BOOK
Fundamental Concepts and Skills for the Patient Care Technician - E-Book
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Learn to master the wide range of information and skills needed by today’s health care workers with Fundamental Concepts and Skills for Patient Care Technicians. While its comprehensive coverage of patient care is appropriate for all types of health care workers, this all-new text is specifically designed to prepare students and professionals for the topics they will face on the Patient Care Technician or the Nursing Assistant certification exams. Coverage includes working within the healthcare team, ethics, laws, communication, understanding patients, culture, patient rights, body structure and function, and growth and development. Procedure units cover safety, infection control, moving and transfers, vital signs, patient assessment, care, comfort, hygiene, and grooming, nutrition and fluids, elimination and respiration skills, and care of the surgical patient. Plus, advanced skills for Patient Care Technicians such as specimen collection, phlebotomy procedures and ECG procedures are also included.
- Over 75 step-by-step procedures cover the information found on the Nursing Assistant and Patient Care Technician certification exams.
- Illness and Injury Prevention boxes highlight important safety issues.
- Delegation and Documentation boxes emphasize what information is needed from the nurse before the procedure and what information should be reported and recorded after the procedure.
- Chapter review questions test understanding of chapter content.
- Case scenarios feature realistic clinical situations with questions to help you apply chapter content to actual practice.
- Chapter learning objectives and key terms emphasize important chapter information.
- Chapter summaries provide key points to remember.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Evolve Ad | IFC1 | ||
| Fundamental Concepts and Skills for the Patient Care Technician | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Acknowledgments | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Features | ix | ||
| Helping You Master the Content | ix | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| Procedures List | xix | ||
| 1 Introduction to Healthcare | 1 | ||
| 1 Today’s Healthcare | 3 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 3 | ||
| Key Terms | 3 | ||
| Health | 4 | ||
| Health Promotion | 4 | ||
| Injury Prevention | 4 | ||
| Looking Ahead to Today | 4 | ||
| Medically Underserved | 4 | ||
| Affordable Care Act | 4 | ||
| Nursing Shortage | 5 | ||
| Development of the Patient Care Technician | 5 | ||
| Healthcare Delivery Systems | 5 | ||
| Healthcare System Defined | 5 | ||
| Wellness-Illness Continuum | 5 | ||
| Maslow’s Model of Health and Illness | 6 | ||
| Health Promotion and Illness Prevention | 6 | ||
| Continuity of Care | 7 | ||
| Delivery of Patient Care | 7 | ||
| Participants in the Healthcare System | 7 | ||
| Professional Healthcare Specialists | 7 | ||
| Registered Nurses | 7 | ||
| Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurses | 7 | ||
| Nursing Assistant | 7 | ||
| Other Caregivers | 8 | ||
| Technologists, Medical Technicians, and Paraprofessionals | 8 | ||
| Economic Factors That Affect Health and Illness | 8 | ||
| Rising Healthcare Costs | 8 | ||
| Increasing Number of Aging Americans | 8 | ||
| Advances in Technology | 8 | ||
| Protecting the Privacy of Patients | 8 | ||
| Changes in Delivery System | 9 | ||
| Social and Environmental Factors That Affect Health and Illness | 9 | ||
| Health Promotion | 9 | ||
| Patients’ Rights | 10 | ||
| Healthcare Providers’ Rights | 10 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Approach to Healthcare | 10 | ||
| Care Plan | 10 | ||
| Communication | 11 | ||
| Documentation | 11 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 11 | ||
