Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For courses in Introductory Sociology
See sociology in everyday life
Sociology empowers students to see the world around them through a sociological lens, helping them better understand their own lives and the world we all share. John Macionis, author of the best-selling Introductory Sociology franchise over the last three decades, takes students step by step through the theories and research that make up the discipline, helping them to find and use the science of social behavior in everyday life. In addition to extensively updated data, the Sixteenth Edition offers engaging discussions of hot-button contemporary topics such as the increased proliferation of social media as well as expanded coverage of race, class, and gender.
MySocLab not included. Students, if MySocLab is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MySocLab should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
MySocLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product designed to personalize learning and improve results. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Brief Contents | 5 | ||
| Contents | 7 | ||
| Boxes | 17 | ||
| Maps | 18 | ||
| Preface | 20 | ||
| About the Author | 26 | ||
| Part I: The Foundations of Sociology | 29 | ||
| Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective | 29 | ||
| The Power of Society to guide our choices in marriage partners | 30 | ||
| The Sociological Perspective | 31 | ||
| Seeing the General in the Particular | 31 | ||
| Seeing the Strange in the Familiar | 32 | ||
| Seeing Society in Our Everyday Lives | 33 | ||
| Seeing Sociologically: Marginality and Crisis | 34 | ||
| The Importance of a Global Perspective | 35 | ||
| 1.2: State several reasons that a global perspective is important in today’s world. | 35 | ||
| Applying the Sociological Perspective | 37 | ||
| 1.3: Identify the advantages of sociological thinking for developing public policy, for encouraging personal growth, and for advancing in a career. | 37 | ||
| Sociology and Public Policy | 37 | ||
| Sociology and Personal Growth | 38 | ||
| Careers: The “Sociology Advantage” | 39 | ||
| The Origins of Sociology | 40 | ||
| 1.4: Link the origins of sociology to historical social changes. | 40 | ||
| Social Change and Sociology | 40 | ||
| Science and Sociology | 40 | ||
| Sociological Theory | 41 | ||
| 1.5: Summarize sociology’s major theoretical approaches. | 41 | ||
| The Structural-Functional Approach | 42 | ||
| The Social-Conflict Approach | 43 | ||
| Feminism and Gender-Conflict Theory | 44 | ||
| Race-Conflict Theory | 44 | ||
| The Symbolic-Interaction Approach | 46 | ||
| Applying the Approaches: The Sociology of Sports | 47 | ||
| 1.6: Apply sociology’s major theoretical approaches to the topic of sports. | 47 | ||
| The Functions of Sports | 47 | ||
| Sports and Conflict | 47 | ||
| Sports as Interaction | 49 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 51 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 52 | ||
| Making the Grade | 53 | ||
| Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation | 55 | ||
| The Power of Society to influence our life chances | 56 | ||
| Basics of Sociological Investigation | 58 | ||
| 2.1: Explain how scientific evidence often challenges common sense. | 58 | ||
| Science as One Type of Truth | 58 | ||
| Common Sense versus Scientific Evidence | 58 | ||
| Three Ways to Do Sociology | 59 | ||
| 2.2: Describe sociology’s three research orientations. | 59 | ||
| Positivist Sociology | 59 | ||
| Interpretive Sociology | 64 | ||
| Critical Sociology | 65 | ||
| Research Orientations and Theory | 66 | ||
| Issues Affecting Sociological Research | 66 | ||
| 2.3: Identify the importance of gender and ethics in sociological research. | 66 | ||
| Gender | 66 | ||
| Research Ethics | 67 | ||
| Research Methods | 69 | ||
| 2.4: Explain why a researcher might choose each of sociology’s research methods. | 69 | ||
| Testing a Hypothesis: The Experiment | 69 | ||
| Asking Questions: Survey Research | 70 | ||
| In the Field: Participant Observation | 74 | ||
| Using Available Data: Existing Sources | 77 | ||
| Research Methods and Theory | 80 | ||
| Putting It All Together: Ten Steps in Sociological Investigation | 81 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 82 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 83 | ||
| Making the Grade | 84 | ||
| Part II: The Foundations of Society | 86 | ||
| Chapter 3: Culture | 86 | ||
| The Power of Society to guide our attitudes on social issues such as abortion | 87 | ||
| What Is Culture? | 88 | ||
| 3.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. | 88 | ||
| Culture and Human Intelligence | 90 | ||
| Culture, Nation, and Society | 92 | ||
| How Many Cultures? | 92 | ||
| The Elements of Culture | 92 | ||
| 3.2: Identify common elements of culture. | 92 | ||
| Symbols | 92 | ||
| Language | 94 | ||
| Values and Beliefs | 95 | ||
| Norms | 97 | ||
| Ideal and Real Culture | 98 | ||
| Material Culture and Technology | 98 | ||
| New Information Technology and Culture | 99 | ||
| Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World | 99 | ||
| 3.3: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. | 99 | ||
| High Culture and Popular Culture | 99 | ||
| Subculture | 101 | ||
| Multiculturalism | 101 | ||
| Counterculture | 104 | ||
| Cultural Change | 104 | ||
| Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism | 105 | ||
| A Global Culture? | 107 | ||
| Theories of Culture | 108 | ||
| 3.4: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. | 108 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theory: The Functions of Culture | 108 | ||
