | 397 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Who Were the Hobbit People? | 399 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Are We Still Evolving? | 401 | ||
| Chapter Review | 402 | ||
| UNIT 4: Ecology | 405 | ||
| 18: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere | 406 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Global Climate Change | 407 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril | 407 | ||
| An Overview of Ecology | 408 | ||
| Ecology and Environmentalism | 408 | ||
| Interconnections of Systems: A Hierarchy of Interactions | 409 | ||
| Living in Earth’s Diverse Environments | 410 | ||
| Abiotic Factors of the Biosphere | 410 | ||
| Energy Source | 410 | ||
| The Evolutionary Adaptations of Organisms | 412 | ||
| Adjusting to Environmental Variability | 412 | ||
| Biomes | 414 | ||
| Freshwater Biomes | 414 | ||
| Marine Biomes | 416 | ||
| How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution | 418 | ||
| Terrestrial Biomes | 419 | ||
| Interconnections within Systems: The Water Cycle | 425 | ||
| Human Impact on Biomes | 426 | ||
| Forests | 426 | ||
| Global Climate Change | 428 | ||
| The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming | 428 | ||
| The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases | 429 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution? | 430 | ||
| Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems | 431 | ||
| Looking to Our Future | 432 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Climate Change as an Agent of Natural Selection | 433 | ||
| Chapter Review | 433 | ||
| 19: Population Ecology | 436 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Biological Invasions | 437 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Invasion of the Lionfish | 437 | ||
| An Overview of Population Ecology | 438 | ||
| Population Density | 439 | ||
| Population Age Structure | 439 | ||
| Life Tables and Survivorship Curves | 440 | ||
| Evolution: Life History Traits as Adaptations | 440 | ||
| Population Growth Models | 442 | ||
| The Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of an Unlimited Environment | 442 | ||
| The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of a Limited Environment | 443 | ||
| Regulation of Population Growth | 444 | ||
| Applications of Population Ecology | 446 | ||
| Conservation of Endangered Species | 446 | ||
| Sustainable Resource Management | 446 | ||
| Invasive Species | 447 | ||
| Biological Control of Pests | 448 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Biological Control Defeat Kudzu? | 449 | ||
| Integrated Pest Management | 450 | ||
| Human Population Growth | 451 | ||
| The History of Human Population Growth | 451 | ||
| Age Structures | 452 | ||
| Our Ecological Footprint | 453 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Humans as an Invasive Species | 455 | ||
| Chapter Review | 455 | ||
| 20: Communities and Ecosystems | 458 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Biodiversity in Decline | 459 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Why Biodiversity Matters | 459 | ||
| The Loss of Biodiversity | 460 | ||
| Genetic Diversity | 460 | ||
| Species Diversity | 460 | ||
| Ecosystem Diversity | 461 | ||
| Causes of Declining Biodiversity | 461 | ||
| Community Ecology | 462 | ||
| Interspecific Interactions | 462 | ||
| Trophic Structure | 466 | ||
| Species Diversity in Communities | 469 | ||
| Disturbances in Communities | 470 | ||
| Ecological Succession | 470 | ||
| Ecosystem Ecology | 471 | ||
| Energy Transformations: Energy Flow in Ecosystems | 472 | ||
| Interconnections within Systems: Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems | 474 | ||
| Conservation and Restoration Biology | 478 | ||
| Biodiversity “Hot Spots” | 478 | ||
| Conservation at the Ecosystem Level | 479 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Tropical Forest Fragmentation Affect Biodiversity? | 480 | ||
| Restoring Ecosystems | 481 | ||
| The Goal of Sustainable Development | 482 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Can Biophilia Save Biodiversity? | 483 | ||
| Chapter Review | 484 | ||
| UNIT 5: Animal Structure and Function | 487 | ||
| 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function | 488 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Controlling Body Temperature | 489 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: An Avoidable Tragedy | 489 | ||
| The Structural Organization of Animals | 490 | ||
| Structure/Function: Anatomy and Physiology | 491 | ||
| Tissues | 491 | ||
