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The Story of an African Working Class

The Story of an African Working Class

Jeff Crisp | Doctor Gavin Hilson

(2017)

Abstract

This seminal work tells the story of Ghana's gold miners, one of the oldest and most militant groups of workers in Africa. It is a story of struggle against exploitative mining companies, repressive governments and authoritarian trade union leaders.

Drawing on a wide range of original sources, including previously secret government and company records, Jeff Crisp explores the changing nature of life and work in the gold mines, from the colonial era into the 1980s, and examines the distinctive forms of political consciousness and organization which the miners developed. The study also provides a detailed account of the changing techniques of labour control employed by mining capital and the state, and shows how they failed to curb the workers' solidarity and tradition of militant resistance.

Combining lively historical narrative with original analysis, this book remains a unique contribution to the history of Africa and its working class.


‘One of the best-written and most carefully-researched studies of African labour history I have read.’
Robin Cohen, from the Preface

'One of the most vivid and important works in the history of African labour and its struggles.'
Richard Jeffries, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London


Jeff Crisp is a research associate at the Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, and an associate fellow at Chatham House. He has previously held senior positions at the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Global Commission on International Migration. He is also a respected historian who has written widely on African labour history and current affairs.

Gavin Hilson is a leading global authority on the environmental and social impacts of the small-scale mining sector and has published over a hundred journal articles, book chapters and reports on the subject. He is currently professor and chair of sustainability in business at the University of Sussex.


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Front cover
About the Author iii
Title Page v
Copyright vi
Contents vii
Foreword By Gavin Hilson xi
Preface to the First Edition By Robin Cohen xv
Acknowledgements xix
Abbreviations xx
MEU General Strike Poster, 1954 xxii
AGC Anti-Strike Leaflet, 1955–56 xxiii
Map of Ghana xxiv
1. A Conceptual Framework for African Labour History 1
Labour Control and Labour Resistance 1
Strategies of Control and Modes of Resistance 3
The Structure of Conflict in Ghana's Gold Mines 8
Towards a History of the African Working Class 11
2. The Labour Question and the Contradictions of Control, 1870–1906 14
The Origins of the Labour Question, 1810–1900 14
Resistance and the Labour Question 1870–1900 17
The Origins of the Labour Force, 1870–1900 19
The Contradictions of Labour Control, 1900–1906 21
3. From Labour Shortage to Labour Surplus: The Recruitment and Control of a Migrant Labour Force, 1906–1930 35
The Northern Territories Labour Experiment, 1906–1909 35
The Chamber of Mines and the 'South African Solution', 1909–1912 37
Supply and Demand in the Gold Coast Labour Market, 1912–1917 41
The Post-War Labour Crisis, 1918–1920 43
Coercive Recruitment in the North, 1921–1925 46
Resistance, Migration, and Underdevelopment, 1925–1930 50
4. The Growth of Consciousness and the Organization of Resistance, 1930–1947 56
Discontent and the Dynamics of Resistance, 1930–1937 56
Responses to Resistance, 1937–1944 65
Unionization and the First General Mines Strike, 1944–1947 76
5. Worker Militancy And Union Response, 1947–1956 94
Mining Capital and the MHU under Pressure, 1947–1950 94
Conflict in the Workplace, 1950–1954 104
Union Militancy and the Second General Mines Strike, 1954–1956 115
6. Union Atrophy and worker Revolt: The CPP period, 1956–1966 125
The Mine Workers' Union and the Political Economy of Independence, 1956–1960 125
The MWU and the Political Economy of CPP Rule, 1961–1964 132
Party Penetration and the Destruction of Union Authority, 1964–1966 136
7. Union Atrophy and worker revolt under Military and civilian regimes, 1966–1980 150
The Revolt Against Authority, 1968–1971 150
Reform and Revolt: Mine Worker Resistance, 1971–1980 165
8. The Limits of Militancy: Mine worker Resistance and Political Change in ghana 179
The Roots of Mine Worker Militancy 179
The Sources of Mine Worker Solidarity 181
Mine Worker Consciousness and its Limitations 183
The Mine Workers, Trade Unionism, and Political Change 185
Bibliography of Sources Cited 189
Archives 189
Official Publications 190
Periodical Publications 191
Secondary Sources 191
Interviews 194
Index\r 196