| Social-Conflict Theory: Inequality and Culture | 109 | ||
| Feminist Theory: Gender and Culture | 109 | ||
| Sociobiology: Evolution and Culture | 110 | ||
| Culture and Human Freedom | 111 | ||
| 3.5: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom. | 111 | ||
| Culture as Constraint | 111 | ||
| Culture as Freedom | 111 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 112 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 113 | ||
| Making the Grade | 114 | ||
| Chapter 4: Society | 116 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape access to the Internet | 117 | ||
| Gerhard Lenski: Society and Technology | 118 | ||
| 4.1: Describe how technological development has shaped the history of human societies. | 118 | ||
| Hunting and Gathering Societies | 119 | ||
| Horticultural and Pastoral Societies | 120 | ||
| Agrarian Societies | 121 | ||
| Industrial Societies | 122 | ||
| Postindustrial Societies | 123 | ||
| The Limits of Technology | 123 | ||
| Karl Marx: Society and Conflict | 123 | ||
| 4.2: Analyze the importance of class conflict to the historical development of human societies. | 123 | ||
| Society and Production | 124 | ||
| Conflict and History | 125 | ||
| Capitalism and Class Conflict | 125 | ||
| Capitalism and Alienation | 126 | ||
| Revolution | 126 | ||
| Max Weber: The Rationalization of Society | 127 | ||
| 4.3: Demonstrate the importance of ideas to the development of human societies. | 127 | ||
| Two Worldviews: Tradition and Rationality | 127 | ||
| Is Capitalism Rational? | 129 | ||
| Weber’s Great Thesis: Protestantism and Capitalism | 129 | ||
| Rational Social Organization | 129 | ||
| Emile Durkheim: Society and Function | 131 | ||
| 4.4: Contrast the social bonds typical of traditional and modern societies. | 131 | ||
| Structure: Society beyond Ourselves | 131 | ||
| Function: Society as System | 131 | ||
| Personality: Society in Ourselves | 131 | ||
| Modernity and Anomie | 132 | ||
| Evolving Societies: The Division of Labor | 132 | ||
| Critical Review: Four Visions of Society | 133 | ||
| 4.5: Summarize the contributions of Lenski, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim to our understanding of social change. | 133 | ||
| What Holds Societies Together? | 133 | ||
| How Have Societies Changed? | 133 | ||
| Why Do Societies Change? | 133 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 135 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 136 | ||
| Making the Grade | 137 | ||
| Chapter 5: Socialization | 139 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape how much television we watch | 140 | ||
| Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity | 141 | ||
| 5.1: Describe how social interaction is the foundation of personality. | 141 | ||
| Human Development: Nature and Nurture | 141 | ||
| Social Isolation | 142 | ||
| Understanding Socialization | 143 | ||
| 5.2: Explain six major theories of socialization. | 143 | ||
| Sigmund Freud’s Elements of Personality | 143 | ||
| Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development | 144 | ||
| Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development | 145 | ||
| Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral Development | 145 | ||
| George Herbert Mead’s Theory of the Social Self | 146 | ||
| Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development | 148 | ||
| Agents of Socialization | 148 | ||
| 5.3: Analyze how the family, school, peer groups, and the mass media guide the socialization process. | 148 | ||
| The Family | 148 | ||
| The School | 150 | ||
| The Peer Group | 150 | ||
| The Mass Media | 151 | ||
| Socialization and the Life Course | 153 | ||
| 5.4: Discuss how our society organizes human experience into distinctive stages of life. | 153 | ||
| Childhood | 154 | ||
| Adolescence | 155 | ||
| Adulthood | 155 | ||
| Old Age | 155 | ||
| Death and Dying | 156 | ||
| The Life Course: Patterns and Variations | 157 | ||
| Resocialization: Total Institutions | 157 | ||
| 5.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions. | 157 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 159 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 160 | ||
| Making the Grade | 161 | ||
| Chapter 6: Social Interaction in Everyday Life | 163 | ||
| The Power of Society to guide the way we do social networking | 164 | ||
| Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living | 165 | ||
| 6.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations. | 165 | ||
| Status | 166 | ||
| 6.2: State the importance of status to social organization. | 166 | ||
| Status Set | 166 | ||
| Ascribed and Achieved Status | 166 | ||
| Master Status | 166 | ||
| Role | 166 | ||
| 6.3: State the importance of role to social organization. | 166 | ||
| Role Set | 167 | ||
| Role Conflict and Role Strain | 168 | ||
| Role Exit | 168 | ||
| The Social Construction of Reality | 168 | ||
| 6.4: Describe how we socially construct reality. | 168 | ||
| The Thomas Theorem | 170 | ||
| Ethnomethodology | 170 | ||
| Reality Building: Class and Culture | 171 | ||
| The Increasing Importance of Social Media | 171 | ||
| Dramaturgical Analysis: The “Presentation of Self” | 172 | ||
| 6.5: Apply Goffman’s analysis to several familiar situations. | 172 | ||
| Performances | 172 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication | 173 | ||
| Gender and Performances | 174 | ||
| Idealization | 174 | ||
| Embarrassment and Tact | 175 | ||
| Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications | 176 | ||