| Interconnections within Systems: Organs and Organ Systems | 495 | ||
| Exchanges with the External Environment | 498 | ||
| Regulating the Internal Environment | 499 | ||
| Homeostasis | 499 | ||
| Negative and Positive Feedback | 500 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 501 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does a Python Warm Her Eggs? | 502 | ||
| Osmoregulation | 502 | ||
| Interconnections within Systems: Homeostasis in the Urinary System | 503 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Adaptations for Thermoregulation | 505 | ||
| Chapter Review | 506 | ||
| 22: Nutrition and Digestion | 508 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Controlling Your Weight | 509 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The “Secret” to Shedding Pounds | 509 | ||
| An Overview of Animal Nutrition | 510 | ||
| Animal Diets | 510 | ||
| The Four Stages of Food Processing | 510 | ||
| Digestive Compartments | 512 | ||
| A Tour of the Human Digestive System | 513 | ||
| System Map | 513 | ||
| The Mouth | 513 | ||
| The Pharynx | 514 | ||
| The Esophagus | 514 | ||
| The Stomach | 514 | ||
| The Small Intestine | 516 | ||
| The Large Intestine | 518 | ||
| Human Nutritional Requirements | 519 | ||
| Energy Transformations: Food as Fuel | 519 | ||
| Food as Building Material | 520 | ||
| Decoding Food Labels | 522 | ||
| Nutritional Disorders | 523 | ||
| Malnutrition | 523 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 523 | ||
| Obesity | 524 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can a Gene Make You Fat? | 524 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Fat and Sugar Cravings | 525 | ||
| Chapter Review | 526 | ||
| 23: Circulation and Respiration | 528 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Athletic Endurance | 529 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Avoiding “The Wall” | 529 | ||
| Unifying Concepts of Animal Circulation | 530 | ||
| The Human Cardiovascular System | 532 | ||
| The Path of Blood | 532 | ||
| How the Heart Works | 533 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 534 | ||
| Blood | 537 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Live High, Train Low? | 538 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 540 | ||
| Unifying Concepts of Animal Respiration | 541 | ||
| The Human Respiratory System | 543 | ||
| The Path of Air | 544 | ||
| Information Flow: The Brain’s Control over Breathing | 545 | ||
| The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Transport | 546 | ||
| Smoking Damages the Structure and Function of the Lungs | 547 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolving Endurance | 547 | ||
| Chapter Review | 548 | ||
| 24: The Body’s Defenses | 550 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Vaccines | 551 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Herd Immunity | 551 | ||
| An Overview of the Immune System | 552 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 553 | ||
| External Innate Defenses | 553 | ||
| Internal Innate Defenses | 553 | ||
| The Lymphatic System | 554 | ||
| Circulatory Function | 555 | ||
| Immune Function | 555 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 556 | ||
| Step 1: Recognizing the Invaders | 556 | ||
| Step 2: Cloning the Responders | 557 | ||
| Step 3: Responding to Invaders | 558 | ||
| Step 4: Remembering Invaders | 560 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Do We Know Vaccines Work? | 561 | ||
| Immune Disorders | 561 | ||
| Allergies | 561 | ||
| Autoimmune Diseases | 563 | ||
| Immunodeficiency Diseases | 563 | ||
| AIDS | 563 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Viral Evolution versus the Flu Vaccine | 564 | ||
| Chapter Review | 565 | ||
| 25: Hormones | 568 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Steroid Abuse | 569 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Should Steroids Be Allowed in Sports? | 569 | ||
| Hormones: An Overview | 570 | ||
| The Human Endocrine System | 571 | ||
| Information Flow: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland | 572 | ||
| The Thyroid Regulates Metabolism and Development | 574 | ||
| The Pancreas Regulates Blood Glucose | 575 | ||
| The Adrenal Glands Respond to Stress | 577 | ||
| The Gonads Produce Sex Hormones | 579 | ||
| Structure/Function: Mimicking Sex Hormones | 579 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do ‘Roids Cause Rage? | 580 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Steroids and Male Aggression | 581 | ||
| Chapter Review | 582 | ||
