Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Updated to reflect the newest curriculum standards, Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 8th Edition provides you with the pertinent information needed for passing the boards. This highly respected text enhances your understanding of general/abdominal and obstetric/gynecologic sonography, the two primary divisions of sonography, as well as vascular sonography and echocardiography. Each chapter covers patient history; normal anatomy, including cross-sectional anatomy; sonography techniques; pathology; and related laboratory findings. And more than 3,100 images and anatomy drawings guide you in recognizing normal anatomy and abnormal pathology.
- Full-color presentation , including color scans of gross pathology photos, where appropriate, enhances your learning expe1rience and the teaching value of the text.
- Pathology tables give you quick access to clinical findings, laboratory findings, sonography findings, and differential considerations.
- Pedagogy, including chapter objectives and outlines, alerts you to the important information you will learn in each chapter.
- Evolve site includes PowerPoint slides, an image bank, review questions and a workbook answer key for students, and a test bank for faculty to aid in the reinforcement and teaching of sonography skills.
- Sonography Findings, highlighted with icon and special type, call attention to key clinical information.
- NEW! Full coverage of general/abdominal, transplantation, superficial structures, pediatrics, fetal heart, and obstetric/gynecologic sonography , along with several new chapters on vascular sonography, hemodynamics, and introduction to echocardiography, provides you with the information needed to pass the boards and succeed in clinicals.
- UPDATED! Content reflects the newest curriculum standards so you have the information you need to pass the boards.
- NEW! Updated images depict the latest advances in the field of sonography and help you prepare for the boards and clinicals.
- NEW! Key words in chapter openers focus your attention on the terms that you are required to know and understand.
- NEW! Bulleted summary lists at the end of each chapter reinforce important concepts.
- NEW! A condensed bibliography at the end of the book lists essential references and guides you in the direction to obtain more information in a given area.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Inside front cover | IFC | ||
| You’ve just purchased more than a textbook! | IFC | ||
| Front matter | i | ||
| EIGHTH EDITION VOLUME ONE AND VOLUME TWO Textbook of diagnostic sonography | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Reviewers | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Introducing the eighth edition | xi | ||
| Distinctive approach | xi | ||
| Study and review opportunities | xi | ||
| Scope and organization of topics | xi | ||
| New to this edition | xii | ||
| Student resources | xii | ||
| Workbook. | xii | ||
| Evolve. | xiii | ||
| Instructor resources | xiii | ||
| Evolve online course management. | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xv | ||
| Table of Contents | xvii | ||
| Volume One | 1 | ||
| I Foundations of Sonography | 1 | ||
| 1 Foundations of clinical sonography | 3 | ||
| Objectives | 3 | ||
| Key terms | 3 | ||
| The role of the sonographer | 4 | ||
| The sonography career | 5 | ||
| Advantages. | 5 | ||
| Disadvantages. | 5 | ||
| Employment. | 6 | ||
| Resource organizations. | 6 | ||
| Certification. | 6 | ||
| Joint review committee. | 6 | ||
| Historical overview of sound theory and medical ultrasound | 6 | ||
| Introduction to basic ultrasound principles | 8 | ||
| Acoustics | 9 | ||
| Measurement of sound. | 9 | ||
| Frequency. | 9 | ||
| Propagation of sound through tissue. | 9 | ||