| 6.6: Construct a sociological analysis of three aspects of everyday life: emotions, language, and humor. | 176 | ||
| Emotions: The Social Construction of Feeling | 176 | ||
| Language: The Social Construction of Gender | 177 | ||
| Reality Play: The Social Construction of Humor | 179 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 182 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 183 | ||
| Making the Grade | 184 | ||
| Chapter 7: Groups and Organizations | 186 | ||
| The Power of Society to link people into groups | 187 | ||
| Social Groups | 188 | ||
| 7.1: Explain the importance of various types of groups to social life. | 188 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Groups | 188 | ||
| Group Leadership | 190 | ||
| Group Conformity | 190 | ||
| Reference Groups | 192 | ||
| In-Groups and Out-Groups | 192 | ||
| Group Size | 193 | ||
| Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender | 193 | ||
| Networks | 194 | ||
| Social Media and Networking | 195 | ||
| Formal Organizations | 195 | ||
| 7.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations. | 195 | ||
| Types of Formal Organizations | 196 | ||
| Origins of Formal Organizations | 196 | ||
| Characteristics of Bureaucracy | 196 | ||
| Organizational Environment | 197 | ||
| The Informal Side of Bureaucracy | 197 | ||
| Problems of Bureaucracy | 198 | ||
| Oligarchy | 199 | ||
| The Evolution of Formal Organizations | 200 | ||
| 7.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations over the course of the last century. | 200 | ||
| Scientific Management | 200 | ||
| The First Challenge: Race and Gender | 200 | ||
| The Second Challenge: The Japanese Work Organization | 201 | ||
| The Third Challenge: The Changing Nature of Work | 201 | ||
| The “McDonaldization” of Society | 203 | ||
| The Future of Organizations: Opposing Trends | 204 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 206 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 207 | ||
| Making the Grade | 208 | ||
| Chapter 8: Sexuality and Society | 210 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape our attitudes on social issues involving sexuality | 211 | ||
| Understanding Sexuality | 212 | ||
| 8.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue. | 212 | ||
| Sex: A Biological Issue | 213 | ||
| Sex and the Body | 214 | ||
| Sex: A Cultural Issue | 214 | ||
| The Incest Taboo | 215 | ||
| Sexual Attitudes in the United States | 216 | ||
| 8.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States. | 216 | ||
| The Sexual Revolution | 217 | ||
| The Sexual Counterrevolution | 218 | ||
| Premarital Sex | 219 | ||
| Sex between Adults | 219 | ||
| Extramarital Sex | 219 | ||
| Sex over the Life Course | 220 | ||
| Sexual Orientation | 220 | ||
| 8.3: Analyze factors that shape sexual orientation. | 220 | ||
| What Gives Us a Sexual Orientation? | 220 | ||
| How Many Gay People Are There? | 221 | ||
| The Gay Rights Movement | 222 | ||
| Transgender | 224 | ||
| Sexual Issues and Controversies | 224 | ||
| 8.4: Discuss several current controversies involving sexuality. | 224 | ||
| Teen Pregnancy | 224 | ||
| Pornography | 225 | ||
| Prostitution | 226 | ||
| Sexual Violence: Rape and Date Rape | 227 | ||
| Theories of Sexuality | 227 | ||
| 8.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. | 227 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theory | 227 | ||
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory | 229 | ||
| Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories | 230 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 234 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 235 | ||
| Making the Grade | 236 | ||
| Chapter 9: Deviance | 238 | ||
| The Power of Society to affect the odds of being incarcerated for using drugs | 239 | ||
| What Is Deviance? | 240 | ||
| 9.1: Explain how sociology addresses limitations of a biological or psychological approach to deviance. | 240 | ||
| Social Control | 240 | ||
| The Biological Context | 241 | ||
| Personality Factors | 241 | ||
| The Social Foundations of Deviance | 242 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance | 243 | ||
| 9.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic of deviance. | 243 | ||
| Durkheim’s Basic Insight | 243 | ||
| Merton’s Strain Theory | 244 | ||
| Deviant Subcultures | 245 | ||
| Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance | 246 | ||
| 9.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic of deviance. | 246 | ||
| Labeling Theory | 246 | ||
| The Medicalization of Deviance | 247 | ||
| The Difference Labels Make | 247 | ||
| Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory | 248 | ||
| Hirschi’s Control Theory | 248 | ||
| Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality | 249 | ||
| 9.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic of deviance. | 249 | ||
| Deviance and Power | 249 | ||
| Deviance and Capitalism | 249 | ||
| White-Collar Crime | 250 | ||
| Corporate Crime | 250 | ||
| Organized Crime | 251 | ||
| Race-Conflict Theory: Hate Crimes | 251 | ||
| Feminist Theory: Deviance and Gender | 251 | ||
| Crime | 253 | ||
| 9.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States and around the world. | 253 | ||
| Types of Crime | 253 | ||
| Criminal Statistics | 254 | ||
| The Street Criminal: A Profile | 254 | ||
| Crime in Global Perspective | 257 | ||
| The U.S. Criminal Justice System | 259 | ||
| 9.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice system. | 259 | ||
| Due Process | 259 | ||
| Police | 259 | ||
| Courts | 260 | ||
| Punishment | 260 | ||
| The Death Penalty | 262 | ||
