BOOK
Biology: A Global Approach, Global Edition
Neil A. Campbell | Lisa A. Urry | Michael L. Cain | Steven A. Wasserman | Peter V. Minorsky | Author
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For courses in general biology.
The world’s most successful majors biology text and media program are better than ever!
The 11th Edition of the best-selling Campbell BIOLOGY sets students on the path to success in biology through its clear and engaging narrative, superior skills instruction, innovative use of art and photos, and fully integrated media resources to enhance teaching and learning.
To engage learners in developing a deeper understanding of biology, the 11th Edition challenges them to apply their knowledge and skills to a variety of new hands-on activities and exercises in the text and online. Content updates throughout the text reflect rapidly evolving research, and new learning tools include Problem-Solving Exercises, Visualizing Figures, Visual Skills Questions, and more.
MasteringBiology™ is not included. Students, if MasteringBiology is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN. MasteringBiology should only be purchased when required by an instructor.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Preface | 4 | ||
| Featured Figures | 24 | ||
| Brief Contents | 33 | ||
| Detailed Contents | 34 | ||
| Chapter 1: Biology and Its Themes | 50 | ||
| Inquiring About Life | 50 | ||
| Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals unifying themes | 52 | ||
| Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization | 53 | ||
| Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information | 55 | ||
| Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter | 57 | ||
| Theme: From Molecules to Ecosystems, Interactions Are Important in Biological Systems | 58 | ||
| Concept 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life | 59 | ||
| Classifying the Diversity of Life | 60 | ||
| Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection | 62 | ||
| The Tree of Life | 63 | ||
| Concept 1.3: In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses | 64 | ||
| Exploration and Observation | 65 | ||
| Forming and Testing Hypotheses | 65 | ||
| The Flexibility of the Scientific Process | 66 | ||
| A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Coat Coloration in Mouse Populations | 68 | ||
| Experimental Variables and Controls | 68 | ||
| Theories in Science | 69 | ||
| Concept 1.4: Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints | 70 | ||
| Building on the Work of Others | 70 | ||
| Science, Technology, and Society | 71 | ||
| The Value of Diverse Viewpoints in Science | 72 | ||
| Chapter Review | 73 | ||
| Unit 1: The Role of Chemistry in Biology | 75 | ||
| Interview: Lovell Jones | 75 | ||
| Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules | 76 | ||
| A Chemical Connection to Biology | 76 | ||
| Concept 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds | 77 | ||
| Elements and Compounds | 77 | ||
| The Elements of Life | 77 | ||
| Case Study: Evolution of Tolerance to Toxic Elements | 78 | ||
| Concept 2.2: An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms | 78 | ||
| Subatomic Particles | 78 | ||
| Atomic Number and Atomic Mass | 79 | ||
| Isotopes | 79 | ||
| The Energy Levels of Electrons | 80 | ||
| Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties | 82 | ||
| Electron Orbitals | 83 | ||
| Concept 2.3: The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms | 84 | ||
| Covalent Bonds | 84 | ||
| Ionic Bonds | 85 | ||
| Weak Chemical Interactions | 86 | ||
| Molecular Shape and Function | 87 | ||
| Concept 2.4: Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds | 88 | ||
| Chapter Review | 90 | ||
| Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Water | 92 | ||
| The Molecule that Supports All of Life | 92 | ||
| Concept 3.1: Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding | 93 | ||
| Concept 3.2: Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life | 93 | ||
| Cohesion of Water Molecules | 93 | ||
| Moderation of Temperature by Water | 94 | ||
| Floating of Ice on Liquid Water | 95 | ||
| Water: The Solvent of Life | 97 | ||
| Possible Evolution of Life on Other Planets | 98 | ||
| Concept 3.3: Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms | 99 | ||
| Acids and Bases | 99 | ||
| The pH Scale | 99 | ||
| Buffers | 100 | ||
| Acidification: A Threat to Our Oceans | 101 | ||
| Chapter Review | 102 | ||
| Chapter 4: Carbon: The Basis of Molecular Diversity | 104 | ||
| Carbon: The Backbone of Life | 104 | ||
| Concept 4.1: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds | 105 | ||
| Organic Molecules and the Origin of Life on Earth | 105 | ||
| Concept 4.2: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms | 106 | ||
| The Formation of Bonds with Carbon | 107 | ||
| Molecular Diversity Arising from Variationin Carbon Skeletons | 108 | ||
| Concept 4.3: A few chemical groups are keyto molecular function | 110 | ||
| The Chemical Groups Most Important in the Processes of Life | 110 | ||
| ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes | 112 | ||
| The Chemical Elements of Life: A Review | 112 | ||
| Chapter Review | 112 | ||
| Chapter 5: Biological Macromolecules and Lipids | 114 | ||
| The Molecules of Life | 114 | ||
| Concept 5.1: Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers | 115 | ||
| The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers | 115 | ||
| The Diversity of Polymers | 115 | ||
| Concept 5.2: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material | 116 | ||
| Sugars | 116 | ||
| Polysaccharides | 118 | ||
| Concept 5.3: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules | 120 | ||
| Fats | 120 | ||
| Phospholipids | 122 | ||
| Steroids | 123 | ||
| Concept 5.4: Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions | 123 | ||
| Amino Acid Monomers | 123 | ||
| Polypeptides (Amino Acid Polymers) | 126 | ||
| Protein Structure and Function | 126 | ||
| Concept 5.5: Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information | 132 | ||
| The Roles of Nucleic Acids | 132 | ||
| The Components of Nucleic Acids | 132 | ||
| Nucleotide Polymers | 133 | ||
| The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules | 134 | ||
| Concept 5.6: Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications | 134 | ||
| DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution | 135 | ||
| Chapter Review | 138 | ||
| Chapter 6: Energy and Life | 141 | ||
| The Energy of Life | 141 | ||
| Concept 6.1: An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics | 142 | ||
| Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways | 142 | ||
| Forms of Energy | 142 | ||
| The Laws of Energy Transformation | 143 | ||
| Concept 6.2: The free-energy change of a reactiontells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously | 145 | ||
| Free-Energy Change, ΔG | 145 | ||
| Free Energy, Stability, and Equilibrium | 145 | ||
| Free Energy and Metabolism | 146 | ||
| Concept 6.3: ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions | 148 | ||
| The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP | 148 | ||
| How the Hydrolysis of ATP Performs Work | 149 | ||
| The Regeneration of ATP | 151 | ||
| Concept 6.4: Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers | 151 | ||
| The Activation Energy Barrier | 151 | ||
| How Enzymes Speed Up Reactions | 152 | ||
| Substrate Specificity of Enzymes | 153 | ||
| Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active Site | 154 | ||
| Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity | 155 | ||
| The Evolution of Enzymes | 157 | ||
| Concept 6.5: Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism | 157 | ||
| Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes | 158 | ||
| Localization of Enzymes Within the Cell | 159 | ||
| Chapter Review | 160 | ||
| Unit 2: Cell Biology | 162 | ||
| Interview: Elba Serrano | 162 | ||
| Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function | 163 | ||
| The Fundamental Units of Life | 163 | ||
| Concept 7.1: Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells | 164 | ||
| Microscopy | 164 | ||
| Cell Fractionation | 166 | ||
| Concept 7.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions | 167 | ||
| Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells | 167 | ||
| A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell | 169 | ||
| Concept 7.3: The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes | 172 | ||
| The Nucleus: Information Central | 172 | ||
| Ribosomes: Protein Factories | 172 | ||
| Concept 7.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions | 174 | ||
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory | 174 | ||