| Piezoelectric crystals. | 10 | ||
| Image resolution. | 11 | ||
| Attenuation. | 12 | ||
| Transducer selection | 12 | ||
| Multielement transducer. | 13 | ||
| Sector phased-array transducer. | 13 | ||
| Linear-array transducer. | 13 | ||
| Curved-array transducer. | 14 | ||
| Intraluminal transducer. | 14 | ||
| Pulse-echo display modes | 15 | ||
| A-mode (amplitude modulation). | 15 | ||
| B-mode (brightness modulation). | 15 | ||
| M-mode (motion mode). | 15 | ||
| Real-time. | 15 | ||
| Harmonic imaging | 16 | ||
| Three-dimensional and four-dimensional ultrasound | 16 | ||
| System controls for image optimization | 16 | ||
| Pulse-echo instrumentation. | 16 | ||
| Power output. | 17 | ||
| Gain. | 17 | ||
| Focal zone. | 17 | ||
| Field of view. | 17 | ||
| Reject. | 17 | ||
| Dynamic range. | 18 | ||
| Doppler ultrasound | 18 | ||
| Doppler effect. | 18 | ||
| Doppler shift. | 19 | ||
| Spectral analysis. | 19 | ||
| Continuous wave doppler. | 20 | ||
| Pulsed wave doppler. | 20 | ||
| Color flow doppler. | 20 | ||
| Power doppler. | 21 | ||
| Doppler optimization | 22 | ||
| Transducer frequency. | 22 | ||
| Gain. | 22 | ||
| Scale. | 22 | ||
| Baseline. | 22 | ||
| Power. | 22 | ||
| Pulse repetition frequency. | 22 | ||
| Wall filter. | 22 | ||
| Bibliography | 23 | ||
| 2 Essentials of patient care for the sonographer | 24 | ||
| Objectives | 24 | ||
| Key terms | 24 | ||
| A sonographer’s obligations | 25 | ||
| Patient-focused care | 25 | ||
| Basic patient care | 25 | ||
| Vital signs | 25 | ||
| Pulse. | 26 | ||
| Pulse oximetry. | 26 | ||
| Respiration. | 28 | ||
| Blood pressure. | 28 | ||
| Hypertension. | 29 | ||
| Isolated systolic hypertension. | 29 | ||
| Patients on strict bed rest | 30 | ||
| Bedpans and urinals | 30 | ||
| Assisting with patient elimination. | 30 | ||
| Emesis basins | 30 | ||
| Patients with tubes and tubing | 31 | ||
| Intravenous therapy | 31 | ||
| Nasogastric suction tubes | 32 | ||
| Catheters | 32 | ||
| Oxygen therapy | 33 | ||
| Nasal cannulae and nasal catheters. | 34 | ||
| Oxygen masks. | 34 | ||
| Wounds, drains, and dressings | 35 | ||
| Ostomies | 35 | ||
| Patient transfer techniques | 35 | ||
| Body mechanics | 36 | ||
| Moving patients up in bed | 37 | ||
| Assisting patients to and from the scanning table | 37 | ||
| Wheelchair transfers | 37 | ||
| Stretcher transfers | 38 | ||
| Infection control | 39 | ||
| Standard precautions | 39 | ||
| Hand washing | 39 | ||
| Gloves | 39 | ||
| Masks, eye protection, and face shields | 40 | ||
| Gown | 40 | ||
| Patient-care equipment | 40 | ||
| Linens | 40 | ||
| Environmental control | 40 | ||
| Additional precautions | 40 | ||
| Nosocomial infections | 41 | ||
| Preventive measures. | 41 | ||
| Basic PPE protocols. | 41 | ||
| Preparing a sterile field. | 43 | ||
| Isolation techniques | 44 | ||
| Emergency medical situations | 44 | ||
| Choking | 44 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 46 | ||
| Adult CPR | 46 | ||
| Child cpr. | 47 | ||
| Infant cpr. | 47 | ||
| Barrier devices. | 47 | ||
| Basic cardiac life support | 47 | ||
| Automatic external defibrillators. | 47 | ||
| Professional attitudes | 48 | ||
| Reestablishing patient-focused care | 48 | ||
| Assisting patients with special needs | 48 | ||
| Crying patients | 48 | ||
| Pediatric patients | 49 | ||
| Adolescent patients | 49 | ||
| Elderly patients | 49 | ||
| Culturally diverse patients | 50 | ||
| Evaluating patient reactions to illness | 51 | ||
| Terminal patients | 51 | ||
| Patient rights | 52 | ||
| Patients’ bill of rights | 52 | ||
| Health insurance portability and accountability act (hipaa) | 52 | ||
| Bibliography | 53 | ||
| 3 Ergonomics and musculoskeletal issues in sonography | 54 | ||
| Objectives | 54 | ||
| Key terms | 54 | ||
| History of ergonomics | 54 | ||