| Community-Based Corrections | 263 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 265 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 266 | ||
| Making the Grade | 267 | ||
| Part III: Social Inequality | 269 | ||
| Chapter 10: Social Stratification | 269 | ||
| The Power of Society to affect life expectancy | 270 | ||
| What Is Social Stratification? | 271 | ||
| 10.1: Identify four principles that underlie social stratification. | 271 | ||
| Caste and Class Systems | 272 | ||
| 10.2: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world. | 272 | ||
| The Caste System | 272 | ||
| The Class System | 273 | ||
| Caste and Class: The United Kingdom | 275 | ||
| Another Example: Japan | 276 | ||
| Classless Societies? The Former Soviet Union | 277 | ||
| China: Emerging Social Classes | 278 | ||
| Ideology: Supporting Stratification | 279 | ||
| 10.3: Explain how cultural beliefs justify social inequality. | 279 | ||
| Plato and Marx on Ideology | 280 | ||
| Historical Patterns of Ideology | 280 | ||
| Theories of Social Inequality | 281 | ||
| 10.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of social inequality. | 281 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theory: The Davis-Moore Thesis | 281 | ||
| Social-Conflict Theories: Karl Marx and Max Weber | 282 | ||
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory: Stratification in Everyday Life | 284 | ||
| Social Stratification: Facts and Values | 285 | ||
| Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective | 286 | ||
| 10.5: Analyze the link between a society’s technology and its social stratification. | 286 | ||
| Hunting and Gathering Societies | 286 | ||
| Horticultural, Pastoral, and Agrarian Societies | 286 | ||
| Industrial Societies | 286 | ||
| The Kuznets Curve | 286 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 288 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 289 | ||
| Making the Grade | 290 | ||
| Chapter 11: Social Class in the United States | 292 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape our changes of living in poverty | 293 | ||
| Dimensions of Social Inequality | 294 | ||
| 11.1: Describe the distribution of income and wealth in the United States. | 294 | ||
| Income | 294 | ||
| Wealth | 295 | ||
| Power | 295 | ||
| Occupational Prestige | 296 | ||
| Schooling | 296 | ||
| U.S. Stratification: Merit and Caste | 296 | ||
| 11.2: Explain how someone’s position at birth affects social standing later in life. | 296 | ||
| Ancestry | 297 | ||
| Race and Ethnicity | 297 | ||
| Gender | 297 | ||
| Social Classes in the United States | 297 | ||
| 11.3: Describe the various social class positions in U.S. society. | 297 | ||
| The Upper Class | 298 | ||
| The Middle Class | 299 | ||
| The Working Class | 299 | ||
| The Lower Class | 300 | ||
| The Difference Class Makes | 300 | ||
| 11.4: Analyze how social class position affects health, values, politics, and family life. | 300 | ||
| Health | 301 | ||
| Values and Attitudes | 301 | ||
| Politics | 301 | ||
| Family and Gender | 303 | ||
| Social Mobility | 303 | ||
| 11.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United States. | 303 | ||
| Research on Mobility | 303 | ||
| Mobility by Income Level | 305 | ||
| Mobility: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender | 306 | ||
| Mobility and Marriage | 306 | ||
| The American Dream: Still a Reality? | 306 | ||
| The Global Economy and the U.S. Class Structure | 307 | ||
| Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality | 307 | ||
| 11.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the United States. | 307 | ||
| The Extent of Poverty | 308 | ||
| Who Are the Poor? | 308 | ||
| Explaining Poverty | 309 | ||
| The Working Poor | 310 | ||
| Homelessness | 312 | ||
| The Trend toward Increasing Inequality | 314 | ||
| Are the Very Rich Worth the Money? | 314 | ||
| Can the Rest of Us Get Ahead? | 315 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 316 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 317 | ||
| Making the Grade | 318 | ||
| Chapter 12: Global Stratification | 320 | ||
| The Power of Society to determine a child’s chance of survival to age five | 321 | ||
| Global Stratification: An Overview | 323 | ||
| 12.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. | 323 | ||
| A Word about Terminology | 323 | ||
| High-Income Countries | 324 | ||
| Middle-Income Countries | 326 | ||
| Low-Income Countries | 327 | ||
| Global Wealth and Poverty | 327 | ||
| 12.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. | 327 | ||
| The Severity of Poverty | 328 | ||
| The Extent of Poverty | 329 | ||
| Poverty and Children | 330 | ||
| Poverty and Women | 331 | ||
| Slavery | 331 | ||
| Explanations of Global Poverty | 333 | ||
| Theories of Global Stratification | 333 | ||
| 12.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. | 333 | ||
| Modernization Theory | 334 | ||
| Dependency Theory | 336 | ||
| The Future of Global Stratification | 339 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 341 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 342 | ||
| Making the Grade | 343 | ||
| Chapter 13: Gender Stratification | 345 | ||
| The Power of Society to guide our life choices | 346 | ||
| Gender and Inequality | 347 | ||
| 13.1: Describe the ways in which society creates gender stratification. | 347 | ||
| Male-Female Differences | 347 | ||
| Gender in Global Perspective | 348 | ||
| Patriarchy and Sexism | 349 | ||
| Gender and Socialization | 351 | ||
| 13.2: Explain the importance of gender to socialization. | 351 | ||
| Gender and the Family | 351 | ||
| Gender and the Peer Group | 352 | ||