| The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center | 175 | ||
| Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments | 177 | ||
| Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments | 178 | ||
| The Endomembrane System: A Review | 178 | ||
| Concept 7.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another | 179 | ||
| The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts | 179 | ||
| Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion | 180 | ||
| Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy | 180 | ||
| Peroxisomes: Oxidation | 182 | ||
| Concept 7.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell | 182 | ||
| Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility | 182 | ||
| Components of the Cytoskeleton | 183 | ||
| Concept 7.7: Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities | 188 | ||
| Cell Walls of Plants | 188 | ||
| The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells | 188 | ||
| Cell Junctions | 189 | ||
| Concept 7.8: A cell is greater than the sum of its parts | 191 | ||
| Chapter Review | 194 | ||
| Chapter 8: Cell Membranes | 196 | ||
| Life at the Edge | 196 | ||
| Concept 8.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins | 197 | ||
| The Fluidity of Membranes | 198 | ||
| Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid Composition | 199 | ||
| Membrane Proteins and Their Functions | 199 | ||
| The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell Recognition | 200 | ||
| Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes | 201 | ||
| Concept 8.2: Membrane structure results in selective permeability | 201 | ||
| The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer | 202 | ||
| Transport Proteins | 202 | ||
| Concept 8.3: Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment | 202 | ||
| Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance | 203 | ||
| Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins | 205 | ||
| Concept 8.4: Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients | 206 | ||
| The Need for Energy in Active Transport | 206 | ||
| How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential | 207 | ||
| Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein | 208 | ||
| Concept 8.5: Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis | 209 | ||
| Exocytosis | 209 | ||
| Endocytosis | 209 | ||
| Chapter Review | 211 | ||
| Chapter 9: Cellular Signaling | 214 | ||
| Cellular Messaging | 214 | ||
| Concept 9.1: External signals are converted to responses within the cell | 215 | ||
| Evolution of Cell Signaling | 215 | ||
| Local and Long-Distance Signaling | 217 | ||
| The Three Stages of Cell Signaling: A Preview | 218 | ||
| Concept 9.2: Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape | 219 | ||
| Receptors in the Plasma Membrane | 219 | ||
| Intracellular Receptors | 222 | ||
| Concept 9.3: Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell | 223 | ||
| Signal Transduction Pathways | 223 | ||
| Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation | 224 | ||
| Small Molecules and Ions as Second Messengers | 225 | ||
| Concept 9.4: Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities | 228 | ||
| Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Responses | 228 | ||
| Regulation of the Response | 228 | ||
| Concept 9.5: Apoptosis integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways | 231 | ||
| Apoptosis in the Soil Worm Caenorhabditis elegans | 232 | ||
| Apoptotic Pathways and the Signals That Trigger Them | 232 | ||
| Chapter Review | 234 | ||
| Chapter 10: Cell Respiration | 236 | ||
| Life is Work | 236 | ||
| Concept 10.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels | 237 | ||
| Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP | 237 | ||
| Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction | 237 | ||
| The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview | 240 | ||
| Concept 10.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate | 242 | ||
| Concept 10.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules | 243 | ||
| Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA | 243 | ||
| The Citric Acid Cycle | 244 | ||
| Concept 10.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis | 246 | ||
| The Pathway of Electron Transport | 246 | ||
| Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism | 247 | ||
| An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration | 249 | ||
| Concept 10.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen | 251 | ||
| Types of Fermentation | 252 | ||
| Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration | 253 | ||
| The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis | 253 | ||
| Concept 10.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways | 254 | ||
| The Versatility of Catabolism | 254 | ||
| Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways) | 255 | ||
| Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms | 255 | ||
| Chapter Review | 256 | ||
| Chapter 11: Photosynthetic Processes | 259 | ||
| The Process that Feeds the Biosphere | 259 | ||
| Concept 11.1: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food | 261 | ||
| Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants | 261 | ||
| Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific Inquiry | 262 | ||
| The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview | 263 | ||
| Concept 11.2: The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH | 264 | ||
| The Nature of Sunlight | 264 | ||
| Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors | 264 | ||
| Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light | 267 | ||
| A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes | 267 | ||
| Linear Electron Flow | 269 | ||
| Cyclic Electron Flow | 270 | ||
| A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria | 271 | ||
| Concept 11.3: The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar | 273 | ||
| Concept 11.4: Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates | 275 | ||
| Photorespiration: An Evolutionary Relic? | 275 | ||
| C4 Plants | 275 | ||
| CAM Plants | 277 | ||
| Concept 11.5: Life depends on photosynthesis | 278 | ||
| The Importance of Photosynthesis: A Review | 278 | ||
| Chapter Review | 282 | ||
| Chapter 12: Mitosis | 284 | ||
| The Key Roles of Cell Division | 284 | ||
| Concept 12.1: Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells | 285 | ||
| Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material | 285 | ||
| Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division | 286 | ||
| Concept 12.2: The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle | 287 | ||
| Phases of the Cell Cycle | 287 | ||
| The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look | 287 | ||
| Cytokinesis: A Closer Look | 291 | ||
| Binary Fission in Bacteria | 292 | ||
| The Evolution of Mitosis | 293 | ||
| Concept 12.3: The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system | 294 | ||
| The Cell Cycle Control System | 294 | ||
| Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells | 298 | ||
| Chapter Review | 301 | ||
| Unit 3: The Genetic Basis of Life | 303 | ||
| Interview: Shirley Tilghman | 303 | ||
| Chapter 13: Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis | 304 | ||
| Variations on a Theme | 304 | ||
| Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes | 305 | ||
| Inheritance of Genes | 305 | ||
| Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction | 305 | ||
| Concept 13.2: Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles | 306 | ||
| Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells | 306 | ||
| Behavior of Chromosome Sets in the Human Life Cycle | 307 | ||
| The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles | 308 | ||
| Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid | 309 | ||
| The Stages of Meiosis | 309 | ||
| Crossing Over and Synapsis During Prophase I | 312 | ||
| A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis | 312 | ||
| Concept 13.4: Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution | 315 | ||
| Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring | 315 | ||
| The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Variation Within Populations | 316 | ||
| Chapter Review | 317 | ||
| Chapter 14: Mendelian Genetics | 319 | ||
| Drawing from the Deck of Genes | 319 | ||
| Concept 14.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance | 320 | ||
| Mendel’s Experimental, Quantitative Approach | 320 | ||
| The Law of Segregation | 321 | ||
| The Law of Independent Assortment | 324 | ||
| Concept 14.2: Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance | 326 | ||
| The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to Monohybrid Crosses | 327 | ||
| Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability | 327 | ||
| Concept 14.3: Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics | 328 | ||
| Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene | 328 | ||
| Extending Mendelian Genetics for Two or More Genes | 331 | ||
| Nature and Nurture: The Environmental Impact on Phenotype | 332 | ||
| A Mendelian View of Heredity and Variation | 332 | ||
| Concept 14.4: Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance | 334 | ||
| Pedigree Analysis | 334 | ||
| Recessively Inherited Disorders | 335 | ||
| Dominantly Inherited Disorders | 337 | ||
| Multifactorial Disorders | 337 | ||
| Genetic Testing and Counseling | 338 | ||
| Chapter Review | 340 | ||
| Chapter 15: Linkage and Chromosomes | 344 | ||
| Locating Genes Along Chromosomes | 344 | ||
| Concept 15.1: Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes: scientific inquiry | 346 | ||
| Morgan’s Choice of Experimental Organism | 346 | ||
| Correlating Behavior of a Gene’s Alleles with\rBehavior of a Chromosome Pair | 347 | ||
| Concept 15.2: Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance | 348 | ||
| The Chromosomal Basis of Sex | 348 | ||
| Inheritance of X-Linked Genes | 349 | ||
| X Inactivation in Female Mammals | 350 | ||
| Concept 15.3: Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome | 351 | ||
| How Linkage Affects Inheritance | 351 | ||
| Genetic Recombination and Linkage | 352 | ||
| Mapping the Distance Between Genes Using Recombination Data:\rScientific Inquiry | 355 | ||
| Concept 15.4: Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders | 356 | ||
| Abnormal Chromosome Number | 357 | ||
| Alterations of Chromosome Structure | 357 | ||
| Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations | 358 | ||
| Concept 15.5: Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance | 360 | ||
| Genomic Imprinting | 360 | ||
| Inheritance of Organelle Genes | 361 | ||
| Chapter Review | 362 | ||
| Chapter 16: Nucleic Acids and Inheritance | 364 | ||
| Life’s Operating Instructions | 364 | ||
| Concept 16.1: DNA is the genetic material | 365 | ||
| The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry | 365 | ||
| Building a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific Inquiry | 367 | ||
| Concept 16.2: Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair | 370 | ||
| The Basic Principle: Base Pairing to a Template Strand | 370 | ||
| DNA Replication: A Closer Look | 372 | ||
| Proofreading and Repairing DNA | 377 | ||
| Evolutionary Significance of Altered DNA Nucleotides | 378 | ||
| Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules | 378 | ||
| Concept 16.3: A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins | 380 | ||
| Chapter Review | 383 | ||
| Chapter 17: Expression of Genes | 385 | ||
| The Flow of Genetic Information | 385 | ||
| Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation | 386 | ||
| Evidence from Studying Metabolic Defects | 386 | ||
| The Genetic Code | 389 | ||
| Concept 17.2: Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look | 392 | ||
| Molecular Components of Transcription | 392 | ||
| Synthesis of an RNA Transcript | 392 | ||
| Concept 17.3: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription | 395 | ||
| Alteration of mRNA Ends | 395 | ||
| Split Genes and RNA Splicing | 395 | ||
| Concept 17.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look | 397 | ||
| Molecular Components of Translation | 398 | ||
| Building a Polypeptide | 400 | ||
| Completing and Targeting the Functional Protein | 402 | ||
| Making Multiple Polypeptides in Bacteria and Eukaryotes | 405 | ||
| Concept 17.5: Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function | 407 | ||
| Types of Small-Scale Mutations | 407 | ||
| New Mutations and Mutagens | 410 | ||
| What is a Gene? Revisiting the Question | 410 | ||
| Chapter Review | 411 | ||
| Chapter 18: Control of Gene Expression | 413 | ||
| Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder | 413 | ||
| Concept 18.1: Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription | 414 | ||
| Operons: The Basic Concept | 414 | ||
| Repressible and Inducible Operons: Two Types of Negative Gene Regulation | 416 | ||
| Positive Gene Regulation | 417 | ||
| Concept 18.2: Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages | 418 | ||
| Differential Gene Expression | 418 | ||
| Regulation of Chromatin Structure | 419 | ||
| Regulation of Transcription Initiation | 420 | ||
| Mechanisms of Post-Transcriptional Regulation | 425 | ||
| Concept 18.3: Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression | 427 | ||
| Effects on mRNAs by MicroRNAs and Small Interfering\rRNAs | 427 | ||
| Chromatin Remodeling and Effects on Transcription by\rncRNAs | 428 | ||
| The Evolutionary Significance of Small ncRNAs | 429 | ||
| Concept 18.4: A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism | 429 | ||
| A Genetic Program for Embryonic Development | 429 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Determinants and Inductive Signals | 430 | ||
| Sequential Regulation of Gene Expression During Cellular\rDifferentiation | 431 | ||
| Pattern Formation: Setting Up the Body Plan | 432 | ||
| Concept 18.5: Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control | 436 | ||
| Types of Genes Associated with Cancer | 436 | ||
| Interference with Normal Cell-Signaling Pathways | 437 | ||
| The Multistep Model of Cancer Development | 439 | ||
| Inherited Predisposition and Environmental Factors Contributing\rto Cancer | 442 | ||
| The Role of Viruses in Cancer | 442 | ||
| Chapter Review | 443 | ||
| Chapter 19: DNA Technology | 447 | ||
| The DNA Toolbox | 447 | ||
| Concept 19.1: DNA sequencing and DNA cloning are valuable tools for genetic engineering and biological inquiry | 448 | ||
| DNA Sequencing | 448 | ||
| Making Multiple Copies of a Gene or Other DNA Segment | 450 | ||
| Using Restriction Enzymes to Make a Recombinant DNA\rPlasmid | 451 | ||
| Amplifying DNA: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Its\rUse in DNA Cloning | 452 | ||
| Expressing Cloned Eukaryotic Genes | 454 | ||
| Concept 19.2: Biologists use DNA technology to study gene expression and function | 455 | ||
| Analyzing Gene Expression | 455 | ||
| Determining Gene Function | 458 | ||
| Concept 19.3: Cloned organisms and stem cells are useful for basic research and other applications | 460 | ||
| Cloning Plants: Single-Cell Cultures | 461 | ||
| Cloning Animals: Nuclear Transplantation | 461 | ||
| Stem Cells of Animals | 463 | ||
| Concept 19.4: The practical applications of DNA-based biotechnology affect our lives in many ways | 465 | ||
| Medical Applications | 465 | ||
| Forensic Evidence and Genetic Profiles | 468 | ||
| Environmental Cleanup | 469 | ||
| Agricultural Applications | 470 | ||
| Safety and Ethical Questions Raised by DNA Technology | 470 | ||
| Chapter Review | 471 | ||
| Chapter 20: The Evolution of Genomes | 474 | ||
| Reading the Leaves from the Tree of Life | 474 | ||
| Concept 20.1: The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques | 475 | ||
| Concept 20.2: Scientists use bioinformatics to analyse genomes and their functions | 476 | ||
| Centralized Resources for Analyzing Genome Sequences | 476 | ||
| Identifying Protein-Coding Genes and Understanding their Functions | 477 | ||
| Understanding Genes and Gene Expression at the Systems Level | 478 | ||
| Concept 20.3: Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density | 480 | ||
| Genome Size | 480 | ||
| Number of Genes | 481 | ||
| Gene Density and Noncoding DNA | 481 | ||
| Concept 20.4: Multicellular eukaryotes have a lot of noncoding DNA and many multigene families | 482 | ||
| Transposable Elements and Related Sequences | 483 | ||
| Other Repetitive DNA, Including Simple Sequence DNA | 484 | ||
| Genes and Multigene Families | 484 | ||
| Concept 20.5: Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution | 486 | ||
| Duplication of Entire Chromosome Sets | 486 | ||
| Alterations of Chromosome Structure | 486 | ||
| Duplication and Divergence of Gene-Sized Regions of DNA | 487 | ||
| Rearrangements of Parts of Genes: Exon Duplication and Exon Shuffling | 488 | ||
| How Transposable Elements Contribute to Genome Evolution | 491 | ||
| Concept 20.6: Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development | 491 | ||
| Comparing Genomes | 491 | ||
| Widespread Conservation of Developmental Genes Among Animals | 495 | ||
| Chapter Review | 497 | ||
| Unit 4: Evolution | 499 | ||
| Interview: Jack Szostak | 499 | ||
| Chapter 21: How Evolution Works | 500 | ||
| Endless Forms Most Beautiful | 500 | ||
| Concept 21.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species | 501 | ||
