Menu Expand
Social Tourism in Europe

Social Tourism in Europe

Scott McCabe | Dr. Lynn Minnaert | Anya Diekmann

(2011)

Additional Information

Abstract

This book, the first on social tourism in English, provides a comprehensive analysis of the various systems and practices in support of disadvantaged people's enjoyment of tourism. Combining theory and practice and a truly European perspective, this book provides an interdisciplinary approach to examine the concepts and contexts underpinning social tourism that will be a key reference point for students, practitioners and researchers. Theoretical perspectives on social tourism are assessed in the context of social inequality, sustainability, family diversity, mobility and the welfare society. The case studies cover public initiatives, charities and voluntary organisations, from a range of different countries including the UK, Ireland, Belgium, Denmark and Poland, covering the diversity of systems and practices in Europe.


Scott McCabe graduated from his doctoral studies in 2001 and has been working in higher education for last sixteen years. Scott is currently head of the Marketing Division at Nottingham University Business School, where he has worked for seven years. Previously he worked in the hospitality sector, mainly in small hotels, restaurants and bars, travelling widely in Europe, Australia and South East Asia. He worked for a time in the fine wine trade.

Dr Lynn Minnaert is a lecturer in tourism and events at the University of Surrey. Her research focuses on social tourism and social sustainability in tourism and events.

Anya Diekmann is Professor of Tourism at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium. Her research focuses mainly on cultural tourism, urban ethnic and slum tourism as well as social tourism.


In austere times, Social Tourism has the potential to make innovative contributions to the restructuring of both the visitor economy and social policy. This book is a timely addition to the emerging research on this neglected topic. Its wide-ranging and challenging review of the concepts that underlie social tourism together with examples of how it is practised will make it invaluable to researchers, students and policymakers.


This book, therefore, fills a need among tourism scholars and industry organizers who seek practical information on the rights and responsibilities assigned travel, and the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of tourism in the 21st Century. I found it a useful resource for introductory university courses in tourism and cultural anthropology. I would also recommend it for anyone interested in the history of European tourism and the ceremonial nature of tourist activities.