| Gender and Schooling | 352 | ||
| Gender and the Mass Media | 352 | ||
| Gender and Social Stratification | 353 | ||
| 13.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions. | 353 | ||
| Working Women and Men | 354 | ||
| Gender and Unemployment | 355 | ||
| Gender, Income, and Wealth | 355 | ||
| Housework: Women’s “Second Shift” | 356 | ||
| Gender and Education | 356 | ||
| Gender and Politics | 357 | ||
| Gender and the Military | 358 | ||
| Are Women a Minority? | 359 | ||
| Violence against Women | 359 | ||
| Violence against Men | 359 | ||
| Sexual Harassment | 360 | ||
| Pornography | 362 | ||
| Theories of Gender | 362 | ||
| 13.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender stratification. | 362 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theory | 362 | ||
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory | 363 | ||
| Social-Conflict Theory | 364 | ||
| Intersection Theory | 365 | ||
| Feminism | 366 | ||
| 13.5: Contrast liberal, radical, and socialist feminism. | 366 | ||
| Basic Feminist Ideas | 366 | ||
| Types of Feminism | 367 | ||
| Public Support for Feminism | 368 | ||
| Gender: Looking Ahead | 369 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 370 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 371 | ||
| Making the Grade | 372 | ||
| Chapter 14: Race and Ethnicity | 374 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape political attitudes | 375 | ||
| The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity | 376 | ||
| 14.1: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity. | 376 | ||
| Race | 376 | ||
| Ethnicity | 378 | ||
| Minorities | 379 | ||
| Prejudice and Stereotypes | 380 | ||
| 14.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice. | 380 | ||
| Measuring Prejudice: The Social Distance Scale | 382 | ||
| Racism | 383 | ||
| Theories of Prejudice | 383 | ||
| Discrimination | 384 | ||
| 14.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice. | 384 | ||
| Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination | 385 | ||
| Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Circle | 385 | ||
| Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction | 385 | ||
| 14.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide. | 385 | ||
| Pluralism | 385 | ||
| Assimilation | 386 | ||
| Segregation | 386 | ||
| Genocide | 387 | ||
| Race and Ethnicity in the United States | 387 | ||
| 14.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society. | 387 | ||
| Native Americans | 388 | ||
| White Anglo-Saxon Protestants | 390 | ||
| African Americans | 390 | ||
| Asian Americans | 392 | ||
| Hispanic Americans/Latinos | 396 | ||
| Arab Americans | 397 | ||
| White Ethnic Americans | 398 | ||
| Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead | 399 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 401 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 402 | ||
| Making the Grade | 403 | ||
| Chapter 15: Aging and the Elderly | 405 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape caregiving for older people | 406 | ||
| The Graying of the United States | 407 | ||
| 15.1: Explain the increasing share of elderly people in modern societies. | 407 | ||
| Birth Rate: Going Down | 408 | ||
| Life Expectancy: Going Up | 408 | ||
| An Aging Society: Cultural Change | 409 | ||
| The “Young Old” and the “Old Old” | 410 | ||
| Growing Old: Biology and Culture | 410 | ||
| 15.2: Describe age stratification in global context. | 410 | ||
| Biological Changes | 410 | ||
| Psychological Changes | 410 | ||
| Aging and Culture | 411 | ||
| Age Stratification: A Global Survey | 411 | ||
| Transitions and Challenges of Aging | 413 | ||
| 15.3: Discuss problems related to aging. | 413 | ||
| Finding Meaning | 413 | ||
| Social Isolation | 414 | ||
| Retirement | 414 | ||
| Aging and Poverty | 415 | ||
| Caregiving | 417 | ||
| Ageism | 417 | ||
| The Elderly: A Minority? | 418 | ||
| Theories of Aging | 418 | ||
| 15.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic of aging. | 418 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theory: Aging and Disengagement | 418 | ||
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory: Aging and Activity | 419 | ||
| Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Aging and Inequality | 419 | ||
| Death and Dying | 420 | ||
| 15.5: Analyze changing attitudes about the end of life. | 420 | ||
| Historical Patterns of Death | 421 | ||
| The Modern Separation of Life and Death | 421 | ||
| Ethical Issues: Confronting Death | 421 | ||
| Bereavement | 422 | ||
| Aging: Looking Ahead | 424 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 426 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 427 | ||
| Making the Grade | 428 | ||
| Part IV: Social Institutions | 430 | ||
| Chapter 16: The Economy and Work | 430 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape our choices in jobs | 431 | ||
| The Economy: Historical Overview | 432 | ||
| 16.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy. | 432 | ||
| The Agricultural Revolution | 433 | ||
| The Industrial Revolution | 433 | ||
| The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society | 433 | ||
| Sectors of the Economy | 434 | ||
| The Global Economy | 434 | ||
| Economic Systems: Paths to Justice | 436 | ||
| 16.2: Assess the operation of capitalist and socialist economies. | 436 | ||
| Capitalism | 436 | ||
| Socialism | 437 | ||
| Welfare Capitalism and State Capitalism | 438 | ||
| Relative Advantages of Capitalism and Socialism | 438 | ||
| Changes in Socialist and Capitalist Countries | 439 | ||
| Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy | 440 | ||
