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Book Details
Abstract
Make chemistry relevant to students
Now in its fifth edition, Introductory Chemistry Essentials continues to foster deep engagement in the course by showing how chemistry manifests in students’ daily lives. Author Nivaldo Tro draws upon his classroom experience as an award-winning instructor to extend chemistry from the laboratory to the student’s world, capturing student attention with relevant applications and a captivating writing style.
This program provides a better teaching and learning experience–for you and your students. It will help you to:
.
• Enable deep conceptual understanding: Several new Conceptual Checkpoints and Self- Assessment Quizzes help students better grasp key concepts.
• Foster development of problem-solving skills: A step-by-step framework encourages students to think logically rather than simply memorize formulas. Additional worked examples, enhanced with audio and video, reinforce challenging problems.
• Encourage interest in chemistry: The inclusion of concrete examples of key ideas throughout the program keeps students engaged in the material.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Brief Contents | 6 | ||
| Contents | 7 | ||
| Preface | 20 | ||
| Chapter 1: The Chemical World | 36 | ||
| 1.1: Soda Pop Fizz | 37 | ||
| 1.2: Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things | 39 | ||
| 1.3: All Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules | 39 | ||
| 1.4: The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think | 40 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Combustion and the Scientific Method | 42 | ||
| 1.5: A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed | 42 | ||
| Chapter in review | 43 | ||
| Key Terms | 44 | ||
| Exercises | 44 | ||
| Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving | 46 | ||
| 2.1: Measuring Global Temperatures | 47 | ||
| 2.2: Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers | 47 | ||
| 2.3: Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision | 50 | ||
| Counting Significant Figures | 51 | ||
| Exact Numbers | 52 | ||
| Chemistry in the Media: The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate Our Cosmic Past | 53 | ||
| 2.4: Significant Figures in Calculations | 54 | ||
| Multiplication and Division | 54 | ||
| Rounding | 54 | ||
| Addition and Subtraction | 55 | ||
| Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division and Addition/Subtraction | 56 | ||
| 2.5: The Basic Units of Measurement | 58 | ||
| The Base Units | 58 | ||
| Prefix Multipliers | 59 | ||
| Derived Units | 60 | ||
| 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversion | 61 | ||
| Converting Between Units | 61 | ||
| General Problem-Solving Strategy | 63 | ||
| Problem-Solving Procedure Solving Unit Conversion Problems | 64 | ||
| 2.7: Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems | 65 | ||
| 2.8: Units Raised to a Power | 67 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Drug Dosage | 68 | ||
| 2.9: Density | 70 | ||
| Calculating Density | 70 | ||
| Density as a Conversion Factor | 71 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease | 73 | ||
| 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map | 73 | ||
| Problem-Solving Procedure Solving Numerical Problems | 74 | ||
| Chapter in review | 75 | ||
| Key Terms\t | 81 | ||
| Exercises | 81 | ||
| Chapter 3: Matter and Energy | 90 | ||
| 3.1: In Your Room | 91 | ||
| 3.2: What Is Matter? | 91 | ||
| 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas | 93 | ||
| 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures | 94 | ||
| 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties | 97 | ||
| 3.6: Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes | 99 | ||
| Separating Mixtures Through Physical Changes | 101 | ||
| 3.7: Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter | 101 | ||
| 3.8: Energy | 102 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: Getting Energy out of Nothing? | 103 | ||
| Units of Energy | 103 | ||
| 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change | 105 | ||
| 3.10: Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms | 106 | ||
| 3.11: Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity | 110 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water | 111 | ||
| 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations | 111 | ||
| Chapter in review | 115 | ||
| Key Terms | 120 | ||
| Exercises | 120 | ||
| Chapter 4: Atoms and Elements | 128 | ||
| 4.1: Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon | 129 | ||
| 4.2: Indivisible: The Atomic Theory | 130 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Atoms and Humans | 131 | ||
| 4.3: The Nuclear Atom | 131 | ||