| History of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in sonography | 55 | ||
| History of the occupational safety and health administration’s involvement in sonography | 55 | ||
| Injury data in sonography | 56 | ||
| Definitions | 56 | ||
| Surveys | 56 | ||
| Risk factors | 57 | ||
| Mechanisms of injury | 57 | ||
| Types of injury | 57 | ||
| Industry awareness and changes | 58 | ||
| Ergonomically designed ultrasound systems | 58 | ||
| Administrative controls | 59 | ||
| Personal protective equipment/professional controls. | 59 | ||
| Work practice changes | 60 | ||
| Gripping the transducer | 60 | ||
| WRIST flexion and extension | 60 | ||
| Twisting your neck | 60 | ||
| Abduction of your scanning arm | 60 | ||
| Transducer cable management | 61 | ||
| Trunk twisting | 61 | ||
| Reaching | 61 | ||
| Exercise | 62 | ||
| Economics of ergonomics | 62 | ||
| References | 63 | ||
| 4 Anatomic and physiologic relationships within the abdominopelvic cavity | 64 | ||
| Objectives | 64 | ||
| Key terms | 64 | ||
| From atom to organism | 65 | ||
| Metabolism | 65 | ||
| Homeostasis | 65 | ||
| Vital signs | 65 | ||
| Body systems | 65 | ||
| The circulatory system: Blood composition and function | 65 | ||
| Blood composition. | 65 | ||
| Functions of the blood. | 65 | ||
| Acidic versus alkaline. | 65 | ||
| Complete blood count. | 65 | ||
| Red blood cells. | 65 | ||
| White blood cells. | 65 | ||
| Leukocytes. | 67 | ||
| Lymphocytes and monocytes. | 67 | ||
| White blood cells. | 67 | ||
| Thrombocytes. | 67 | ||
| The gastrointestinal system | 67 | ||
| Normal findings for the gi system | 68 | ||
| Visual inspection | 68 | ||
| Guidelines for gi assessment | 68 | ||
| Temperature. | 68 | ||
| Pulse. | 68 | ||
| Respirations. | 68 | ||
| Blood pressure. | 68 | ||
| Common signs and symptoms of gi diseases and disorders. | 68 | ||
| Abdominal pain. | 68 | ||
| Diarrhea. | 68 | ||
| Hematochezia. | 68 | ||
| Nausea and vomiting. | 70 | ||
| The genitourinary system | 70 | ||
| Anatomy of the genitourinary system | 70 | ||
| Kidneys. | 70 | ||
| Ureters. | 70 | ||
| Bladder. | 70 | ||
| Urethra. | 70 | ||
| Common signs and symptoms related to urinary dysfunction. | 70 | ||
| Dysuria. | 70 | ||
| Urinary incontinence. | 70 | ||
| Male urethral discharge. | 70 | ||
| Male urinary hesitancy. | 70 | ||
| Anatomic relationships within the abdominopelvic cavities | 72 | ||
| The abdominal cavity | 72 | ||
| Visceral organs of the abdominal cavity. | 72 | ||
| Liver. | 72 | ||
| Gallbladder. | 72 | ||
| Spleen. | 72 | ||
| Pancreas. | 72 | ||
| Adrenal glands. | 72 | ||
| Kidneys and ureters. | 72 | ||
| Stomach. | 72 | ||
| Small intestine. | 72 | ||
| Large intestine. | 72 | ||
| Bladder and uterus. | 72 | ||
| Prostate gland. | 72 | ||
| Other abdominal structures | 72 | ||
| Diaphragm. | 72 | ||
| Abdominal wall. | 72 | ||
| Abdominal muscles | 72 | ||
| External oblique muscle. | 72 | ||
| Internal oblique muscle. | 72 | ||
| Transversus muscle. | 72 | ||
| Rectus sheath. | 72 | ||
| Linea alba. | 72 | ||
| Back muscles. | 72 | ||
| The retroperitoneal cavity | 75 | ||
| Aorta. | 75 | ||
| Inferior vena cava. | 75 | ||
| Retroperitoneal spaces. | 75 | ||
| The pelvic cavity | 75 | ||
| False pelvis. | 75 | ||
| True pelvis. | 75 | ||
| Perineum. | 75 | ||
| Abdominopelvic membranes and ligaments | 77 | ||
| Peritoneum. | 77 | ||
| Mesentery. | 77 | ||
| Omentum. | 77 | ||
| Greater and lesser sacs. | 77 | ||
| Epiploic foramen. | 77 | ||
| Ligament. | 77 | ||
| Potential spaces in the body | 77 | ||
| Subphrenic spaces. | 77 | ||
| Peritoneal recesses. | 77 | ||
| Paracolic gutters. | 77 | ||
| Inguinal canal. | 77 | ||
| Bibliography | 80 | ||
| 5 Comparative sectional anatomy of the abdominopelvic cavity | 81 | ||
| Objectives | 81 | ||
| Key terms | 81 | ||
| Planes or body sections | 82 | ||