| 16.3: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States. | 440 | ||
| The Decline of Agricultural Work | 440 | ||
| From Factory Work to Service Work | 440 | ||
| The Dual Labor Market | 440 | ||
| Labor Unions | 440 | ||
| Professions | 442 | ||
| Self-Employment | 443 | ||
| Unemployment and Underemployment | 444 | ||
| The “Jobless Recovery” | 445 | ||
| The Underground Economy | 445 | ||
| Workplace Diversity: Race and Gender | 446 | ||
| New Information Technology and Work | 447 | ||
| Corporations | 447 | ||
| 16.4: Discuss the importance of corporations to the U.S. economy. | 447 | ||
| Economic Concentration | 448 | ||
| Conglomerates and Corporate Linkages | 448 | ||
| Corporations: Are They Competitive? | 448 | ||
| Corporations and the Global Economy | 448 | ||
| The Economy: Looking Ahead | 449 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 450 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 451 | ||
| Making the Grade | 452 | ||
| Chapter 17: Politics and Government | 454 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape voting patterns | 455 | ||
| Power and Authority | 456 | ||
| 17.1: Distinguish traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic authority. | 456 | ||
| Traditional Authority | 457 | ||
| Rational-Legal Authority | 457 | ||
| Charismatic Authority | 457 | ||
| Politics in Global Perspective | 458 | ||
| 17.2: Compare monarchy and democracy as well as authoritarian and totalitarian political systems. | 458 | ||
| Monarchy | 458 | ||
| Democracy | 458 | ||
| Authoritarianism | 460 | ||
| Totalitarianism | 461 | ||
| A Global Political System? | 462 | ||
| Politics in the United States | 462 | ||
| 17.3: Analyze economic and social issues using the political spectrum. | 462 | ||
| U.S. Culture and the Rise of the Welfare State | 462 | ||
| The Political Spectrum | 462 | ||
| Special-Interest Groups and Campaign Spending | 464 | ||
| Voter Apathy | 465 | ||
| Should Convicted Criminals Vote? | 467 | ||
| Theories of Power in Society | 467 | ||
| 17.4: Apply the pluralist, power-elite, and Marxist models to the U.S. political system. | 467 | ||
| The Pluralist Model: The People Rule | 467 | ||
| The Power-Elite Model: A Few People Rule | 468 | ||
| The Marxist Model: The System Is Biased | 468 | ||
| Power beyond the Rules | 469 | ||
| 17.5: Describe causes of both revolution and terrorism. | 469 | ||
| Revolution | 469 | ||
| Terrorism | 470 | ||
| War and Peace | 471 | ||
| 17.6: Identify factors encouraging war or peace. | 471 | ||
| The Causes of War | 472 | ||
| Social Class, Gender, and the Military | 472 | ||
| Is Terrorism a New Kind of War? | 474 | ||
| The Costs and Causes of Militarism | 474 | ||
| Nuclear Weapons | 475 | ||
| Mass Media and War | 475 | ||
| Pursuing Peace | 475 | ||
| Politics: Looking Ahead | 476 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 478 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 479 | ||
| Making the Grade | 480 | ||
| Chapter 18: Families | 482 | ||
| The Power of Society to affect the odds that a marriage will end in divorce | 483 | ||
| Families: Basic Concepts and Global Variations | 484 | ||
| 18.1: Describe families and how they differ around the world. | 484 | ||
| Marriage Patterns | 485 | ||
| Residential Patterns | 487 | ||
| Patterns of Descent | 488 | ||
| Patterns of Authority | 488 | ||
| Theories of the Family | 488 | ||
| 18.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to family life. | 488 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theory: Functions of the Family | 488 | ||
| Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Inequality and the Family | 489 | ||
| Micro-Level Theories: Constructing Family Life | 490 | ||
| Stages of Family Life | 490 | ||
| 18.3: Analyze changes in the family over the life course. | 490 | ||
| Courtship | 491 | ||
| Settling In: Ideal and Real Marriage | 491 | ||
| Child Rearing | 491 | ||
| The Family in Later Life | 492 | ||
| U.S. Families: Class, Race, and Gender | 493 | ||
| 18.4: Explain how class, race, and gender shape family life. | 493 | ||
| Social Class | 493 | ||
| Ethnicity and Race | 494 | ||
| Gender | 495 | ||
| Transitions and Problems in Family Life | 497 | ||
| 18.5: Analyze the effects of divorce, remarriage, and violence on family life. | 497 | ||
| Divorce | 497 | ||
| Remarriage and Blended Families | 499 | ||
| Family Violence | 500 | ||
| Alternative Family Forms | 500 | ||
| 18.6: Describe the diversity of family life in the United States. | 500 | ||
| One-Parent Families | 500 | ||
| Cohabitation | 501 | ||
| Gay and Lesbian Couples | 501 | ||
| Singlehood | 502 | ||
| Extended Family Households | 502 | ||
| New Reproductive Technologies and Families | 503 | ||
| Families: Looking Ahead | 503 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 505 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 506 | ||
| Making the Grade | 507 | ||
| Chapter 19: Religion | 509 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape our values and beliefs | 510 | ||
| Religion: Concepts and Theories | 511 | ||
| 19.1: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. | 511 | ||
| Religion and Sociology | 512 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theory: Functions of Religion | 512 | ||
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory: Constructing the Sacred | 513 | ||
| Social-Conflict Theory: Inequality and Religion | 513 | ||
| Feminist Theory: Gender and Religion | 513 | ||
| Religion and Social Change | 515 | ||
| 19.2: Discuss the links between religion and social change. | 515 | ||
| Max Weber: Protestantism and Capitalism | 515 | ||