| 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons | 133 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Solid Matter? | 134 | ||
| 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons | 135 | ||
| 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table | 138 | ||
| 4.7: Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons | 142 | ||
| Ions and the Periodic Table | 143 | ||
| 4.8: Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies | 145 | ||
| 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms | 147 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington | 148 | ||
| Chapter in review | 150 | ||
| Key Terms | 153 | ||
| Exercises | 153 | ||
| Chapter 5: Molecules and Compounds | 162 | ||
| 5.1: Sugar and Salt | 163 | ||
| 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition | 164 | ||
| 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds | 165 | ||
| Polyatomic Ions in Chemical Formulas | 167 | ||
| Types of Chemical Formulas | 168 | ||
| 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds | 169 | ||
| Atomic Elements | 169 | ||
| Molecular Elements | 169 | ||
| Molecular Compounds | 169 | ||
| Ionic Compounds | 170 | ||
| 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds | 172 | ||
| Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Only Monoatomic Ions | 172 | ||
| Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds | 172 | ||
| Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions | 173 | ||
| 5.6: Nomenclature: Naming Compounds | 174 | ||
| 5.7: Naming Ionic Compounds | 174 | ||
| Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms Only One Type of Cation | 175 | ||
| Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More Than One Type of Cation | 176 | ||
| Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion | 177 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Polyatomic Ions | 178 | ||
| 5.8: Naming Molecular Compounds | 179 | ||
| 5.9: Naming Acids | 180 | ||
| Naming Binary Acids | 180 | ||
| Naming Oxyacids | 181 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: Acid Rain | 182 | ||
| 5.10: Nomenclature Summary | 182 | ||
| Ionic Compounds | 183 | ||
| Molecular Compounds | 183 | ||
| Acids | 183 | ||
| 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit | 184 | ||
| Chapter in review | 185 | ||
| Key Terms | 190 | ||
| Exercises | 190 | ||
| Chapter 6: Chemical Composition | 200 | ||
| 6.1: How Much Sodium? | 201 | ||
| 6.2: Counting Nails by the Pound | 202 | ||
| 6.3: Counting Atoms by the Gram | 203 | ||
| Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms | 203 | ||
| Converting between Grams and Moles of an Element | 204 | ||
| Converting between Grams of an Element and Number of Atoms | 207 | ||
| 6.4: Counting Molecules by the Gram | 208 | ||
| Converting between Grams and Moles of a Compound | 208 | ||
| Converting between Grams of a Compound and Number of Molecules | 210 | ||
| 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors | 211 | ||
| Converting between Moles of a Compound and Moles of a Constituent Element | 212 | ||
| Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element | 213 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: Chlorine in Chlorofluorocarbons | 215 | ||
| 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds | 216 | ||
| 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula | 217 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Fluoridation of Drinking Water | 219 | ||
| 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds | 219 | ||
| Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data | 220 | ||
| Problem-Solving Procedure Obtaining an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data | 221 | ||
| 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds | 222 | ||
| Chapter in review | 224 | ||
| Key Terms | 230 | ||
| Exercises | 230 | ||
| Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions | 238 | ||
| 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents | 239 | ||
| 7.2: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction | 240 | ||
| 7.3: The Chemical Equation | 243 | ||
| 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations | 245 | ||
| Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Balanced Chemical Equations | 246 | ||
| 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water | 248 | ||
| Solubility | 249 | ||
| 7.6: Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid | 252 | ||
| Predicting Precipitation Reactions | 252 | ||
| Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Equations for Precipitation Reactions | 254 | ||
| 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations | 255 | ||
| 7.8: Acid–Base and Gas Evolution Reactions | 257 | ||
| Acid–Base (Neutralization) Reactions | 257 | ||