| Scala Naturae and Classification of Species | 502 | ||
| Ideas About Change over Time | 502 | ||
| Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution | 502 | ||
| Concept 21.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life | 503 | ||
| Darwin’s Research | 503 | ||
| Ideas from the Origin of Species | 505 | ||
| Key Features of Natural Selection | 508 | ||
| Concept 21.3: Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence | 509 | ||
| Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change | 509 | ||
| Homology | 511 | ||
| The Fossil Record | 513 | ||
| Biogeography | 514 | ||
| What is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life? | 515 | ||
| Chapter Review | 516 | ||
| Chapter 22: Phylogenetic Reconstruction | 519 | ||
| Investigating the Tree of Life | 519 | ||
| Concept 22.1: Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships | 520 | ||
| Binomial Nomenclature | 520 | ||
| Hierarchical Classification | 520 | ||
| Linking Classification and Phylogeny | 521 | ||
| What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees | 521 | ||
| Applying Phylogenies | 523 | ||
| Concept 22.2: Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data | 524 | ||
| Morphological and Molecular Homologies | 524 | ||
| Sorting Homology from Analogy | 524 | ||
| Evaluating Molecular Homologies | 524 | ||
| Concept 22.3: Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees | 525 | ||
| Cladistics | 525 | ||
| Phylogenetic Trees with Proportional Branch Lengths | 527 | ||
| Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood | 528 | ||
| Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses | 530 | ||
| Concept 22.4: An organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome | 531 | ||
| Gene Duplications and Gene Families | 531 | ||
| Genome Evolution | 532 | ||
| Concept 22.5: Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time | 532 | ||
| Molecular Clocks | 532 | ||
| Applying a Molecular Clock: Dating the Origin of HIV | 533 | ||
| Concept 22.6: Our understanding of the tree of life continues to change based on new data | 534 | ||
| From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains | 534 | ||
| The Important Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer | 534 | ||
| Chapter Review | 537 | ||
| Chapter 23: Microevolution | 540 | ||
| The Smallest Unit of Evolution | 540 | ||
| Concept 23.1: Genetic variation makes evolution possible | 541 | ||
| Genetic Variation | 541 | ||
| Sources of Genetic Variation | 542 | ||
| Concept 23.2: The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving | 543 | ||
| Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies | 544 | ||
| The Hardy-Weinberg Equation | 544 | ||
| Concept 23.3: Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population | 547 | ||
| Natural Selection | 548 | ||
| Genetic Drift | 548 | ||
| Case Study: Impact of Genetic Drift on the Greater Prairie Chicken | 549 | ||
| Effects of Genetic Drift: A Summary | 550 | ||
| Gene Flow | 550 | ||
| Concept 23.4: Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution | 551 | ||
| Natural Selection: A Closer Look | 551 | ||
| The Key Role of Natural Selection in Adaptive Evolution | 553 | ||
| Sexual Selection | 553 | ||
| Balancing Selection | 554 | ||
| Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms | 555 | ||
| Chapter Review | 558 | ||
| Chapter 24: Species and Speciation | 560 | ||
| That “Mystery of Mysteries” | 560 | ||
| Concept 24.1: The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation | 561 | ||
| The Biological Species Concept | 561 | ||
| Other Definitions of Species | 564 | ||
| Concept 24.2: Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation | 565 | ||
| Allopatric (“Other Country”) Speciation | 565 | ||
| Sympatric (“Same Country”) Speciation | 567 | ||
| Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review | 570 | ||
| Concept 24.3: Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation | 570 | ||
| Patterns Within Hybrid Zones | 570 | ||
| Hybrid Zones and Environmental Change | 571 | ||
| Hybrid Zones over Time | 571 | ||
| Concept 24.4: Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes | 574 | ||
| The Time Course of Speciation | 574 | ||
| Studying the Genetics of Speciation | 576 | ||
| From Speciation to Macroevolution | 577 | ||
| Chapter Review | 577 | ||
| Chapter 25: Macroevolution | 579 | ||
| A Surprise in the Desert | 579 | ||
| Concept 25.1: Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible | 580 | ||
| Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth | 580 | ||
| Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules | 581 | ||
| Protocells | 581 | ||
| Self-Replicating RNA | 582 | ||
| Concept 25.2: The fossil record documents the history of life | 582 | ||
| The Fossil Record | 582 | ||
| How Rocks and Fossils Are Dated | 584 | ||
| The Origin of New Groups of Organisms | 584 | ||
| Concept 25.3: Key events in life’s history include the origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms and the colonization of land | 586 | ||
| The First Single-Celled Organisms | 588 | ||
| The Origin of Multicellularity | 589 | ||
| The Colonization of Land | 590 | ||
| Concept 25.4: The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates | 591 | ||
| Plate Tectonics | 592 | ||
| Mass Extinctions | 594 | ||
| Adaptive Radiations | 596 | ||
| Concept 25.5: Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes | 598 | ||
| Effects of Developmental Genes | 598 | ||
| The Evolution of Development | 599 | ||
| Concept 25.6: Evolution is not goal oriented | 601 | ||
| Evolutionary Novelties | 601 | ||
| Evolutionary Trends | 602 | ||
| Chapter Review | 604 | ||
| Unit 5: The Diversity Of Life | 607 | ||
| Interview: Nancy Moran | 607 | ||
| Chapter 26: Introduction to Viruses | 608 | ||
| A Borrowed Life | 608 | ||
| Concept 26.1: A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat | 609 | ||
| The Discovery of Viruses: Scientific Inquiry | 609 | ||
| Structure of Viruses | 609 | ||
| Concept 26.2: Viruses replicate only in host cells | 611 | ||
| General Features of Viral Replicative Cycles | 611 | ||
| Replicative Cycles of Phages | 612 | ||
| Replicative Cycles of Animal Viruses | 614 | ||
| Evolution of Viruses | 616 | ||
| Concept 26.3: Viruses and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants | 618 | ||
| Viral Diseases in Animals | 618 | ||
| Emerging Viruses | 619 | ||
| Viral Diseases in Plants | 622 | ||
| Prions: Proteins as Infectious Agents | 622 | ||
| Chapter Review | 623 | ||
| Chapter 27: Prokaryotes | 625 | ||
| Masters of Adaptation | 625 | ||
| Concept 27.1: Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success | 626 | ||
| Cell-Surface Structures | 626 | ||
| Motility | 628 | ||
| Internal Organization and DNA | 629 | ||
| Reproduction | 629 | ||
| Concept 27.2: Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes | 630 | ||
| Rapid Reproduction and Mutation | 630 | ||
| Genetic Recombination | 631 | ||
| Concept 27.3: Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes | 633 | ||
| The Role of Oxygen in Metabolism | 633 | ||
| Nitrogen Metabolism | 633 | ||
| Metabolic Cooperation | 634 | ||
| Concept 27.4: Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages | 635 | ||
| An Overview of Prokaryotic Diversity | 635 | ||
| Bacteria | 635 | ||
| Archaea | 638 | ||
| Concept 27.5: Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere | 639 | ||
| Chemical Recycling | 639 | ||
| Ecological Interactions | 640 | ||
| Concept 27.6: Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans | 640 | ||
| Mutualistic Bacteria | 640 | ||
| Pathogenic Bacteria | 640 | ||
| Prokaryotes in Research and Technology | 641 | ||
| Chapter Review | 643 | ||
| Chapter 28: The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes | 645 | ||
| Living Small | 645 | ||
| Concept 28.1: Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms | 646 | ||
| Structural and Functional Diversity in Protists | 646 | ||
| Four Supergroups of Eukaryotes | 646 | ||
| Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution | 647 | ||
| Concept 28.2: Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella | 651 | ||
| Diplomonads and Parabasalids | 651 | ||
| Euglenozoans | 652 | ||
| Concept 28.3: SAR is a highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities | 653 | ||
| Stramenopiles | 653 | ||
| Alveolates | 656 | ||
| Rhizarians | 659 | ||
| Concept 28.4: Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of plants | 660 | ||
| Red Algae | 660 | ||
| Green Algae | 661 | ||
| Concept 28.5: Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals | 662 | ||
| Amoebozoans | 663 | ||
| Opisthokonts | 665 | ||