| Liberation Theology | 515 | ||
| Types of Religious Organizations | 515 | ||
| 19.3: Distinguish among church, sect, and cult. | 515 | ||
| Church | 515 | ||
| Sect | 516 | ||
| Cult | 517 | ||
| Religion in History and Around the World | 517 | ||
| 19.4: Contrast religious patterns around the world. | 517 | ||
| Religion in Preindustrial Societies | 517 | ||
| Religion in Industrial Societies | 518 | ||
| World Religions | 518 | ||
| Christianity | 518 | ||
| Islam | 519 | ||
| Judaism | 520 | ||
| Hinduism | 522 | ||
| Buddhism | 523 | ||
| Confucianism | 524 | ||
| Religion: East and West | 524 | ||
| Religious Trends in the United States | 524 | ||
| 19.5: Analyze patterns of religiosity in the United States. | 524 | ||
| Religious Affiliation | 525 | ||
| Religiosity | 526 | ||
| Religious Diversity: Class, Ethnicity, and Race | 527 | ||
| Secularization | 528 | ||
| Civil Religion | 529 | ||
| “New Age” Seekers: Spirituality without Formal Religion | 529 | ||
| Religious Revival: “Good Old-Time Religion” | 530 | ||
| Religion: Looking Ahead | 532 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 533 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 534 | ||
| Making the Grade | 535 | ||
| Chapter 20: Education | 537 | ||
| The Power of Society to open the door to college | 538 | ||
| Education: A Global Survey | 539 | ||
| 20.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, and low-income societies. | 539 | ||
| Schooling and Economic Development | 539 | ||
| Schooling in India | 540 | ||
| Schooling in Japan | 540 | ||
| Schooling in Great Britain | 541 | ||
| Schooling in the United States | 542 | ||
| The Functions of Schooling | 542 | ||
| 20.2: Apply structural-functional theory to schooling. | 542 | ||
| Socialization | 543 | ||
| Cultural Innovation | 543 | ||
| Social Integration | 543 | ||
| Social Placement | 543 | ||
| Latent Functions of Schooling | 543 | ||
| Schooling and Social Interaction | 543 | ||
| 20.3: Apply social-interaction theory to schooling. | 543 | ||
| The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | 543 | ||
| Schooling and Social Inequality | 544 | ||
| 20.4: Apply social-conflict theory to schooling. | 544 | ||
| Social Control | 545 | ||
| Standardized Testing | 545 | ||
| School Tracking | 545 | ||
| Inequality among Schools | 545 | ||
| Access to Higher Education | 548 | ||
| Greater Opportunity: Expanding Higher Education | 549 | ||
| Community Colleges | 549 | ||
| Privilege and Personal Merit | 550 | ||
| Problems in the Schools | 550 | ||
| 20.5: Discuss dropping out, violence, and other problems facing today’s schools. | 550 | ||
| Discipline and Violence | 550 | ||
| Student Passivity | 551 | ||
| Dropping Out | 551 | ||
| Academic Standards | 552 | ||
| Grade Inflation | 553 | ||
| Current Issues in U.S. Education | 553 | ||
| 20.6: Summarize the debate over the performance of U.S. schools. | 553 | ||
| School Choice | 553 | ||
| Home Schooling | 554 | ||
| Schooling People with Disabilities | 555 | ||
| Adult Education | 555 | ||
| The Teacher Shortage | 555 | ||
| Schooling: Looking Ahead | 556 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 558 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 559 | ||
| Making the Grade | 560 | ||
| Chapter 21: Health and Medicine | 562 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape patterns of health | 563 | ||
| What Is Health? | 564 | ||
| 21.1: Explain how patterns of health are shaped by society. | 564 | ||
| Health and Society | 564 | ||
| Health: A Global Survey | 565 | ||
| 21.2: Contrast patterns of health in low- and high-income countries. | 565 | ||
| Health in Low-Income Countries | 565 | ||
| Health in High-Income Countries | 565 | ||
| Health in the United States | 566 | ||
| 21.3: Analyze how race, class, gender, and age are linked to health. | 566 | ||
| Who Is Healthy? Age, Gender, Class, and Race | 566 | ||
| Cigarette Smoking | 567 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 569 | ||
| Obesity | 569 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 571 | ||
| Ethical Issues Surrounding Death | 573 | ||
| The Medical Establishment | 574 | ||
| 21.4: Compare the medical systems in nations around the world. | 574 | ||
| The Rise of Scientific Medicine | 574 | ||
| Holistic Medicine | 575 | ||
| Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey | 576 | ||
| Paying for Medical Care: The United States | 577 | ||
| The Nursing Shortage | 578 | ||
| Theories of Health and Medicine | 579 | ||
| 21.5: Apply sociology’s major theories to health and medicine. | 579 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theory: Role Analysis | 579 | ||
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory: The Meaning of Health | 580 | ||
| Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Inequality and Health | 581 | ||
| Health and Medicine: Looking Ahead | 582 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 584 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 585 | ||
| Making the Grade | 586 | ||
| Part V: Social Change | 588 | ||
| Chapter 22: Population, Urbanization, and Environment | 588 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape our view of global warming | 589 | ||
| Demography: The Study of Population | 590 | ||
| 22.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality, and migration, and how they affect population size. | 590 | ||
| Fertility | 590 | ||
| Mortality | 591 | ||
| Migration | 592 | ||
| Population Growth | 593 | ||
| Population Composition | 594 | ||
| History and Theory of Population Growth | 594 | ||