| Review Questions | 12 | ||
| 2 The Role of the Patient Care Technician | 13 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 13 | ||
| Key Terms | 13 | ||
| The Patient Care Technician | 14 | ||
| The History of the Patient Care Technician | 14 | ||
| The Difference Between the Certified Nursing Assistant and the Patient Care Technician | 15 | ||
| Training the Patient Care Technician | 15 | ||
| Certifications for the Patient Care Technician | 15 | ||
| National Healthcareer Association | 16 | ||
| National Center for Competency Testing | 16 | ||
| Taking Certification Examinations | 16 | ||
| Paying for the Certification Examination | 16 | ||
| Preparing for the PCT Certification Examination | 16 | ||
| Passing the PCT Certification Examination | 16 | ||
| Continuing Education | 16 | ||
| The Scope of Practice of a Patient Care Technician | 17 | ||
| A Career for Patient Care Technicians | 17 | ||
| Professional Appearance | 18 | ||
| Legal and Ethical Issues | 19 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 19 | ||
| Review Questions | 20 | ||
| 3 Professionalism and Work Ethics | 21 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 21 | ||
| Key Terms | 21 | ||
| The Meaning of Professionalism | 22 | ||
| Work Ethics | 22 | ||
| Characteristics of Professionalism | 22 | ||
| Loyalty | 23 | ||
| Courtesy | 23 | ||
| Initiative | 23 | ||
| Flexibility | 23 | ||
| Credibility | 23 | ||
| Confidentiality | 23 | ||
| Social Media | 24 | ||
| Attitude | 24 | ||
| Obstructions to Professionalism | 24 | ||
| Personal Problems and “Baggage” | 25 | ||
| Rumors and the “Grapevine” | 25 | ||
| Personal Phone Calls and Business | 25 | ||
| Workplace Politics | 26 | ||
| Professional Attributes | 26 | ||
| Teamwork | 26 | ||
| Time Management | 26 | ||
| Prioritizing | 26 | ||
| Setting Goals | 27 | ||
| Knowing the Facility and Its Employees | 27 | ||
| Documentation | 27 | ||
| Note Taking | 27 | ||
| Hygiene | 27 | ||
| Interpersonal Skills | 28 | ||
| Substance Abuse | 28 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 29 | ||
| Review Questions | 30 | ||
| 4 Communicating With the Healthcare Team | 31 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 31 | ||
| Key Terms | 31 | ||
| Overview of Communication | 32 | ||
| Verbal Communication | 33 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication | 33 | ||
| Voice | 33 | ||
| Eye Contact | 33 | ||
| Physical Appearance | 34 | ||
| Gestures | 34 | ||
| Posture | 34 | ||
| Consistency of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication | 35 | ||
| Styles of Communication | 35 | ||
| Assertive Communication | 35 | ||
| Aggressive Communication | 35 | ||
| Establishing a Therapeutic Relationship | 36 | ||
| Documentation | 36 | ||
| Purposes of Patient Records | 37 | ||
| Electronic Health Record | 37 | ||
| SBAR | 39 | ||
| Basic Guidelines for Documentation | 39 | ||
| Charting Rules | 39 | ||
| Legal Basis of Documentation | 39 | ||
| Common Medical Abbreviations and Terminology | 40 | ||
| Methods of Recording | 40 | ||
| Traditional Chart | 40 | ||
| Record-Keeping Forms and Examples | 40 | ||
| Incident Reports | 41 | ||
| Special Issues in Documentation | 47 | ||
| Record Ownership and Access | 47 | ||
| Confidentiality | 48 | ||
| Electronic Documentation Safeguards | 48 | ||
| Use of Fax Machines | 49 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 49 | ||
| Review Questions | 49 | ||
| 2 The Patient | 51 | ||
| 5 Understanding the Patient as a Person | 53 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 53 | ||
| Key Terms | 53 | ||
| Culture | 54 | ||
| Cultural Competence and Transcultural Care | 54 | ||
| Lifespan Considerations: Older Adults Cultural Background | 55 | ||
| Race and Ethnicity | 55 | ||
| Ethnic and Racial Groups in the United States | 55 | ||
| Communication | 56 | ||