| Abdominal quadrants and regions | 82 | ||
| Sectional anatomy | 83 | ||
| Transverse plane | 83 | ||
| Longitudinal plane | 91 | ||
| Bibliography | 98 | ||
| 6 Basic ultrasound imaging: Techniques, terminology, and tips | 99 | ||
| Objectives | 99 | ||
| Key terms | 99 | ||
| Before you begin to scan patients | 100 | ||
| Orientation to the clinical laboratory | 100 | ||
| Written order for the examination | 101 | ||
| Documentation for the ultrasound examination | 101 | ||
| Scanning techniques | 101 | ||
| Patient preparation | 101 | ||
| Patient positions | 101 | ||
| Transducer selection | 101 | ||
| Knobology | 102 | ||
| Transducer positions | 102 | ||
| Annotation | 103 | ||
| Artifacts | 104 | ||
| Indications for abdominal sonography | 104 | ||
| Ultrasound terminology | 105 | ||
| Identifying abnormalities | 107 | ||
| Anatomic directions | 108 | ||
| Criteria for an adequate scan | 109 | ||
| General abdominal ultrasound protocols | 109 | ||
| Initial survey of the abdomen | 109 | ||
| Transverse scans | 110 | ||
| Longitudinal scans | 112 | ||
| Abdominal doppler | 116 | ||
| Doppler scanning techniques | 116 | ||
| Aorta | 116 | ||
| Inferior vena cava and hepatic vein | 116 | ||
| Portal venous system | 118 | ||
| Bibliography | 118 | ||
| 7 Imaging and doppler artifacts | 119 | ||
| Objectives | 119 | ||
| Key terms | 119 | ||
| Propagation | 119 | ||
| Section-thickness artifacts | 120 | ||
| Speckle | 120 | ||
| Reverberation | 120 | ||
| Mirror-image artifact | 121 | ||
| Refraction | 123 | ||
| Grating lobes | 123 | ||
| Speed error | 123 | ||
| Range ambiguity | 125 | ||
| Attenuation | 127 | ||
| Shadowing | 127 | ||
| Enhancement | 128 | ||
| Noise | 128 | ||
| Spectral doppler | 129 | ||
| Aliasing | 129 | ||
| Nyquist limit | 129 | ||
| Range ambiguity | 131 | ||
| Mirror image | 132 | ||
| Noise | 132 | ||
| Color doppler | 133 | ||
| Aliasing | 133 | ||
| Mirror image, shadowing, clutter, and noise | 135 | ||
| Summary | 136 | ||
| Bibliography | 137 | ||
| II Abdomen | 139 | ||
| 8 Vascular system | 141 | ||
| Objectives | 141 | ||
| Key terms | 141 | ||
| Function of the circulatory system | 142 | ||
| Aorta | 142 | ||
| Root of the aorta | 143 | ||
| Ascending aorta | 143 | ||
| Descending aorta | 143 | ||
| Abdominal aorta | 143 | ||
| Aorta and iliac artery protocol | 143 | ||
| Protocol to evaluate an abdominal aortic aneurysm. | 145 | ||
| Sonographic evaluation of the abdominal aorta | 145 | ||
| Common iliac arteries | 152 | ||
| Sonographic evaluation | 153 | ||
| Abdominal aortic branches | 153 | ||
| Anterior branches of the abdominal aorta | 153 | ||
| Celiac trunk. | 153 | ||
| Common hepatic artery. | 153 | ||
| Left and right hepatic arteries. | 154 | ||
| Left gastric artery. | 154 | ||
| Splenic artery. | 154 | ||
| Sonographic evaluation | 154 | ||
| Sonographic evaluation | 155 | ||
| Sonographic evaluation | 158 | ||
| Pathology of the aorta | 158 | ||
| Arteriosclerosis versus atherosclerosis. | 159 | ||
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm. | 161 | ||
| Clinical symptoms. | 162 | ||
| Classification of aneurysms. | 162 | ||
| Descriptive terms for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. | 163 | ||
| Inflammatory aortic aneurysm. | 164 | ||
| Rupture of aortic aneurysm. | 164 | ||
| Aortic dissection. | 164 | ||
| Aortic graft. | 166 | ||
| Iliac and thoracic aneurysms | 166 | ||
| Iliac aneurysm. | 166 | ||
| Thoracic aneurysm. | 168 | ||
| Pseudopulsatile abdominal masses. | 168 | ||
| Arteriovenous fistula. | 168 | ||
| Splanchnic aneurysm. | 168 | ||
| Renal arterial disease | 168 | ||
| Renal artery stenosis. | 168 | ||
| Renal arteriovenous fistulas. | 169 | ||
| Inferior vena cava | 169 | ||
| Inferior vena cava abnormalities | 171 | ||
| Congenital abnormalities. | 171 | ||
| Double inferior vena cava. | 172 | ||
| Infrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava. | 172 | ||
| Inferior vena cava dilation or compression. | 173 | ||
| Inferior vena cava tumors, thrombus, and filters. | 174 | ||
| Locations of inferior vena cava | 174 | ||
| Hepatic portion of inferior vena cava. | 174 | ||
| Pancreatic portion of the inferior vena cava. | 174 | ||
| Small bowel (lower) segment. | 174 | ||
| Sonographic findings. | 174 | ||
| Inferior vena cava thrombosis. | 175 | ||
| Inferior vena cava filters. | 176 | ||
| Lateral tributaries to the inferior vena cava | 176 | ||
| Renal veins. | 176 | ||
| Left renal vein. | 176 | ||
| Right renal vein. | 176 | ||
| Renal vein obstruction. | 177 | ||
| Volume Two | 807 | ||
| V The Thoracic Cavity | 807 | ||
| 30 Anatomic and physiologic relationships within the thoracic cavity | 809 | ||
| Objectives | 809 | ||
| Key terms | 809 | ||
| The thorax and the thoracic cavity | 809 | ||
| The heart and great vessels | 811 | ||
| Pericardial sac | 811 | ||
| Linings of the heart wall | 812 | ||
| Right atrium and interatrial septum | 813 | ||
| Tricuspid valve | 813 | ||
| Right ventricle | 813 | ||
| Pulmonary valve and trunk | 822 | ||
| Left atrium | 823 | ||
| Mitral valve | 823 | ||
| Left ventricle | 823 | ||
| Interventricular septum | 823 | ||
| Aortic valve | 823 | ||
| Aortic arch and branches | 823 | ||
| The cardiac cycle | 823 | ||
| The electrical conduction system | 823 | ||
| Bundle of his | 823 | ||
| Cardiac nerves | 823 | ||
| The mechanical conduction system | 823 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 823 | ||
| P wave | 823 | ||
| QRS complex | 823 | ||
| P-r interval | 823 | ||
| T wave | 823 | ||
| Excitation contraction coupling. | 823 | ||
| Auscultation of the heart valves | 823 | ||
| Principles of blood flow | 823 | ||
| Ventricular ejection | 823 | ||
| Coronary circulation | 823 | ||
| Bibliography | 823 | ||
| 31 Understanding hemodynamics | 824 | ||
| Objectives | 824 | ||
| Key terms | 824 | ||
| The cardiac cycle | 825 | ||
| Normal intracardiac pressures and volumes | 825 | ||
| Cardiac output, stroke volume, and its mechanisms | 825 | ||
| Blood flow velocity profiles | 825 | ||
| Doppler basics | 826 | ||
| Doppler effect and frequency shift | 826 | ||
| Pulse wave doppler | 827 | ||
| Color doppler | 828 | ||
| Continuous wave doppler | 829 | ||
| Quantification of intracardiac pressures with ultrasound | 829 | ||
| Pressure-velocity relationship: Bernoulli equation | 829 | ||
| Right atrial pressure | 830 | ||
| Cardiac output and stroke volume measured by ultrasound | 830 | ||
| Continuity principle and equation: Valve area | 831 | ||
| References | 831 | ||
| 32 Introduction to echocardiographic techniques, terminology, and tips | 832 | ||
| Objectives | 832 | ||
| Key terms | 832 | ||
| Two-dimensional echocardiography | 833 | ||
| Examination techniques | 833 | ||
| Transducers | 833 | ||
| Transducer location and imaging planes. | 833 | ||
| Cardiac color flow examination | 834 | ||
| Doppler applications and technique | 835 | ||
| Normal cardiac doppler flow patterns | 835 | ||
| Pulsed wave doppler | 835 | ||
| Continuous wave doppler | 836 | ||
| Audio signals and spectral display of doppler signals | 837 | ||
| Audio signals. | 837 | ||
| Spectral analysis. | 837 | ||
| Doppler quantitation | 838 | ||
| Doppler examination | 838 | ||
| The echocardiographic examination | 838 | ||
| Parasternal views | 839 | ||
| Parasternal long-axis two-dimensional view. | 839 | ||
| Parasternal long-axis view for color flow mapping. | 839 | ||
| Left parasternal window for doppler. | 841 | ||
| Right parasternal view for color flow mapping. | 841 | ||
| Right parasternal window for doppler. | 842 | ||
| Parasternal short-axis two-dimensional view. | 843 | ||
| Parasternal short-axis view for color flow mapping. | 843 | ||