| 22.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. | 594 | ||
| Malthusian Theory | 595 | ||
| Demographic Transition Theory | 595 | ||
| Global Population Today: A Brief Survey | 596 | ||
| Urbanization: The Growth of Cities | 597 | ||
| 22.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world. | 597 | ||
| The Evolution of Cities | 598 | ||
| The Growth of U.S. Cities | 598 | ||
| Suburbs and Urban Decline | 599 | ||
| Postindustrial Sunbelt Cities | 599 | ||
| Megalopolis: The Regional City | 600 | ||
| Edge Cities | 600 | ||
| Changes to Rural Areas | 601 | ||
| Urbanism as a Way of Life | 601 | ||
| 22.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life. | 601 | ||
| Ferdinand Tönnies: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft | 602 | ||
| Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity | 602 | ||
| Georg Simmel: The Blasé Urbanite | 602 | ||
| The Chicago School: Robert Park and Louis Wirth | 603 | ||
| Urban Ecology | 603 | ||
| Urban Political Economy | 604 | ||
| Urbanization in Poor Nations | 605 | ||
| 22.5: Describe the third urban revolution now under way in poor societies. | 605 | ||
| Environment and Society | 606 | ||
| 22.6: Analyze current environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. | 606 | ||
| The Global Dimension | 606 | ||
| Technology and the Environmental Deficit | 607 | ||
| Culture: Growth and Limits | 607 | ||
| Solid Waste: The Disposable Society | 608 | ||
| Water and Air | 610 | ||
| The Rain Forests | 611 | ||
| Global Climate Change | 612 | ||
| Declining Biodiversity | 612 | ||
| Environmental Racism | 613 | ||
| Toward a Sustainable Society and World | 614 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 616 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 617 | ||
| Making the Grade | 618 | ||
| Chapter 23: Collective Behavior and Social Movements | 620 | ||
| The Power of Society to encourage or discourage participation in social movements | 621 | ||
| Studying Collective Behavior | 622 | ||
| 23.1: Distinguish various types of collective behavior. | 622 | ||
| Localized Collectivities: Crowds | 623 | ||
| 23.2: Identify five types of crowds and three explanations of crowd behavior. | 623 | ||
| Mobs and Riots | 624 | ||
| Crowds, Mobs, and Social Change | 625 | ||
| Theories of Crowd Behavior | 625 | ||
| Dispersed Collectivities: Mass Behavior | 626 | ||
| 23.3: Describe rumor, disasters, and other types of mass behavior. | 626 | ||
| Rumor and Gossip | 626 | ||
| Public Opinion and Propaganda | 627 | ||
| Fashions and Fads | 628 | ||
| Panic and Mass Hysteria | 628 | ||
| Disasters | 629 | ||
| Social Movements | 631 | ||
| 23.4: Analyze the causes and consequences of social movements. | 631 | ||
| Types of Social Movements | 631 | ||
| Claims Making | 632 | ||
| Explaining Social Movements | 632 | ||
| Gender and Social Movements | 639 | ||
| Stages in Social Movements | 639 | ||
| Social Movements and Social Change | 640 | ||
| Social Movements: Looking Ahead | 640 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 642 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 643 | ||
| Making the Grade | 644 | ||
| Chapter 24: Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and Postmodern Societies | 646 | ||
| The Power of Society to shape our view of science | 647 | ||
| What Is Social Change? | 648 | ||
| 24.1: State four defining characteristics of social change. | 648 | ||
| Causes of Social Change | 649 | ||
| 24.2: Explain how culture, conflict, ideas, and population patterns direct social change. | 649 | ||
| Culture and Change | 649 | ||
| Conflict and Change | 650 | ||
| Ideas and Change | 650 | ||
| Demographic Change | 650 | ||
| Visions of Modernity | 651 | ||
| 24.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity. | 651 | ||
| Four Dimensions of Modernization | 651 | ||
| Ferdinand Tönnies: The Loss of Community | 652 | ||
| Emile Durkheim: The Division of Labor | 654 | ||
| Max Weber: Rationalization | 655 | ||
| Karl Marx: Capitalism | 656 | ||
| Theories of Modernity | 656 | ||
| 24.4: Contrast analysis of modernity as mass society and as class society. | 656 | ||
| Structural-Functional Theory: Modernity as Mass Society | 656 | ||
| Social-Conflict Theory: Modernity as Class Society | 658 | ||
| Modernity and the Individual | 659 | ||
| Modernity and Progress | 661 | ||
| Modernity: Global Variation | 663 | ||
| Postmodernity | 663 | ||
| 24.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism. | 663 | ||
| Modernization and Our Global Future | 664 | ||
| 24.6: Evaluate possible directions of future social change. | 664 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life | 665 | ||
| Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life | 666 | ||
| Making the Grade | 667 | ||
| Glossary | 669 | ||
| References | 675 | ||
| Credits | 705 | ||
| Author Index | 711 | ||
| A | 711 | ||
| B | 711 | ||
| C | 711 | ||
| D | 712 | ||
| E | 712 | ||
| F | 712 | ||
| G | 712 | ||
| H | 713 | ||
| I | 713 | ||
| J | 713 | ||
| K | 713 | ||
| L | 713 | ||
| M | 714 | ||
| N | 714 | ||
| O | 714 | ||
| P | 714 | ||
| Q | 715 | ||
| R | 715 | ||
| S | 715 | ||
| T | 716 | ||
| U | 716 | ||
| V | 716 | ||
| W | 716 | ||
| X | 716 | ||
| Y | 716 | ||
| Z | 716 | ||
| Subject Index | 717 | ||
| A | 717 | ||
| B | 718 | ||
| C | 718 | ||
| D | 720 | ||
| E | 721 | ||
| F | 722 | ||
| G | 722 | ||
| H | 724 | ||
| I | 725 | ||
| J | 725 | ||
| K | 725 | ||
| L | 726 | ||
| M | 726 | ||
| N | 728 | ||
| O | 728 | ||
| P | 728 | ||
| Q | 729 | ||
| R | 729 | ||
| S | 730 | ||
| T | 734 | ||
| U | 735 | ||
| V | 735 | ||
| W | 735 | ||
| X | 736 | ||
| Y | 736 | ||
| Z | 736 |