| Gas Evolution Reactions | 258 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Neutralizing Excess Stomach Acid | 260 | ||
| 7.9: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions | 260 | ||
| Combustion Reactions | 261 | ||
| 7.10: Classifying Chemical Reactions | 262 | ||
| Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do | 263 | ||
| Classification Flowchart | 265 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: The Reactions Involved in Ozone Depletion | 267 | ||
| Chapter in review | 267 | ||
| Key Terms | 273 | ||
| Exercises | 273 | ||
| Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions | 282 | ||
| 8.1: Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide | 283 | ||
| 8.2: Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients | 284 | ||
| 8.3: Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions | 285 | ||
| 8.4: Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions | 287 | ||
| Chemistry in the Media: The Controversy over Oxygenated Fuels | 288 | ||
| 8.5: More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield | 291 | ||
| 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants | 294 | ||
| 8.7: Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction | 298 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Bunsen Burners | 299 | ||
| Sign of Hrxn | 299 | ||
| Stoichiometry of Hrxn | 300 | ||
| Chapter in review | 302 | ||
| Key Terms\t | 306 | ||
| Exercises | 307 | ||
| Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table | 318 | ||
| 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom | 319 | ||
| 9.2: Light: Electromagnetic Radiation | 320 | ||
| 9.3: The Electromagnetic Spectrum | 322 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Radiation Treatment for Cancer | 324 | ||
| 9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits | 325 | ||
| 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals | 328 | ||
| Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps | 328 | ||
| From Orbits to Orbitals | 329 | ||
| 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations | 329 | ||
| Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals | 330 | ||
| Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals | 332 | ||
| 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table | 336 | ||
| 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model | 339 | ||
| 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character | 341 | ||
| Atomic Size | 341 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Pumping Ions: Atomic Size and Nerve Impulses | 343 | ||
| Ionization Energy | 343 | ||
| Metallic Character | 345 | ||
| Chapter in review | 347 | ||
| Key Terms | 350 | ||
| Exercises | 350 | ||
| Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding | 358 | ||
| 10.1: Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs | 359 | ||
| 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots | 360 | ||
| 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred | 361 | ||
| 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared | 362 | ||
| Double and Triple Bonds | 363 | ||
| 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds | 364 | ||
| Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds | 365 | ||
| Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions | 366 | ||
| Exceptions to the Octet Rule | 367 | ||
| 10.6: Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule | 368 | ||
| 10.7: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules | 369 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: The Lewis Structure of Ozone | 370 | ||
| Problem-Solving Procedure Predicting Geometry Using VSEPR Theory | 373 | ||
| Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper | 373 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Fooled by Molecular Shape | 374 | ||
| 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix | 375 | ||
| Electronegativity | 375 | ||
| Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules | 377 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: How Soap Works | 379 | ||
| Chapter in review | 380 | ||
| Key Terms | 383 | ||
| Exercises | 383 | ||
| Chapter 11: Gases | 392 | ||
| 11.1: Extra-Long Straws | 393 | ||
| 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases | 394 | ||
| 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions | 396 | ||
| Pressure Units | 397 | ||
| Pressure Unit Conversion | 398 | ||
| 11.4: Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume | 399 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Airplane Cabin Pressurization | 400 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Extra-long Snorkels | 404 | ||
| 11.5: Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature | 405 | ||
| 11.6: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature | 409 | ||