| Parasternal short-axis window for doppler. | 845 | ||
| Apical views | 845 | ||
| Apical two-dimensional views. | 845 | ||
| Apical view for color flow mapping. | 852 | ||
| Apical window for doppler. | 852 | ||
| Subcostal views | 855 | ||
| Subcostal two-dimensional view. | 855 | ||
| Subcostal view for color flow mapping. | 855 | ||
| Subcostal window for doppler. | 857 | ||
| Suprasternal views | 857 | ||
| Suprasternal two-dimensional view. | 857 | ||
| Suprasternal view for color flow mapping. | 857 | ||
| Suprasternal window for doppler. | 858 | ||
| M-mode imaging of the cardiac structures | 859 | ||
| Mitral valve | 859 | ||
| Aortic valve and left atrium | 859 | ||
| Interventricular septum | 860 | ||
| Left ventricle | 860 | ||
| Tricuspid valve | 861 | ||
| Pulmonary valve | 861 | ||
| References | 862 | ||
| 33 Introduction to clinical echocardiography: Left-sided valvular heart disease | 863 | ||
| Objectives | 863 | ||
| Key terms | 863 | ||
| Left-sided valvular heart disease | 863 | ||
| Mitral valve disease | 863 | ||
| Mitral regurgitation | 863 | ||
| Mitral stenosis | 867 | ||
| Pathophysiology. | 868 | ||
| Management of mitral stenosis. | 872 | ||
| Aortic valve disease | 872 | ||
| Aortic insufficiency | 872 | ||
| Aortic stenosis | 875 | ||
| Technical considerations and pitfalls in doppler measurements | 879 | ||
| Aortic abnormalities | 880 | ||
| Aortic aneurysm | 881 | ||
| Pseudoaneurysm. | 881 | ||
| Aortic dissection. | 881 | ||
| Sinus of valsalva aneurysm. | 883 | ||
| Aortic atherosclerosis | 885 | ||
| Penetrating aortic ulcer | 885 | ||
| Intramural hematoma | 885 | ||
| Aortic tumors | 885 | ||
| Bibliography | 886 | ||
| 34 Introduction to clinical echocardiography: Pericardial disease, cardiomyopathies, and tumors | 887 | ||
| Objectives | 887 | ||
| Key terms | 887 | ||
| Pericardial disease | 887 | ||
| Pericardial effusion | 888 | ||
| Cardiac tamponade | 889 | ||
| Constrictive pericarditis | 889 | ||
| Cardiomyopathies | 890 | ||
| Dilated/congestive cardiomyopathy | 890 | ||
| Restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy | 895 | ||
| Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy. | 895 | ||
| Eosinophilic cardiomyopathy—loeffler’s endocarditis. | 895 | ||
| Amyloid cardiomyopathy. | 895 | ||
| Restrictive pattern with severe dysfunction. | 895 | ||
| Takotsubo cardiomyopathy | 898 | ||
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 898 | ||
| Cardiac masses | 903 | ||
| Cardiac tumors | 903 | ||
| Myxomas. | 903 | ||
| Papillary fibroelastoma. | 903 | ||
| Lipomatous hypertrophy. | 903 | ||
| Rhabdomyoma. | 903 | ||
| Malignant primary cardiac tumors. | 903 | ||
| Thrombus | 905 | ||
| Subacute bacterial endocarditis/vegetations | 907 | ||
| Bibliography | 909 | ||
| 35 Fetal echocardiography: Beyond the four chambers | 910 | ||
| Objectives | 910 | ||
| Key terms | 910 | ||
| Embryology of the cardiovascular system | 911 | ||
| Development of blood vessels | 911 | ||
| Aortic arches | 911 | ||
| Development of the heart | 912 | ||
| Right atrium. | 912 | ||
| Left atrium. | 912 | ||
| Four-chambered heart. | 912 | ||
| Division of the atrioventricular canal. | 912 | ||
| Division of the primitive atrium. | 912 | ||
| Formation of the ventricles. | 912 | ||
| Partitioning of bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus. | 913 | ||
| Development of the conduction system. | 913 | ||
| Fetal circulation | 913 | ||
| Heart rate | 914 | ||
| Risk factors indicating fetal echocardiography | 915 | ||
| Fetal risk factors | 915 | ||
| Maternal risk factors | 915 | ||
| Familial risk factors | 915 | ||
| Beyond the four-chamber view | 915 | ||
| Transducer requirements | 915 | ||
| Instrumentation | 915 | ||
| Motion mode imaging | 916 | ||
| Pulsed doppler imaging | 916 | ||
| Color flow doppler imaging | 916 | ||