| Concept 28.6: Protists play key roles in ecological communities | 666 | ||
| Symbiotic Protists | 666 | ||
| Photosynthetic Protists | 666 | ||
| Chapter Review | 668 | ||
| Chapter 29: Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants | 670 | ||
| The Greening of Earth | 670 | ||
| Concept 29.1: Plants evolved from green algae | 671 | ||
| Morphological and Molecular Evidence | 671 | ||
| Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land | 671 | ||
| Derived Traits of Plants | 671 | ||
| The Origin and Diversification of Plants | 674 | ||
| Concept 29.2: Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes | 676 | ||
| Bryophyte Gametophytes | 676 | ||
| Bryophyte Sporophytes | 679 | ||
| The Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses | 679 | ||
| Concept 29.3: Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall | 680 | ||
| Origins and Traits of Vascular Plants | 680 | ||
| Classification of Seedless Vascular Plants | 683 | ||
| The Significance of Seedless Vascular Plants | 685 | ||
| Chapter Review | 686 | ||
| Chapter 30: Seed Plants | 688 | ||
| Transforming the World | 688 | ||
| Concept 30.1: Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land | 689 | ||
| Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes | 689 | ||
| Heterospory: The Rule Among Seed Plants | 690 | ||
| Ovules and Production of Eggs | 690 | ||
| Pollen and Production of Sperm | 690 | ||
| The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds | 690 | ||
| Concept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds, typically on cones | 691 | ||
| The Life Cycle of a Pine | 692 | ||
| Early Seed Plants and the Rise of Gymnosperms | 693 | ||
| Gymnosperm Diversity | 693 | ||
| Concept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits | 696 | ||
| Characteristics of Angiosperms | 696 | ||
| Angiosperm Evolution | 699 | ||
| Angiosperm Diversity | 701 | ||
| Concept 30.4: Human welfare depends on seed plants | 703 | ||
| Products from Seed Plants | 703 | ||
| Threats to Plant Diversity | 703 | ||
| Chapter Review | 704 | ||
| Chapter 31: Introduction to Fungi | 706 | ||
| Hidden Networks | 706 | ||
| Concept 31.1: Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption | 707 | ||
| Nutrition and Ecology | 707 | ||
| Body Structure | 707 | ||
| Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi | 708 | ||
| Concept 31.2: Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles | 709 | ||
| Sexual Reproduction | 710 | ||
| Asexual Reproduction | 710 | ||
| Concept 31.3: The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist | 711 | ||
| The Origin of Fungi | 711 | ||
| Basal Fungal Groups | 712 | ||
| The Move to Land | 712 | ||
| Concept 31.4: Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages | 712 | ||
| Chytrids | 712 | ||
| Zygomycetes | 714 | ||
| Ascomycetes | 715 | ||
| Basidiomycetes | 717 | ||
| Concept 31.5: Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare | 719 | ||
| Fungi as Decomposers | 719 | ||
| Fungi as Mutualists | 719 | ||
| Fungi as Parasites | 721 | ||
| Practical Uses of Fungi | 722 | ||
| Chapter Review | 723 | ||
| Chapter 32: An Introductionto Animal Diversity | 725 | ||
| A Kingdom of Consumers | 725 | ||
| Concept 32.1: Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers | 726 | ||
| Nutritional Mode | 726 | ||
| Cell Structure and Specialization | 726 | ||
| Reproduction and Development | 726 | ||
| Concept 32.2: The history of animals spans more than half a billion years | 727 | ||
| Steps in the Origin of Multicellular Animals | 727 | ||
| Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion–541 Million Years Ago) | 728 | ||
| Paleozoic Era (541–252 Million Years Ago) | 729 | ||
| Mesozoic Era (252–66 Million Years Ago) | 731 | ||
| Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago to the Present) | 731 | ||
| Concept 32.3: Animals can be characterized by “body plans” | 731 | ||
| Symmetry | 731 | ||
| Tissues | 732 | ||
| Body Cavities | 732 | ||
| Protostome and Deuterostome Development | 733 | ||
| Concept 32.4: Views of animal phylogeny continue to be shaped by new molecular and morphological data | 734 | ||
| The Diversification of Animals | 734 | ||
| Future Directions in Animal Systematics | 735 | ||
| Chapter Review | 736 | ||
| Chapter 33: Invertebrates | 738 | ||
| A Dragon Without a Backbone | 738 | ||
| Concept 33.1: Sponges are basal animals that lack tissues | 742 | ||
| Concept 33.2: Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans | 743 | ||
| Medusozoans | 744 | ||
| Anthozoans | 745 | ||
| Concept 33.3: Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms | 746 | ||
| Flatworms | 746 | ||
| Rotifers and Acanthocephalans | 749 | ||
| Lophophorates: Ectoprocts and Brachiopods | 750 | ||
| Molluscs | 751 | ||
| Annelids | 755 | ||
| Concept 33.4: Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group | 757 | ||
| Nematodes | 757 | ||
| Arthropods | 758 | ||
| Concept 33.5: Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes | 765 | ||
| Echinoderms | 765 | ||
| Chordates | 767 | ||
| Chapter Review | 768 | ||
| Chapter 34: Vertebrates | 770 | ||
| Half a Billion Years of Backbones | 770 | ||
| Concept 34.1: Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord | 771 | ||
| Derived Characters of Chordates | 771 | ||
| Lancelets | 772 | ||
| Tunicates | 773 | ||
| Early Chordate Evolution | 774 | ||
| Concept 34.2: Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone | 774 | ||
| Derived Characters of Vertebrates | 774 | ||
| Hagfishes and Lampreys | 775 | ||
| Early Vertebrate Evolution | 776 | ||
| Concept 34.3: Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws | 777 | ||
| Derived Characters of Gnathostomes | 777 | ||
| Fossil Gnathostomes | 778 | ||
| Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives) | 778 | ||
| Ray-Finned Fishes and Lobe-Fins | 780 | ||
| Concept 34.4: Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs | 782 | ||
| Derived Characters of Tetrapods | 782 | ||
| The Origin of Tetrapods | 783 | ||
| Amphibians | 783 | ||
| Concept 34.5: Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg | 786 | ||
| Derived Characters of Amniotes | 786 | ||
| Early Amniotes | 787 | ||
| Reptiles | 787 | ||
| Concept 34.6: Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk | 792 | ||
| Derived Characters of Mammals | 793 | ||
| Early Evolution of Mammals | 793 | ||
| Monotremes | 794 | ||
| Marsupials | 794 | ||
| Eutherians (Placental Mammals) | 795 | ||
| Concept 34.7: Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion | 800 | ||
| Derived Characters of Humans | 800 | ||
| The Earliest Hominins | 801 | ||
| Australopiths | 801 | ||
| Bipedalism | 802 | ||
| Tool Use | 802 | ||
| Neanderthals | 804 | ||
| Chapter Review | 807 | ||
| Unit 6: Plants: Structure And Function | 809 | ||
| Interview: Philip Benfey | 809 | ||
| Chapter 35: Plant Structure and Growth | 810 | ||
| Are Plants Computers? | 810 | ||
| Concept 35.1: Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells | 811 | ||
| Basic Vascular Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves | 811 | ||
| Dermal, Vascular, and Ground Tissues | 814 | ||
| Common Types of Plant Cells | 815 | ||
| Concept 35.2: Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth | 818 | ||
| Concept 35.3: Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots | 820 | ||
| Primary Growth of Roots | 820 | ||
| Primary Growth of Shoots | 821 | ||
| Concept 35.4: Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants | 824 | ||
| The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular Tissue | 825 | ||
| The Cork Cambium and the Production of Periderm | 826 | ||
| Evolution of Secondary Growth | 826 | ||
| Concept 35.5: Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation produce the plant body | 827 | ||
| Model Organisms: Revolutionizing the Study of Plants | 828 | ||
| Growth: Cell Division and Cell Expansion | 828 | ||
| Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation | 830 | ||
| Gene Expression and the Control of Cell Differentiation | 830 | ||
| Shifts in Development: Phase Changes | 831 | ||
| Genetic Control of Flowering | 832 | ||
| Chapter Review | 833 | ||
| Chapter 36: Transport in Vascular Plants | 836 | ||
| A Whole Lot of Shaking Going On | 836 | ||
| Concept 36.1: Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants | 837 | ||
| Shoot Architecture and Light Capture | 837 | ||
| Root Architecture and Acquisition of Water and Minerals | 839 | ||
| Concept 36.2: Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances | 839 | ||
| The Apoplast and Symplast: Transport Continuums | 839 | ||
| Short-Distance Transport of Solutes Across Plasma Membranes | 840 | ||
| Short-Distance Transport of Water Across Plasma Membranes | 840 | ||