| 26: Reproduction and Development | 584 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: High-Tech Babies | 585 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: New Ways of Making Babies | 585 | ||
| Unifying Concepts of Animal Reproduction | 586 | ||
| Asexual Reproduction | 586 | ||
| Sexual Reproduction | 587 | ||
| Human Reproduction | 588 | ||
| Male Reproductive Anatomy | 588 | ||
| Female Reproductive Anatomy | 589 | ||
| Gametogenesis | 590 | ||
| The Female Reproductive Cycle | 592 | ||
| Reproductive Health | 593 | ||
| Contraception | 593 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 594 | ||
| Human Development | 596 | ||
| Structure/Function: Fertilization by Sperm | 596 | ||
| Basic Concepts of Embryonic Development | 597 | ||
| Pregnancy and Early Development | 598 | ||
| The Stages of Pregnancy | 600 | ||
| Childbirth | 602 | ||
| Reproductive Technologies | 602 | ||
| Infertility | 602 | ||
| In Vitro Fertilization | 603 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Babies Conceived via In Vitro Fertilization as Healthy as Babies Conceived Naturally? | 603 | ||
| The Ethics of IVF | 604 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The “Grandmother Hypothesis” | 604 | ||
| Chapter Review | 605 | ||
| 27: Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems | 608 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Extrahuman Senses | 609 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Seismic Sense of Elephants | 609 | ||
| An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems | 610 | ||
| Neurons | 610 | ||
| Organization of Nervous Systems | 610 | ||
| Sending a Signal through a Neuron | 611 | ||
| Passing a Signal from a Neuron to a Receiving Cell | 613 | ||
| The Human Nervous System: A Closer Look | 615 | ||
| The Central Nervous System | 615 | ||
| The Peripheral Nervous System | 616 | ||
| The Human Brain | 617 | ||
| The Senses | 621 | ||
| Sensory Input | 621 | ||
| Vision | 622 | ||
| Lighting the Retina | 623 | ||
| Hearing | 626 | ||
| Locomotor Systems | 627 | ||
| The Skeletal System | 628 | ||
| The Muscular System | 630 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Do New Senses Arise? | 632 | ||
| Stimulus and Response: Putting It All Together | 633 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Seeing UV | 633 | ||
| Chapter Review | 634 | ||
| UNIT 6: Plant Structure and Function | 637 | ||
| 28: The Life of a Flowering Plant | 638 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: Agriculture | 639 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Buzz on Coffee Plants | 639 | ||
| The Structure and Function of a Flowering Plant | 640 | ||
| Monocots and Eudicots | 640 | ||
| Structure/Function: Roots, Stems, and Leaves | 641 | ||
| Plant Tissues and Tissue Systems | 644 | ||
| Plant Cells | 645 | ||
| Plant Growth | 647 | ||
| Primary Growth: Lengthening | 647 | ||
| Secondary Growth: Thickening | 648 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke? | 650 | ||
| What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke? | 650 | ||
| The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant | 651 | ||
| The Flower | 651 | ||
| Overview of the Flowering Plant Life Cycle | 652 | ||
| Pollination and Fertilization | 652 | ||
| Seed Formation | 653 | ||
| Fruit Formation | 654 | ||
| Seed Germination | 654 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Problem of the Disappearing Bees | 655 | ||
| Chapter Review | 655 | ||
| 29: The Working Plant | 658 | ||
| CHAPTER THREAD: The Interdependence of Organisms | 659 | ||
| BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Planting Hope in the Wake of Disaster | 659 | ||
| How Plants Acquire and Transport Nutrients | 660 | ||
| Plant Nutrition | 660 | ||
| From the Soil into the Roots | 662 | ||
| Energy Transformations: The Role of Bacteria in Nitrogen Nutrition | 662 | ||
| The Transport of Water | 663 | ||
| The Transport of Sugars | 664 | ||
| Plant Hormones | 666 | ||
| Auxins | 666 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do Chemical Signals Affect Plant Growth? | 667 | ||
| Ethylene | 668 | ||
| Cytokinins | 668 | ||
| Gibberellins | 669 | ||
| Abscisic Acid | 669 | ||
| Response to Stimuli | 670 | ||
| Tropisms | 670 | ||
| Photoperiod | 670 | ||
| EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Plants, Bugs, and People | 671 | ||
| Chapter Review | 672 | ||
| Appendix A: Metric Conversion Table | 675 | ||
| Appendix B: The Periodic Table | 677 | ||
| Appendix C: Credits | 679 | ||
| Appendix D: Self-Quiz Answers | 685 | ||
| Glossary | 691 | ||
| Index | 715 |