Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Foot and Ankle Injection Techniques provides the student and practising podiatrist with all they need to understand when, how and what to inject.
To support the clinician and student, the text covers:
- Changes in legislation
- The full range of injectable drugs available to the practitioner
- Essential information on nerve physiology, drug action, equipment, patient selection, injection techniques and many other topics
- A step-by-step guide to injection techniques
- Useful background information in introductory chapters
Written by two highly respected consultant podiatric surgeons.
- Online resources containing video clips to supplement the text. For access, please log on to, http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780702031076/ and follow the instructions
- Abundant photographs and clear line illustrations of the techniques and underlying anatomy
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Foot and Ankle Injection Techniques | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Foreword | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Chapter 1: Local Anaesthetics | 1 | ||
| History of local anaesthesia | 1 | ||
| Nerve physiology | 2 | ||
| Plasma membranes | 2 | ||
| Local anaesthetic drugs | 3 | ||
| What are local anaesthetics? | 4 | ||
| Stereoisomers | 5 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 5 | ||
| Nerve susceptibility to local anaesthetic | 6 | ||
| Drug characteristics | 7 | ||
| Lidocaine hydrochloride | 10 | ||
| Prilocaine hydrochloride | 12 | ||
| Mepivacaine hydrochloride | 13 | ||
| Bupivacaine hydrochloride | 14 | ||
| Levobupivacaine | 15 | ||
| Ropivacaine hydrochloride | 17 | ||
| EMLA cream | 19 | ||
| Ametop | 20 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 22 | ||
| Chapter 2: Applications of Local Anaesthetics | 23 | ||
| Selecting a local anaesthetic | 23 | ||
| Clinical applications of local Anaesthetics | 23 | ||
| Pain control | 25 | ||
| Diagnostic injections of the foot and ankle | 31 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 34 | ||
| Chapter 3: Patient Suitability For Local Anaesthetic | 35 | ||
| Driving | 35 | ||
| Psychological factors | 36 | ||
| Medical suitability for local Anaesthetic | 36 | ||
| Epilepsy | 37 | ||
| Allergy | 37 | ||
| Neuropathy | 39 | ||
| Sickle cell disease | 39 | ||
| Anaemia | 40 | ||
| Methaemoglobinaemia | 40 | ||
| Pregnancy and breast-feeding | 41 | ||
| Anaesthetic Implications of myasthesia gravis | 42 | ||
| PNBs in patients taking anticoagulants | 42 | ||
| Porphyrias | 43 | ||
| Malignant hyperpyrexia | 45 | ||
| References | 45 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 45 | ||
| Chapter 4: Calculating Maximum Safe Doses | 47 | ||
| Considerations for local anaesthetic dose calculations | 47 | ||
| MSD for local anaesthetics | 48 | ||
| Doses when dealing with continuous infusion or repeat PNB | 49 | ||
| Calculating safe doses in Clinical practice | 49 | ||
| What about when we use two drugs? | 50 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 51 | ||
| Chapter 5: Complications of Peripheral Nerve Blocks | 53 | ||
| Minimum equipment recommendations | 53 | ||
| Types of complications | 54 | ||
| Clinical emergencies | 57 | ||
| Nerve injury related to peripheral nerve blocks | 64 | ||
| Needle design | 71 | ||
| Reducing the risk of injury following PNB | 71 | ||
| Diagnosis and management of peripheral nerve injury associated with PNB | 74 | ||
| Spectrum of clinical features associated with peripheral nerve injury (Fig. 5.5) | 74 | ||
| Record keeping and peripheral nerve blocks | 75 | ||
| Local anaesthetics and epinephrine | 75 | ||
| References | 76 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 77 | ||
| Chapter 6: Nerve stimulators | 79 | ||
| How does a nerve stimulator work? | 79 | ||
| Key components of a nerve stimulator | 80 | ||
| Placement of electrodes | 81 | ||
| Types of nerve stimulator | 81 | ||
| Constant voltage nerve stimulators | 81 | ||
| Constant current nerve stimulators | 81 | ||