| Health Literacy | 58 | ||
| Suggestions for Improving Understanding With Those Who Have Low Health Literacy | 59 | ||
| Personal Space | 59 | ||
| Time | 59 | ||
| Religious Beliefs and Healthcare | 60 | ||
| Health Practices | 65 | ||
| Biological Variations | 66 | ||
| Cultural Practices of Specific Groups | 67 | ||
| Ethics Principles in Nursing Practice | 67 | ||
| Cultural Considerations: Culture and Ethics | 73 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 73 | ||
| Review Questions | 74 | ||
| 6 Patient Rights, Ethics, and Laws | 75 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 75 | ||
| Key Terms | 75 | ||
| Legal Aspects of Nursing | 76 | ||
| Overview of the Legal System | 76 | ||
| Negligence | 77 | ||
| Malpractice | 77 | ||
| Overview of the Legal Process | 77 | ||
| Legal Relationships | 78 | ||
| Regulation of Practice | 79 | ||
| Legal Issues | 80 | ||
| Patients’ Rights | 81 | ||
| Informed Consent | 81 | ||
| Confidentiality | 83 | ||
| Medical Records | 83 | ||
| Invasion of Privacy | 83 | ||
| Reporting Abuse | 83 | ||
| Lifespan Considerations for Older Adults/Elder Abuse | 84 | ||
| How to Avoid a Lawsuit | 84 | ||
| Ethical Aspects of Nursing | 85 | ||
| Advance Directives | 85 | ||
| Development of Ethical Principles | 86 | ||
| Codes of Ethics | 86 | ||
| Reporting Unethical Behavior | 87 | ||
| Ethical Issues | 87 | ||
| Practitioner-Assisted Suicide | 87 | ||
| Right to Refuse Treatment | 88 | ||
| Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders | 88 | ||
| Refusal to Treat | 88 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 89 | ||
| Review Questions | 89 | ||
| 7 Body Structure and Function/Growth and Development | 91 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 91 | ||
| Key Terms | 91 | ||
| Anatomical Terminology | 93 | ||
| Body Planes | 93 | ||
| Body Cavities | 93 | ||
| Ventral Cavity | 93 | ||
| Dorsal Cavity | 94 | ||
| Abdominal Regions | 94 | ||
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants | 95 | ||
| Structural Levels of Organization | 95 | ||
| Cells | 96 | ||
| Structural Parts of Cells | 96 | ||
| Plasma Membrane | 96 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 96 | ||
| Nucleus | 97 | ||
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | 97 | ||
| Ribosomes | 97 | ||
| Mitochondria | 97 | ||
| Lysosomes | 97 | ||
| Golgi Apparatus | 97 | ||
| Centrioles | 97 | ||
| Protein Synthesis | 97 | ||
| Cell Division | 98 | ||
| Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes | 98 | ||
| Active Transport Processes | 98 | ||
| Passive Transport Processes | 99 | ||
| Tissues | 100 | ||
| Epithelial Tissue | 100 | ||
| Connective Tissue | 100 | ||
| Muscle Tissue | 100 | ||
| Nervous Tissue | 102 | ||
| Membranes | 102 | ||
| Epithelial Membranes | 102 | ||
| Mucous Membranes | 102 | ||
| Serous Membranes | 102 | ||
| Connective Tissue Membranes (Synovial Membranes) | 103 | ||
| Organs and Systems | 103 | ||
| Growth and Development | 105 | ||
| Health Promotion Across the Life Span | 105 | ||
| Growth and Development | 106 | ||
| Patterns of Growth | 106 | ||
| Beginnings | 106 | ||
| Ethical Considerations | 107 | ||
| The Family | 107 | ||
| Types of Families | 107 | ||
| Nuclear Family | 107 | ||
| Extended Family | 108 | ||
| Single-Parent Family | 108 | ||
| Blended (Reconstituted) Family | 108 | ||
| Social Contract Family and Cohabitation | 109 | ||
| Homosexual Family | 109 | ||
| Adoptive Family | 109 | ||
| Grandfamilies | 109 | ||
| Foster Family | 109 | ||
| Causes of Family Stress | 109 | ||
| Chronic Illness | 110 | ||
| Working Mothers | 110 | ||
| Abuse | 110 | ||
| Divorce | 110 | ||
| Stages of Growth and Development | 110 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 110 | ||
| Communication and Language | 110 | ||
| Infancy: 1 to 12 Months | 112 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 112 | ||