| Three-dimensional imaging | 917 | ||
| Fetal ultrasound landmarks | 917 | ||
| Echocardiographic evaluation of the fetus | 918 | ||
| Four-chamber view | 918 | ||
| Left and right ventricular outflow tracts | 920 | ||
| Five-chamber view. | 920 | ||
| Crisscross view. | 921 | ||
| Long-axis view. | 922 | ||
| Short-axis view. | 922 | ||
| Ductal and aortic arch views: Oblique long axis | 922 | ||
| Bibliography | 926 | ||
| 36 Fetal echocardiography: Congenital heart disease | 927 | ||
| Objectives | 927 | ||
| Key terms | 927 | ||
| Relationship of genetics to congenital heart disease | 928 | ||
| Chromosomal abnormalities | 928 | ||
| Familial risks of congenital heart disease | 928 | ||
| Incidence of congenital heart disease | 929 | ||
| Prenatal evaluation of congenital heart disease | 929 | ||
| The four-chamber view | 929 | ||
| Cardiac malposition | 929 | ||
| Cardiac enlargement | 929 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 929 | ||
| Pericardial effusion | 930 | ||
| Septal defects | 932 | ||
| Atrial septal defect | 932 | ||
| Ostium secundum atrial septal defect. | 933 | ||
| Ostium primum septal defect. | 933 | ||
| Sinus venosus septal defect. | 933 | ||
| Ventricular septal defect | 934 | ||
| Membranous septal defect. | 934 | ||
| Muscular defect. | 935 | ||
| Atrioventricular septal defect | 936 | ||
| Incomplete atrioventricular septal defect. | 936 | ||
| Complete atrioventricular septal defect. | 936 | ||
| Right ventricular inflow disturbance | 938 | ||
| Tricuspid atresia/stenosis | 938 | ||
| Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve | 939 | ||
| Right ventricular outflow disturbance | 940 | ||
| Hypoplastic right heart | 940 | ||
| Tetralogy of fallot | 941 | ||
| Pulmonic stenosis | 942 | ||
| Subpulmonic stenosis | 943 | ||
| Supravalvular pulmonic stenosis | 943 | ||
| Left ventricular inflow disturbance | 943 | ||
| Congenital mitral stenosis | 943 | ||
| Mitral atresia. | 945 | ||
| Mitral regurgitation | 945 | ||
| Left ventricular outflow tract disturbance | 945 | ||
| Bicuspid aortic valve | 945 | ||
| Aortic stenosis | 946 | ||
| Critical aortic stenosis. | 946 | ||
| Subvalvular or supravalvular aortic stenosis. | 946 | ||
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 946 | ||
| Great vessel abnormalities | 949 | ||
| Transposition of the great arteries | 949 | ||
| Corrected transposition of the great arteries. | 950 | ||
| Truncus arteriosus | 951 | ||
| Coarctation of the aorta | 952 | ||
| Interrupted aortic arch | 953 | ||
| Ductal constriction | 953 | ||
| Cardiac tumors | 953 | ||
| Rhabdomyomas | 953 | ||
| Complex cardiac abnormalities | 954 | ||
| Single ventricle | 954 | ||
| Cor triatriatum | 955 | ||
| Congenital vena cava to left atrial communication | 955 | ||
| Inferior vena cava. | 955 | ||
| Superior vena cava. | 955 | ||
| Total anomalous pulmonary venous return | 956 | ||
| Cardiosplenic syndromes | 956 | ||
| Ectopia cordis | 957 | ||
| Dysrhythmias | 958 | ||
| Ectopy | 958 | ||
| Premature atrial and ventricular contractions. | 958 | ||
| Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia | 959 | ||
| Atrioventricular block | 959 | ||
| References | 962 | ||
| Bibliography | 962 | ||
| VI Cerebrovascular | 963 | ||
| 37 Extracranial cerebrovascular evaluation | 965 | ||
| Objectives | 965 | ||
| Key terms | 965 | ||
| Anatomy for extracranial cerebrovascular imaging | 966 | ||
| Aortic arch | 966 | ||
| Common carotid artery | 966 | ||
| Internal carotid artery | 966 | ||
| External carotid artery | 966 | ||
| Vertebral artery | 967 | ||
| Extracranial arterial hemodynamics | 967 | ||
| Carotid disease and stroke risk factors, warning signs, and symptoms | 967 | ||
| Technical aspects of carotid duplex imaging | 968 | ||
| Procedure | 969 | ||
| Normal findings | 970 | ||