| 11.7: Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles | 411 | ||
| 11.8: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles | 413 | ||
| Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law | 417 | ||
| 11.9: Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen | 419 | ||
| Deep-Sea Diving and Partial Pressure | 421 | ||
| Collecting Gases over Water | 422 | ||
| 11.10: Gases in Chemical Reactions | 423 | ||
| Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure | 426 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: Air Pollution | 428 | ||
| Chapter in review | 429 | ||
| Key Terms | 434 | ||
| Exercises | 434 | ||
| Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces | 444 | ||
| 12.1: Interactions between Molecules | 445 | ||
| 12.2: Properties of Liquids and Solids | 446 | ||
| 12.3: Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity | 447 | ||
| Surface Tension | 448 | ||
| Viscosity | 448 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Why Are Water Drops Spherical? | 449 | ||
| 12.4: Evaporation and Condensation | 449 | ||
| Boiling | 451 | ||
| Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation | 452 | ||
| Heat of Vaporization | 453 | ||
| 12.5: Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation | 454 | ||
| Energetics of Melting and Freezing | 455 | ||
| Heat of Fusion | 455 | ||
| Sublimation | 457 | ||
| 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole–Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion–Dipole | 459 | ||
| Dispersion Force | 459 | ||
| Dipole–Dipole Force | 460 | ||
| Hydrogen Bonding | 462 | ||
| Ion–Dipole Force | 463 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Hydrogen Bonding in DNA | 464 | ||
| 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic | 466 | ||
| Molecular Solids | 466 | ||
| Ionic Solids | 467 | ||
| Atomic Solids | 467 | ||
| 12.8: Water: A Remarkable Molecule | 468 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: Water Pollution | 469 | ||
| Chapter in review | 470 | ||
| Key Terms | 474 | ||
| Exercises | 474 | ||
| Chapter 13: Solutions | 480 | ||
| 13.1: Tragedy in Cameroon | 481 | ||
| 13.2: Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures | 482 | ||
| 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy | 483 | ||
| Solubility and Saturation | 484 | ||
| Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids | 485 | ||
| How Solubility Varies with Temperature | 486 | ||
| Rock Candy | 486 | ||
| 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz | 486 | ||
| 13.5: Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent | 488 | ||
| Mass Percent | 488 | ||
| Using Mass Percent in Calculations | 489 | ||
| 13.6: Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity | 491 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: The Dirty Dozen | 492 | ||
| Using Molarity in Calculations | 493 | ||
| Ion Concentrations | 495 | ||
| 13.7: Solution Dilution | 495 | ||
| 13.8: Solution Stoichiometry | 497 | ||
| 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter | 500 | ||
| Freezing Point Depression | 500 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Antifreeze in Frogs | 502 | ||
| Boiling Point Elevation | 502 | ||
| 13.10: Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration | 504 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Solutions in Medicine | 505 | ||
| Chapter in review | 506 | ||
| Key Terms | 512 | ||
| Exercises | 512 | ||
| Chapter 14: Acids and Bases | 520 | ||
| 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies | 521 | ||
| 14.2: Acids: Properties and Examples | 522 | ||
| 14.3: Bases: Properties and Examples | 523 | ||
| 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases | 524 | ||
| The Arrhenius Definition | 524 | ||
| The Brønsted–Lowry Definition | 525 | ||
| 14.5: Reactions of Acids and Bases | 527 | ||
| Neutralization Reactions | 527 | ||
| Acid Reactions | 528 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: What Is in My Antacid? | 530 | ||
| Base Reactions | 530 | ||
| 14.6: Acid–Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution | 530 | ||
| 14.7: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases | 533 | ||
| Strong Acids | 533 | ||
| Weak Acids | 534 | ||
| Strong Bases | 537 | ||
| Weak Bases | 537 | ||
| 14.8: Water: Acid and Base in One | 538 | ||
| 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity | 541 | ||
| Calculating pH from [H3O+] | 542 | ||
| Calculating [h3O+] from pH | 543 | ||
| The pOH Scale | 544 | ||
| 14.10: Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change | 545 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Alkaloids | 546 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: The Danger of Antifreeze | 548 | ||
| Chapter in review | 548 | ||
| Key Terms | 554 | ||