| Vital Signs | 112 | ||
| Dentition | 112 | ||
| Motor Development | 113 | ||
| Locomotion | 113 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 114 | ||
| Health Promotion | 114 | ||
| Nutrition | 114 | ||
| Sleep, Play Activity, and Safety | 115 | ||
| Toddler: 1 to 3 Years | 116 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 116 | ||
| Vital Signs | 116 | ||
| Neuromuscular Development | 116 | ||
| Toilet Training | 117 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 117 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 118 | ||
| Communication and Language | 118 | ||
| Health Promotion | 118 | ||
| Nutrition | 118 | ||
| Sleep, Play Activity, and Safety | 118 | ||
| Preschool: 3 to 5 Years | 119 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 119 | ||
| Vital Signs | 119 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 119 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 120 | ||
| Communication and Language | 120 | ||
| Health Promotion | 120 | ||
| Nutrition | 120 | ||
| Sleep, Play Activity, and Safety | 120 | ||
| School Age: 6 to 12 Years | 121 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 121 | ||
| Vital Signs | 121 | ||
| Dentition | 121 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 122 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 122 | ||
| Communication and Language | 122 | ||
| Health Promotion | 123 | ||
| Nutrition | 123 | ||
| Sleep, Play Activity, and Safety | 123 | ||
| Adolescence: 12 to 19 Years | 124 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 124 | ||
| Vital Signs | 125 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 125 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 126 | ||
| Moral Development | 126 | ||
| Health Promotion | 126 | ||
| Nutrition | 126 | ||
| Sleep, Play Activity, and Safety | 126 | ||
| Emotional Health | 127 | ||
| Early Adulthood: 20 to 40 Years | 127 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 127 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 128 | ||
| Health Promotion | 129 | ||
| Nutrition | 129 | ||
| Rest and Sleep | 129 | ||
| Physical and Dental Examinations | 129 | ||
| Safety | 129 | ||
| Middle Adulthood: 40 to 65 Years | 129 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 129 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 130 | ||
| Health Promotion | 131 | ||
| Nutrition | 131 | ||
| Physical and Dental Examinations | 131 | ||
| Sleep and Rest | 131 | ||
| Late Adulthood: 65 Years and Older | 131 | ||
| Ageism | 132 | ||
| Physical Characteristics | 133 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 134 | ||
| Family Roles | 135 | ||
| Cognitive and Intellectual Development | 135 | ||
| Memory | 135 | ||
| Health Promotion | 135 | ||
| Nutrition | 136 | ||
| Activity | 136 | ||
| Sleep | 136 | ||
| Safety | 136 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 137 | ||
| Review Questions | 137 | ||
| 8 Pain Management, Comfort, Rest, and Sleep | 139 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 139 | ||
| Key Terms | 139 | ||
| Pain | 140 | ||
| Nature of Pain | 140 | ||
| Definitions of Pain | 141 | ||
| Types of Pain | 141 | ||
| Controlling Pain | 142 | ||
| Requirements of the Joint Commission for Pain Control | 142 | ||
| The Joint Commission Standards | 142 | ||
| Making Pain the Fifth Vital Sign | 142 | ||
| Noninvasive Pain Relief Techniques | 142 | ||
| Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation | 143 | ||
| Invasive Pain Relief Techniques | 143 | ||
| Preventing and Managing Opioid-Induced Constipation | 143 | ||
| Administration Routes for Analgesics | 144 | ||
| Patient-Controlled Analgesia | 144 | ||
| Pain Interventions | 145 | ||
| Sleep and Rest | 146 | ||
| Physiology of Sleep | 146 | ||
| Sleep Cycle | 147 | ||
| Sleep Deprivation | 149 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 150 | ||