| Long-Distance Transport: The Role of Bulk Flow | 843 | ||
| Concept 36.3: Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem | 844 | ||
| Absorption of Water and Minerals by Root Cells | 844 | ||
| Transport of Water and Minerals into the Xylem | 844 | ||
| Bulk Flow Transport via the Xylem | 844 | ||
| Xylem Sap Ascent by Bulk Flow: A Review | 848 | ||
| Concept 36.4: The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata | 848 | ||
| Stomata: Major Pathways for Water Loss | 849 | ||
| Mechanisms of Stomatal Opening and Closing | 849 | ||
| Stimuli for Stomatal Opening and Closing | 850 | ||
| Effects of Transpiration on Wilting and Leaf Temperature | 850 | ||
| Adaptations That Reduce Evaporative Water Loss | 850 | ||
| Concept 36.5: Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem | 851 | ||
| Movement from Sugar Sourcesto Sugar Sinks | 851 | ||
| Bulk Flow by Positive Pressure: The Mechanism of Translocation\rin Angiosperms | 852 | ||
| Concept 36.6: The symplast is highly dynamic | 853 | ||
| Changes in Plasmodesmatal Number and Pore Size | 854 | ||
| Phloem: An Information Superhighway | 854 | ||
| Electrical Signaling in the Phloem | 854 | ||
| Chapter Review | 855 | ||
| Chapter 37: Plant Nutrition | 857 | ||
| The Corkscrew Carnivore | 857 | ||
| Concept 37.1: Soil contains a living, complex ecosystem | 858 | ||
| Soil Texture | 858 | ||
| Topsoil Composition | 858 | ||
| Soil Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture | 859 | ||
| Concept 37.2: Plant roots absorb essential elements from the soil | 861 | ||
| Essential Elements | 861 | ||
| Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency | 862 | ||
| Improving Plant Nutrition by Genetic Modification | 863 | ||
| Concept 37.3: Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms | 864 | ||
| Bacteria and Plant Nutrition | 866 | ||
| Fungi and Plant Nutrition | 869 | ||
| Epiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous Plants | 870 | ||
| Chapter Review | 872 | ||
| Chapter 38: Reproduction of Flowering Plants | 874 | ||
| Flowers of Deceit | 874 | ||
| Concept 38.1: Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are key features of the angiosperm life cycle | 875 | ||
| Flower Structure and Function | 875 | ||
| Methods of Pollination | 877 | ||
| The Angiosperm Life Cycle: An Overview | 878 | ||
| Seed Development and Structure: A Closer Look | 880 | ||
| Sporophyte Development from Seed to Mature Plant | 881 | ||
| Fruit Structure and Function | 882 | ||
| Concept 38.2: Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually, or both | 885 | ||
| Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction | 885 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual\rReproduction | 885 | ||
| Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization | 886 | ||
| Totipotency, Vegetative Reproduction, and Tissue Culture | 887 | ||
| Concept 38.3: People modify crops by breeding and genetic engineering | 888 | ||
| Plant Breeding | 889 | ||
| Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering | 889 | ||
| The Debate over Plant Biotechnology | 891 | ||
| Chapter Review | 892 | ||
| Chapter 39: Plant Signals and Behavior | 894 | ||
| Stimuli and a Stationary Life | 894 | ||
| Concept 39.1: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response | 895 | ||
| Reception | 896 | ||
| Transduction | 896 | ||
| Response | 897 | ||
| Concept 39.2: Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli | 898 | ||
| A Survey of Plant Hormones | 899 | ||
| Concept 39.3: Responses to light are critical for plant success | 907 | ||
| Blue-Light Photoreceptors | 907 | ||
| Phytochrome Photoreceptors | 908 | ||
| Biological Clocks and Circadian Rhythms | 909 | ||
| The Effect of Light on the Biological Clock | 910 | ||
| Photoperiodism and Responses to Seasons | 911 | ||
| Concept 39.4: Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light | 913 | ||
| Gravity | 913 | ||
| Mechanical Stimuli | 913 | ||
| Environmental Stresses | 914 | ||
| Concept 39.5: Plants respond to attacks by pathogens and herbivores | 918 | ||
| Defenses Against Pathogens | 918 | ||
| Defenses Against Herbivores | 919 | ||
| Chapter Review | 922 | ||
| Unit 7: Animals: Structure And Function | 924 | ||
| Interview: Harald zur Hausen | 924 | ||
| Chapter 40: The Animal Body | 925 | ||
| Diverse Forms, Common Challenges | 925 | ||
| Concept 40.1: Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization | 926 | ||
| Evolution of Animal Size and Shape | 926 | ||
| Exchange with the Environment | 926 | ||
| Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans | 928 | ||
| Coordination and Control | 932 | ||
| Concept 40.2: Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals | 933 | ||
| Regulating and Conforming | 933 | ||
| Homeostasis | 933 | ||
| Concept 40.3: Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior | 936 | ||
| Endothermy and Ectothermy | 936 | ||
| Variation in Body Temperature | 936 | ||
| Balancing Heat Loss and Gain | 937 | ||
| Acclimatization in Thermoregulation | 940 | ||
| Physiological Thermostats and Fever | 940 | ||
| Concept 40.4: Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment | 941 | ||
| Energy Allocation and Use | 941 | ||
| Quantifying Energy Use | 942 | ||
| Minimum Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulation | 942 | ||
| Influences on Metabolic Rate | 943 | ||
| Torpor and Energy Conservation | 944 | ||
| Chapter Review | 948 | ||
| Chapter 41: Chemical Signals in Animals | 951 | ||
| The Body’s Long-Distance Regulators | 951 | ||
| Concept 41.1: Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways | 952 | ||
| Intercellular Communication | 952 | ||
| Chemical Classes of Local Regulators and Hormones | 953 | ||
| Cellular Hormone Response Pathways | 954 | ||
| Endocrine Tissues and Organs | 956 | ||
| Concept 41.2: Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in hormone pathways | 957 | ||
| Simple Endocrine Pathways | 957 | ||
| Simple Neuroendocrine Pathways | 957 | ||
| Feedback Regulation | 958 | ||
| Coordination of the Endocrine and Nervous Systems | 958 | ||
| Thyroid Regulation: A Hormone Cascade Pathway | 961 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Growth | 961 | ||
| Concept 41.3: Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development, and behavior | 963 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D: Control of Blood Calcium | 963 | ||
| Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress | 964 | ||
| Sex Hormones | 966 | ||
| Hormones and Biological Rhythms | 967 | ||
| Evolution of Hormone Function | 967 | ||
| Chapter Review | 968 | ||
| Chapter 42: Animal Digestive Systems | 972 | ||
| The Need to Feed | 972 | ||
| Concept 42.1: An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients | 973 | ||
| Essential Nutrients | 973 | ||
| Dietary Deficiencies | 975 | ||
| Assessing Nutritional Needs | 976 | ||
| Concept 42.2: Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination | 976 | ||
| Digestive Compartments | 978 | ||
| Concept 42.3: Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system | 979 | ||
| The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus | 979 | ||
| Digestion in the Stomach | 981 | ||
| Digestion in the Small Intestine | 982 | ||
| Absorption in the Small Intestine | 983 | ||
| Processing in the Large Intestine | 984 | ||
| Concept 42.4: Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet | 985 | ||
| Dental Adaptations | 985 | ||
| Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations | 986 | ||
| Mutualistic Adaptations | 986 | ||
| Concept 42.5: Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite | 988 | ||
| Regulation of Digestion | 989 | ||
| Regulation of Energy Storage | 989 | ||
| Regulation of Appetite and Consumption | 991 | ||
| Chapter Review | 993 | ||
| Chapter 43: Animal Transport Systems | 995 | ||
| Trading Places | 995 | ||
| Concept 43.1: Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body | 996 | ||
| Gastrovascular Cavities | 996 | ||
| Open and Closed Circulatory Systems | 997 | ||
| Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems | 998 | ||
| Concept 43.2: Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals | 1000 | ||
| Mammalian Circulation | 1000 | ||
| The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look | 1000 | ||
| Maintaining the Heart’s Rhythmic Beat | 1002 | ||
| Concept 43.3: Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels | 1003 | ||
| Blood Vessel Structure and Function | 1003 | ||
| Blood Flow Velocity | 1004 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 1004 | ||
| Capillary Function | 1006 | ||
| Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System | 1007 | ||
| Concept 43.4: Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense | 1008 | ||