| Tortuous arteries. | 972 | ||
| Doppler variations. | 972 | ||
| Pathologic findings | 972 | ||
| Atherosclerotic disease. | 972 | ||
| Aneurysms. | 974 | ||
| Pseudoaneurysms. | 974 | ||
| Carotid dissection. | 974 | ||
| Carotid body tumors. | 974 | ||
| Fibromuscular dysplasia. | 974 | ||
| Interpretation of carotid duplex imaging | 975 | ||
| Common carotid artery disease treatments | 978 | ||
| Other carotid artery imaging modalities | 979 | ||
| Other carotid duplex imaging applications and emerging techniques | 979 | ||
| Intraoperative imaging | 979 | ||
| Carotid duplex imaging after stent placement or endarterectomy | 980 | ||
| Three-dimensional carotid duplex imaging | 980 | ||
| References | 981 | ||
| 38 Intracranial cerebrovascular evaluation | 983 | ||
| Objectives | 983 | ||
| Key terms | 983 | ||
| Intracranial arterial anatomy | 984 | ||
| Internal carotid artery | 984 | ||
| Ophthalmic artery | 984 | ||
| Vertebral arteries | 985 | ||
| Basilar artery | 985 | ||
| Circle of willis | 985 | ||
| Middle cerebral artery | 985 | ||
| Anterior cerebral artery | 985 | ||
| Anterior communicating artery | 986 | ||
| Posterior cerebral arteries | 986 | ||
| Posterior communicating artery | 986 | ||
| Intracranial arterial physiology | 986 | ||
| Technical aspects of transcranial doppler imaging | 986 | ||
| Instrumentation | 987 | ||
| Technique | 988 | ||
| Transtemporal window. | 988 | ||
| Transorbital window. | 990 | ||
| Suboccipital window. | 991 | ||
| Submandibular window. | 991 | ||
| Interpretation of transcranial doppler imaging | 992 | ||
| Physiologic factors | 993 | ||
| Age. | 993 | ||
| Sex. | 993 | ||
| Hematocrit. | 993 | ||
| Carbon dioxide reactivity. | 993 | ||
| Heart rate and cardiac output. | 993 | ||
| Normal intracranial velocities | 994 | ||
| Clinical applications | 995 | ||
| Vasospasm | 995 | ||
| Diagnosis of intracranial disease | 996 | ||
| Stenosis. | 996 | ||
| Occlusion. | 997 | ||
| Collateral pathways. | 997 | ||
| Subclavian steal. | 997 | ||
| Microemboli detection. | 998 | ||
| Predicting stroke in sickle cell disease. | 999 | ||
| Posttrauma brain injury. | 999 | ||
| Cerebral circulatory arrest. | 1000 | ||
| Intracranial venous evaluation. | 1000 | ||
| Intraoperative use of transcranial doppler technology | 1000 | ||
| Advantages and limitations of transcranial doppler imaging | 1000 | ||
| Diagnostic pitfalls | 1001 | ||
| References | 1003 | ||
| 39 Peripheral arterial evaluation | 1006 | ||
| Objectives | 1006 | ||
| Key terms | 1006 | ||
| Anatomy associated with peripheral arterial testing | 1007 | ||
| Lower extremity | 1007 | ||
| Upper extremity | 1008 | ||
| Arterial physiology | 1008 | ||
| Arterial pathophysiology | 1009 | ||
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1009 | ||
| Treatments. | 1009 | ||
| Risk factors and symptoms of peripheral arterial disease. | 1009 | ||
| Indirect (physiologic) arterial testing | 1010 | ||
| Segmental doppler pressures | 1010 | ||
| Arterial stress testing | 1012 | ||
| Digit pressures | 1012 | ||
| Plethysmography testing | 1013 | ||
| Pulse volume recordings. | 1013 | ||
| Photoplethysmography. | 1013 | ||
| Other indirect arterial testing | 1013 | ||
| Thoracic outlet syndrome. | 1013 | ||
| Reynaud’s phenomenon. | 1013 | ||
| Amputation and ulcer evaluation. | 1013 | ||
| Arterial duplex imaging | 1014 | ||
| Lower extremity | 1015 | ||
| Upper extremity | 1016 | ||
| Interpretation | 1016 | ||
| Bypass graft surveillance | 1018 | ||
| Dialysis access grafts | 1019 | ||
| Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms | 1020 | ||
| Guidelines for evaluation | 1022 | ||
| References | 1023 | ||
| 40 Peripheral venous evaluation | 1025 | ||
| Objectives | 1025 | ||
| Key terms | 1025 | ||
| Anatomy for peripheral venous duplex imaging | 1026 | ||
| Lower extremity | 1026 |