| Why don’t nerve stimulators cause patients pain during their use? | 82 | ||
| Sensitivity of motor activity to current output | 82 | ||
| Insulated needles | 82 | ||
| Practical steps when using a nerve stimulator (Fig. 6.5) | 83 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 84 | ||
| Chapter 7: The Basics | 85 | ||
| Warming the local anaesthetic solution | 85 | ||
| Infection and local anaesthetic injections | 85 | ||
| Cross-infection considerations | 86 | ||
| Skin tension | 86 | ||
| Angle of needle entry | 86 | ||
| Patient positioning | 88 | ||
| Reference | 88 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 88 | ||
| Chapter 8: Basic Local Anaesthetic Techniques | 89 | ||
| Local infiltration | 89 | ||
| Technique: dorsum of the foot | 89 | ||
| Technique: posterior of heel | 90 | ||
| Digital block | 91 | ||
| Hallux digital block technique | 92 | ||
| Hallux block sequence (Figs 8.3–8.6) | 92 | ||
| Inappropriate techniques | 93 | ||
| Mayo block | 94 | ||
| Technique: Mayo Block 1st ray segment | 95 | ||
| Ankle block | 95 | ||
| Saphenous nerve (L3,4) | 96 | ||
| Saphenous nerve (ankle) – (L3,4) | 97 | ||
| Saphenous block | 98 | ||
| Tibial nerve (ankle) (L4,5,S1-3) | 99 | ||
| Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4,5; S1) | 101 | ||
| Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve | 103 | ||
| Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve technique | 103 | ||
| Deep peroneal nerve (L4,5 S1) | 104 | ||
| Overview of main branching of the deep fibular nerve (Fig. 8.21) | 105 | ||
| Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (Fig. 8.24) | 106 | ||
| Injection technique (Table 8.19) | 106 | ||
| Upper peroneal block technique | 108 | ||
| Sural nerve (S1,2) (Figs 8.27, 8.28, and 8.29) | 109 | ||
| Sural nerve technique | 111 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 111 | ||
| Chapter 9: Advanced Local Anaesthetic Techniques | 113 | ||
| Saphenous nerve block (knee) | 113 | ||
| Common fibular nerve block (L4,5; S1,2) (Table 9.3) | 115 | ||
| Popliteal nerve block | 116 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 127 | ||
| Chapter 10: Corticosteroid Injection Therapy | 129 | ||
| Introduction | 129 | ||
| Physiology and pharmacology | 129 | ||
| Evidence for injection therapy | 131 | ||
| Treatment aims | 132 | ||
| Contraindications – soft tissue injection Recommendations | 133 | ||
| Contraindications – intra-articular injections | 134 | ||
| Side effects and complications | 134 | ||
| Technique and process | 135 | ||
| Equipment | 136 | ||
| Choice of steroid | 136 | ||
| Giving the injection – stepwise approach | 136 | ||
| Record drugs/dosages/batch numbers | 137 | ||
| Give (and make a record of) aftercare advice | 137 | ||
| Evaluation of injections | 137 | ||
| Summary | 138 | ||
| References | 138 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 139 | ||
| Chapter 11: Common Foot and Ankle Conditions: Joint injections | 141 | ||
| Joints | 141 | ||
| Overview of synovial joints | 141 | ||
| Anatomy | 141 | ||
| Classification of synovial joints | 142 | ||
| General considerations | 142 | ||
| Guided injections | 143 | ||
| Joint injections | 143 | ||
| References | 150 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 151 | ||
| Chapter 12: Common foot and ankle conditions: soft tissue injections | 153 | ||
| General considerations | 153 | ||
| Heel pain | 153 | ||
| Plantar fasciitis | 154 | ||
| Plantar calcaneal bursitis | 156 | ||
| Tarsal tunnel syndrome | 157 | ||
| Morton’s neuroma | 158 | ||
| Pre-achilles bursitis and Haglund’s deformity | 160 | ||
| Tendon pathology | 161 | ||
| References | 162 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 163 | ||
| Chapter 13: Other Injection Therapies | 169 | ||
| Hyaluronic acid therapy | 169 | ||
| Prolotherapy | 176 | ||
| Sclerosing injections | 178 | ||
| Fillers | 178 | ||
| Botulinum toxin | 179 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| Bibliography and Further Reading | 180 | ||
| Subject Index | 183 | ||
| CD Licence Agreement | 195 | ||
| Color Plates | 197 |