| Blood Composition and Function | 1008 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 1011 | ||
| Concept 43.5: Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces | 1013 | ||
| Partial Pressure Gradients in Gas Exchange | 1013 | ||
| Respiratory Media | 1013 | ||
| Respiratory Surfaces | 1014 | ||
| Gills in Aquatic Animals | 1014 | ||
| Tracheal Systems in Insects | 1015 | ||
| Lungs | 1016 | ||
| Concept 43.6: Breathing ventilates the lungs | 1018 | ||
| How an Amphibian Breathes | 1018 | ||
| How a Bird Breathes | 1018 | ||
| How a Mammal Breathes | 1019 | ||
| Control of Breathing in Humans | 1020 | ||
| Concept 43.7: Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases | 1021 | ||
| Coordination of Circulation and Gas Exchange | 1021 | ||
| Respiratory Pigments | 1021 | ||
| Respiratory Adaptations of Diving Mammals | 1023 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1023 | ||
| Chapter 44: Animal Excretory Systems | 1027 | ||
| A Balancing Act | 1027 | ||
| Concept 44.1: Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes | 1028 | ||
| Osmosis and Osmolarity | 1028 | ||
| Osmoregulatory Challenges and Mechanisms | 1028 | ||
| Energetics of Osmoregulation | 1030 | ||
| Transport Epithelia in Osmoregulation | 1031 | ||
| Concept 44.2: An animal’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat | 1032 | ||
| Forms of Nitrogenous Waste | 1032 | ||
| The Influence of Evolution and Environment on Nitrogenous Wastes | 1033 | ||
| Concept 44.3: Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme | 1034 | ||
| Excretory Processes | 1034 | ||
| Survey of Excretory Systems | 1034 | ||
| Concept 44.4: The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate | 1037 | ||
| From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look | 1038 | ||
| Solute Gradients and Water Conservation | 1039 | ||
| Adaptations of the Vertebrate Kidney to Diverse Environments | 1041 | ||
| Concept 44.5: Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure | 1044 | ||
| Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney | 1044 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1047 | ||
| Chapter 45: Animal Reproductive Systems | 1049 | ||
| Let Me Count the Ways | 1049 | ||
| Concept 45.1: Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom | 1050 | ||
| Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction | 1050 | ||
| Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction | 1050 | ||
| Reproductive Cycles | 1051 | ||
| Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma | 1051 | ||
| Concept 45.2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bring together sperm and eggs of the same species | 1052 | ||
| Ensuring the Survival of Offspring | 1053 | ||
| Gamete Production and Delivery | 1053 | ||
| Concept 45.3: Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes | 1055 | ||
| Human Male Reproductive Anatomy | 1055 | ||
| Human Female Reproductive Anatomy | 1056 | ||
| Gametogenesis | 1057 | ||
| Concept 45.4: The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates reproduction in mammals | 1060 | ||
| Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System | 1061 | ||
| Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles | 1061 | ||
| Human Sexual Response | 1063 | ||
| Concept 45.5: In placental mammals, an embryo develops fully within the mother’s uterus | 1064 | ||
| Conception, Embryonic Development, and Birth | 1064 | ||
| Maternal Immune Tolerance of the Embryo and Fetus | 1067 | ||
| Contraception and Abortion | 1068 | ||
| Modern Reproductive Technologies | 1069 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1070 | ||
| Chapter 46: Development in Animals | 1073 | ||
| A Body-Building Plan | 1073 | ||
| Concept 46.1: Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonic development | 1074 | ||
| Fertilization | 1074 | ||
| Cleavage | 1077 | ||
| Concept 46.2: Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival | 1079 | ||
| Gastrulation | 1079 | ||
| Developmental Adaptations of Amniotes | 1083 | ||
| Organogenesis | 1084 | ||
| The Cytoskeleton in Morphogenesis | 1086 | ||
| Concept 46.3: Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals regulate cell fate | 1087 | ||
| Fate Mapping | 1088 | ||
| Axis Formation | 1089 | ||
| Restricting Developmental Potential | 1090 | ||
| Cell Fate Determination and Pattern Formation by Inductive Signals | 1091 | ||
| Cilia and Cell Fate | 1094 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1095 | ||
| Chapter 47: Animal Defenses Against Infection | 1098 | ||
| Recognition and Response | 1098 | ||
| Concept 47.1: In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens | 1099 | ||
| Innate Immunity of Invertebrates | 1099 | ||
| Innate Immunity of Vertebrates | 1101 | ||
| Evasion of Innate Immunity by Pathogens | 1104 | ||
| Concept 47.2: In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition | 1104 | ||
| Antigen Recognition by B Cells and Antibodies | 1104 | ||
| Antigen Recognition by T Cells | 1105 | ||
| B Cell and T Cell Development | 1106 | ||
| Concept 47.3: Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells | 1109 | ||
| Helper T Cells: Activating Adaptive Immunity | 1109 | ||
| B Cells and Antibodies: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens | 1110 | ||
| Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Host Cells | 1112 | ||
| Summary of the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses | 1113 | ||
| Immunization | 1114 | ||
| Active and Passive Immunity | 1114 | ||
| Antibodies as Tools | 1115 | ||
| Immune Rejection | 1115 | ||
| Concept 47.4: Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease | 1116 | ||
| Exaggerated, Self-Directed, and Diminished Immune Responses | 1116 | ||
| Evolutionary Adaptations of Pathogens that Underlie Immune System Avoidance | 1118 | ||
| Cancer and Immunity | 1120 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1121 | ||
| Chapter 48: Electrical Signals in Animals | 1123 | ||
| Lines of Communication | 1123 | ||
| Concept 48.1: Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer | 1124 | ||
| Neuron Structure and Function | 1124 | ||
| Introduction to Information Processing | 1124 | ||
| Concept 48.2: Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron | 1126 | ||
| Formation of the Resting Potential | 1126 | ||
| Modeling the Resting Potential | 1127 | ||
| Concept 48.3: Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons | 1128 | ||
| Hyperpolarization and Depolarization | 1128 | ||
| Graded Potentials and Action Potentials | 1129 | ||
| Generation of Action Potentials: A Closer Look | 1130 | ||
| Conduction of Action Potentials | 1131 | ||
| Concept 48.4: Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses | 1133 | ||
| Generation of Postsynaptic Potentials | 1134 | ||
| Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials | 1135 | ||
| Termination of Neurotransmitter Signaling | 1136 | ||
| Modulated Signaling at Synapses | 1136 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 1136 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1139 | ||
| Chapter 49: Neural Regulation in Animals | 1141 | ||
| Command and Control Center | 1141 | ||
| Concept 49.1: Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells | 1142 | ||
| Glia | 1143 | ||
| Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System | 1144 | ||
| The Peripheral Nervous System | 1145 | ||
| Concept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized | 1147 | ||
| Arousal and Sleep | 1150 | ||
| Biological Clock Regulation | 1150 | ||
| Emotions | 1151 | ||
| Functional Imaging of the Brain | 1152 | ||
| Concept 49.3: The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions | 1152 | ||
| Information Processing | 1153 | ||
| Language and Speech | 1154 | ||
| Lateralization of Cortical Function | 1154 | ||
| Frontal Lobe Function | 1154 | ||
| Evolution of Cognition in Vertebrates | 1155 | ||
| Concept 49.4: Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning | 1155 | ||
| Neuronal Plasticity | 1156 | ||
| Memory and Learning | 1156 | ||
| Long-Term Potentiation | 1157 | ||
| Concept 49.5: Many nervous system disorders can now be explained in molecular terms | 1158 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 1158 | ||
| Depression | 1158 | ||
| The Brain’s Reward System and Drug Addiction | 1159 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 1159 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 1160 | ||
| Future Directions | 1160 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1161 | ||
| Chapter 50: Sensation and Movement in Animals | 1163 | ||
| Sense and Sensibility | 1163 | ||
| Concept 50.1: Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system | 1164 | ||