| Exercises | 554 | ||
| Chapter 15 Chemical Equilibrium | 562 | ||
| 15.1: Life: Controlled Disequilibrium | 563 | ||
| 15.2: The Rate of a Chemical Reaction | 564 | ||
| Collision Theory | 564 | ||
| How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction | 566 | ||
| How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction | 567 | ||
| 15.3: The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium | 568 | ||
| 15.4: The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes | 571 | ||
| Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Chemical Reactions | 571 | ||
| The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant | 572 | ||
| 15.5: Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid | 574 | ||
| 15.6: Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants | 575 | ||
| Calculating Equilibrium Constants | 575 | ||
| Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations | 577 | ||
| 15.7: Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle | 578 | ||
| 15.8: The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium | 580 | ||
| 15.9: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium | 582 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen from Its Mother | 584 | ||
| 15.10: The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium | 585 | ||
| 15.11: The Solubility-Product Constant | 587 | ||
| Using Ksp to Determine Molar Solubility | 588 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: Hard Water | 589 | ||
| 15.12: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst | 590 | ||
| How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates | 590 | ||
| Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy | 592 | ||
| Enzymes: Biological Catalysts | 593 | ||
| Chapter in review | 594 | ||
| Key Terms | 598 | ||
| Exercises | 598 | ||
| Chapter 16: Oxidation and Reduction | 608 | ||
| 16.1: The End of the Internal Combustion Engine? | 609 | ||
| 16.2: Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions | 610 | ||
| 16.3: Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping | 613 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: The Bleaching of Hair | 615 | ||
| 16.4: Balancing Redox Equations | 616 | ||
| Problem-Solving Procedure Balancing Redox Equations Using the Half-Reaction Method | 617 | ||
| Chemistry in the Environment: Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy for Life | 621 | ||
| 16.5: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions | 621 | ||
| Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid | 624 | ||
| 16.6: Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity | 625 | ||
| Dry-Cell Batteries | 627 | ||
| Lead-Acid Storage Batteries | 628 | ||
| Fuel Cells | 628 | ||
| 16.7: Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry | 629 | ||
| 16.8: Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions | 630 | ||
| Everyday Chemistry: The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer | 631 | ||
| Chapter in review | 632 | ||
| Key Terms | 636 | ||
| Exercises | 636 | ||
| Chapter 17: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry | 644 | ||
| 17.1: Diagnosing Appendicitis | 645 | ||
| 17.2: The Discovery of Radioactivity | 646 | ||
| 17.3: Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay | 647 | ||
| Alpha (α) Radiation | 648 | ||
| Beta (β) Radiation | 650 | ||
| Gamma (ϒ) Radiation | 651 | ||
| Positron Emission | 652 | ||
| 17.4: Detecting Radioactivity | 654 | ||
| 17.5: Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life | 655 | ||
| Chemistry and Health: Environmental Radon | 656 | ||
| A Natural Radioactive Decay Series | 657 | ||
| 17.6: Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts | 658 | ||
| Chemistry in the Media: The Shroud of Turin | 659 | ||
| 17.7: The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb | 660 | ||
| 17.8: Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity | 662 | ||
| 17.9: Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun | 663 | ||
| 17.10: The Effects of Radiation on Life | 664 | ||
| Acute Radiation Damage | 664 | ||
| Increased Cancer Risk | 664 | ||
| Genetic Defects | 665 | ||
| Measuring Radiation Exposure | 665 | ||
| 17.11: Radioactivity in Medicine | 665 | ||
| Isotope Scanning | 665 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 666 | ||
| Chapter in review | 667 | ||
| Key Terms | 670 | ||
| Exercises | 670 | ||
| Appendix: Mathematics Review | MR-1 | ||
| Basic Algebra | MR-1 | ||
| Mathematical Operations with Scientific Notation | MR-2 | ||
| Multiplication and Division | MR-3 | ||
| Addition and Subtraction | MR-3 | ||
| Logarithms | MR-4 | ||
| Inverse Logarithms | MR-5 | ||
| Glossary | G-1 | ||
| Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises | A-1 | ||
| Photo Credits | PC-1 | ||
| Index | I-1 |