This well-researched collection of papers provides a refreshing insight into the diverse historical experiences and interpretations of ‘social tourism’ across Europe. Through a combination of penetrating theoretical analysis and up-to-date practical illustration it raises a number of fundamental questions regarding the role of tourism in contemporary societies and presents a powerful case for regarding tourism as more than a commercially-driven industry or item of discretionary leisure consumption but also as a vital social need and universal right.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Contents v
Figures ix
Tables x
Acknowledgements xi
Contributors xii
1\tIntroduction 1
Scott McCabe, Lynn Minnaert and \nAnya Diekmann 1
Structure of the Book 6
The Case Studies: Social Tourism Practices 10
Conclusions 12
Case Study 1: \nInternational Social Tourism Organisation \n(ISTO, formerly BITS) 14
Charles Belanger Director 14
2\tDefining Social Tourism and \nIts Historical Context 18
Lynn Minnaert, Anya Diekmann \nand Scott McCabe 18
Definitions 20
Social Tourism in Europe: A Brief History 24
Conclusion 27
Case Study 2: \nHoliday Participation Centre, Flanders (Steunpunt Vakantieparticipatie) 31
Marianne Schapmans Coordinator 31
3\tSocial Tourism Today: Stakeholders, and Supply \nand Demand Factors 35
Anya Diekmann, Scott McCabe and \nLynn Minnaert 35
An Explanatory Framework for the Common Organisational Structure of Social Tourism in Europe 36
Unpacking the Demand for Social Tourism 39
Social Tourism Systems 40
Intermediary Organisations 43
Commercial and Social Tourism: \nAn Ambivalent Relationship 43
Developing Unified Social Tourism \nImplementation Schemes 44
Conclusions 45
Case Study 3: \nFamily Holiday Association 48
Thea Joldesma Programme and Policy Manager 48
4\tResisting the Hegemony of the Market: Reclaiming the Social Capacities of Tourism 53
Freya Higgins-Desbiolles 53
Hegemonic Neoliberalism and Its Impacts 53
Neoliberalism and Tourism 55
Tourism as an Industry: The Marketisation of Tourism 56
Tourism as a Social Force: The Transformative Capacity of Tourism 59
Tourism and Travel as a Human Right 60
Social Tourism: A Forgotten Commitment to Humanity 61
Conclusion 66
Case Study 4: ‘Arbejdsmarkedets Feriefond’ – The Labour Market Holiday Fund, Denmark 69
Anne-Mette Hjalager Managing Director, \nAdvance/1 Research Consultancy, Aarhus, Denmark 69
5\tSocial Tourism and \nthe Social Economy 73
Gilles Caire 73
Social Tourism in France: \nA Considerable Economic Player 74
The Origins of Social Tourism in France 76
The Implementation of a Fordist Form of \nSocial Tourism 78
Holiday Villages: Professionalisation and Standardisation 80
The Beginning of Competition, Resistance \nand Innovation 83
Conclusion: Social Tourism and the French Model: \nA Cultural Exception 86
Case Study 5: \nFloreal, Joie et Vacances 89
Kim Beuten PA to the General Manager 89
6\tMobilities and Social Exclusion: Towards a \nResearch Agenda 92
Kevin Hannam 92
The Mobilities Paradigm 93
Leisure, Social Inequalities and Mobilities 95
Children’s Mobilities 97
Conclusions 99
Case Study 6: The Sunshine Fund 104
Tom MacMahon Vice-President and Head of the \nChildren’s Department 104
7\tThe Welfare Society \nand Tourism: \nEuropean Perspectives 108
Derek Hall and Frances Brown 108
Access to Leisure Travel as Welfare 108
The Welfare State in Europe 112
International Differences in Access to Holidays 113
Models of Social Tourism in Europe 115
The Evolution of Social Tourism Under State Socialism 116
Conclusions 118
Case Study 7: Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-Krajoznawcze (PTTK; Polish Tourist Association) 122
Paweł Zan’ Senior Specialist, Management Office, \nPolish Tourist Association 122
8\tThe Family Factor in \nSocial Tourism 126
Elizabeth Such and Tess Kay 126
The Representation of Family Diversity in \nTourism Research 127
The Significance of Free-Time Activity in Family Life 129
The Parameters of Diversity in Contemporary ‘Family’ 131
Responding to Diversity in Family Research in \nTourism Studies 135
Conclusions 138
Case Study 8: The Family Fund, UK 142
Clare Kassa Network Development Manager, Family Fund 142
9\tDisability, Representation and Access to Tourism 145
Gareth Shaw and Sheela Agarwal 145
Policy Contexts: Empowering the Disabled Tourist 146
The Holiday Experiences of Persons With Disabilities 154
The Embodiment and the Representation of Persons with Disabilities in Tourism Marketing 156
Travellers with Disabilities, Co-creation and \nCo-production 159
Conclusion 159
Case Study 9: Consorzio Sociale (COIN – Società Cooperativa Sociale) 163
Anna-Grazia Laura COIN Project Coordinator 163
10\tSocial Tourism and Sustainability 166
Christian Baumgartner 166
Sustainable Tourism 167
Social Tourism and Sustainability 169
Naturefriends: Origins in Social and \nSustainable Tourism 171
Sustainability Challenges for Social Tourism 172
Conclusions 175
Case Study 10: European Union Federation of Youth Hostel Associations (EUFED) 178
Dr Constanze Adolph Operations Director, EUFED 178
11\tConclusions and future research issues 184
Scott McCabe, Anya Diekmann \nand Lynn Minnaert 184
Looking Back 185
Moving Forward 190
Table 5.1 Growth in number of customers: Villages Vacances Familles (VVF) versus Club Méditerranée 82
Table 8.1 Holidays as a necessity and holiday deprivation 128
Table 8.2 Proportions (%) of UK families with dependent children by ethnic group and family type (April 2001) 136
Table 9.1 European Action Plan for Disability and Equal Opportunities (2004–07) 147
Table 9.2 The European disability strategy, 2010–20: key action areas and objectives 148
Table 9.3 Sample of respondents in the EU-wide survey 2009–10 152
Table 9.4 Disabled consumers’ views of their representation in holiday literature 153
Figure 3.1 The common organisational structure for European social tourism 37
Figure 3.2 Social tourism provision structures 41
Figure 4.1 A model of interdependent systems: ecology, society and economy (source: Stilwell, 2002: 14) 66
Figure 5.1 Mass tourism and wage relations 79
Figure 5.2 The social economy within the wider economy (adapted from Demoustier, 2003) 81
Figure 5.3 Social tourism within plural Fordist tourism 81
Figure 10.1 Sustainable development in tourism (based on Müller & Flügel, 1999; adapted according to Baumgartner, 2000) 168