| Sensory Reception and Transduction | 1164 | ||
| Transmission | 1165 | ||
| Perception | 1165 | ||
| Amplification and Adaptation | 1165 | ||
| Types of Sensory Receptors | 1166 | ||
| Concept 50.2: In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles | 1168 | ||
| Sensing of Gravity and Sound in Invertebrates | 1168 | ||
| Hearing and Equilibrium in Mammals | 1168 | ||
| Hearing and Equilibrium in Other Vertebrates | 1172 | ||
| Concept 50.3: The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light-absorbing pigments | 1173 | ||
| Evolution of Visual Perception | 1173 | ||
| The Vertebrate Visual System | 1175 | ||
| Concept 50.4: The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors | 1179 | ||
| Taste in Mammals | 1179 | ||
| Smell in Humans | 1180 | ||
| Concept 50.5: The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function | 1181 | ||
| Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle | 1182 | ||
| Other Types of Muscle | 1187 | ||
| Concept 50.6: Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion | 1188 | ||
| Types of Skeletal Systems | 1188 | ||
| Types of Locomotion | 1191 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1193 | ||
| Unit 8: The Ecology of Life | 1195 | ||
| Interview: Tracy Langkilde | 1195 | ||
| Chapter 51: An Overview of Ecology | 1196 | ||
| Discovering Ecology | 1196 | ||
| Concept 51.1: Earth’s climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly | 1199 | ||
| Global Climate Patterns | 1199 | ||
| Regional and Local Effects on Climate | 1199 | ||
| Microclimate | 1201 | ||
| Global Climate Change | 1201 | ||
| Concept 51.2: The distribution of terrestrial biomes is controlled by climate and disturbance | 1202 | ||
| Climate and Terrestrial Biomes | 1202 | ||
| General Features of Terrestrial Biomes | 1203 | ||
| Disturbance and Terrestrial Biomes | 1204 | ||
| Concept 51.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth | 1209 | ||
| Zonation in Aquatic Biomes | 1209 | ||
| Concept 51.4: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species | 1210 | ||
| Dispersal and Distribution | 1215 | ||
| Biotic Factors | 1216 | ||
| Abiotic Factors | 1216 | ||
| Concept 51.5: Ecological change and evolution affect one another over long and short periods of time | 1219 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1220 | ||
| Chapter 52: Behavioral Ecology | 1223 | ||
| The How and Why of Animal Activity | 1223 | ||
| Concept 52.1: Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors | 1224 | ||
| Fixed Action Patterns | 1224 | ||
| MigrationEnvironmental | 1224 | ||
| Behavioral Rhythms | 1225 | ||
| Animal Signals and Communication | 1225 | ||
| Concept 52.2: Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior | 1227 | ||
| Experience and Behavior | 1227 | ||
| Learning | 1228 | ||
| Concept 52.3: Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behaviors | 1232 | ||
| Evolution of Foraging Behavior | 1233 | ||
| Mating Behavior and Mate Choice | 1233 | ||
| Concept 52.4: Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the evolution of behavior | 1238 | ||
| Genetic Basis of Behavior | 1239 | ||
| Genetic Variation and the Evolutionof Behavior | 1239 | ||
| Altruism | 1240 | ||
| Inclusive Fitness | 1241 | ||
| Evolution and Human Culture | 1243 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1244 | ||
| Chapter 53: Populations and Life History Traits | 1246 | ||
| Turtle Tracks | 1246 | ||
| Concept 53.1: Biotic and abiotic factors affect population density, dispersion, and demographics | 1247 | ||
| Density and Dispersion | 1247 | ||
| Demographics | 1249 | ||
| Concept 53.2: The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment | 1252 | ||
| Changes in Population Size | 1252 | ||
| Exponential Growth | 1252 | ||
| Concept 53.3: The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity | 1253 | ||
| The Logistic Growth Model | 1254 | ||
| The Logistic Model and Real Populations | 1255 | ||
| Concept 53.4: Life history traits are products of natural selection 1256\rDiversity of Life Histories | 1256 | ||
| Diversity of Life Histories | 1256 | ||
| “Trade-offs” and Life Histories | 1257 | ||
| Concept 53.5: Density-dependent factors regulate population growth | 1258 | ||
| Population Change and Population Density | 1259 | ||
| Mechanisms of Density-Dependent Population Regulation | 1259 | ||
| Population Dynamics | 1260 | ||
| Population Cycles: Scientific Inquiry | 1261 | ||
| Concept 53.6: The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly | 1263 | ||
| The Global Human Population | 1263 | ||
| Global Carrying Capacity | 1265 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1267 | ||
| Chapter 54: Biodiversity and Communities | 1270 | ||
| Communities in Motion | 1270 | ||
| Concept 54.1: Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved | 1271 | ||
| Competition | 1271 | ||
| Exploitation | 1273 | ||
| Positive Interactions | 1276 | ||
| Concept 54.2: Diversity and trophic structure characterize biological communities | 1278 | ||
| Species Diversity | 1278 | ||
| Diversity and Community Stability | 1279 | ||
| Trophic Structure | 1279 | ||
| Species with a Large Impact | 1281 | ||
| Bottom-Up and Top-Down Controls | 1283 | ||
| Concept 54.3: Disturbance influences species diversity and composition | 1284 | ||
| Characterizing Disturbance | 1284 | ||
| Ecological Succession | 1285 | ||
| Human Disturbance | 1287 | ||
| Concept 54.4: Biogeographic factors affect community diversity | 1287 | ||
| Latitudinal Gradients | 1288 | ||
| Area Effects | 1288 | ||
| Island Equilibrium Model | 1288 | ||
| Concept 54.5: Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally | 1290 | ||
| Pathogens and Community Structure | 1290 | ||
| Community Ecology and Zoonotic Diseases | 1291 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1292 | ||
| Chapter 55: Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems | 1294 | ||
| Transformed to Tundra | 1294 | ||
| Concept 55.1: Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems | 1295 | ||
| Conservation of Energy | 1295 | ||
| Conservation of Mass | 1295 | ||
| Energy, Mass, and Trophic Levels | 1296 | ||
| Concept 55.2: Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems | 1297 | ||
| Ecosystem Energy Budgets | 1297 | ||
| Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems | 1298 | ||
| Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems | 1299 | ||
| Concept 55.3: Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient | 1302 | ||
| Production Efficiency | 1302 | ||
| Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids | 1302 | ||
| Concept 55.4: Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems | 1304 | ||
| Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Rates | 1304 | ||
| Biogeochemical Cycles | 1305 | ||
| Case Study: Nutrient Cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest | 1308 | ||
| Concept 55.5: Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state | 1309 | ||
| Bioremediation | 1309 | ||
| Biological Augmentation | 1311 | ||
| Ecosystems: A Review | 1311 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1314 | ||
| Chapter 56: Conservation and Global Ecology | 1316 | ||
| Psychedelic Treasure | 1316 | ||
| Concept 56.1: Human activities threaten Earth’s biodiversity | 1317 | ||
| Three Levels of Biodiversity | 1317 | ||
| Biodiversity and Human Welfare | 1318 | ||
| Threats to Biodiversity | 1319 | ||
| Concept 56.2: Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat | 1322 | ||
| Small-Population Approach | 1322 | ||
| Declining-Population Approach | 1325 | ||
| Weighing Conflicting Demands | 1326 | ||
| Concept 56.3: Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity | 1326 | ||
| Landscape Structure and Biodiversity | 1326 | ||
| Establishing Protected Areas | 1328 | ||
| Urban Ecology | 1330 | ||
| Concept 56.4: Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions | 1330 | ||
| Nutrient Enrichment | 1331 | ||
| Toxins in the Environment | 1332 | ||
| Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change | 1333 | ||
| Depletion of Atmospheric Ozone | 1338 | ||
| Concept 56.5: Sustainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity | 1339 | ||
| Sustainable Development | 1339 | ||
| The Future of the Biosphere | 1340 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1341 | ||
| Appendix | A-1 | ||
| Appendix A: Answers | A-1 | ||
| Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements | B-1 | ||
| Appendix C: The Metric System | C-1 | ||
| Appendix D: A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron Microscope | D-1 | ||
| Appendix E: Classification of Life | E-1 | ||
| Appendix F: Scientific Skills | F-1 | ||
| Credits | CR-1 | ||
| Glossary | G-1 | ||
| Index | I-1 |