| Review Questions | 150 | ||
| 3 Safety | 153 | ||
| 9 Asepsis and Infection Control | 155 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 155 | ||
| Key Terms | 155 | ||
| Asepsis | 156 | ||
| Infection | 156 | ||
| Infectious Agent | 157 | ||
| Bacteria | 157 | ||
| Viruses | 158 | ||
| Fungi | 159 | ||
| Protozoa | 159 | ||
| Reservoir | 159 | ||
| Portal of Exit | 160 | ||
| Mode of Transmission | 160 | ||
| Portal of Entry | 161 | ||
| Host | 161 | ||
| Inflammatory Response | 162 | ||
| Healthcare-Associated Infections | 162 | ||
| Occupational Health Service | 163 | ||
| Standard Precautions | 163 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 164 | ||
| Gloving | 167 | ||
| Gowning | 167 | ||
| Mask and Protective Eyewear | 168 | ||
| Disposing of Contaminated Equipment | 168 | ||
| Handling Linen | 170 | ||
| Isolation Technique | 170 | ||
| Pulmonary Tuberculosis Precautions | 175 | ||
| Surgical Asepsis | 175 | ||
| Principles of Sterile Technique | 176 | ||
| Using Alcohol-Based Hand Rub | 176 | ||
| Managing Sterile Packages | 177 | ||
| Preparing a Sterile Field | 178 | ||
| Donning Sterile Gloves | 179 | ||
| Opening and Pouring Sterile Solutions | 179 | ||
| Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization | 179 | ||
| Cleaning | 179 | ||
| Disinfection | 182 | ||
| Sterilization | 183 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 184 | ||
| Review Questions | 184 | ||
| 10 Workplace Safety and Body Mechanics | 187 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 187 | ||
| Key Terms | 187 | ||
| Workplace Safety | 188 | ||
| Needle Sticks and Pathogen Exposure | 189 | ||
| Fire Safety | 190 | ||
| Laser Beam Safety | 192 | ||
| Accidental Poisoning | 193 | ||
| Disaster Planning | 193 | ||
| Terrorism | 195 | ||
| Bioterrorism | 195 | ||
| Terrorism by Nuclear Exposure | 195 | ||
| Active Shooters | 195 | ||
| Body Mechanics | 196 | ||
| Use of Appropriate Body Mechanics | 196 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 197 | ||
| Review Questions | 198 | ||
| 11 Patient Safety | 199 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 199 | ||
| Key Terms | 199 | ||
| Safety in the Hospital or Healthcare Environment | 200 | ||
| Falls | 200 | ||
| Safety Considerations for Infants and Children | 201 | ||
| Older Adults | 201 | ||
| Safety Reminder Devices | 201 | ||
| Hourly Rounding | 203 | ||
| The Patient Care Technician as Sitter | 203 | ||
| Radiological and Therapeutic Radiation | 204 | ||
| Mercury Spill | 204 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 205 | ||
| Review Questions | 206 | ||
| 12 Moving, Positioning, and Preventing Falls | 207 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 207 | ||
| Key Terms | 207 | ||
| Falls | 208 | ||
| Infants and Children | 208 | ||
| Older Adults | 209 | ||
| Positioning of Patients | 209 | ||
| Mobility Versus Immobility | 209 | ||
| Moving the Patient | 212 | ||
| Use of the Lift for Moving Patients | 212 | ||
| Safety Reminder Devices | 214 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 230 | ||
| Review Questions | 230 | ||
| 13 Basic Emergency Care | 233 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 233 | ||
| Key Terms | 233 | ||
| Assisting With Medical Emergencies | 234 | ||
| Rapid Response Team | 234 | ||
| Emergency Supplies | 234 | ||
| Chain of Survival | 235 | ||
| Defibrillators | 235 | ||
| Precautions for Automated External Defibrillators | 237 | ||
| General Rules for Emergencies | 237 | ||
| Telephone Screening | 237 | ||
| Management of On-Site Emergencies | 238 | ||
| Fainting (Syncope) | 238 | ||
| Unresponsive Patient | 238 | ||
| Choking | 239 | ||
| Seizures | 243 | ||
| Bleeding | 245 | ||
| Nosebleeds (Epistaxis) | 245 | ||
| Legal and Ethical Issues | 246 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 247 | ||
| Review Questions | 248 | ||
| 4 Patient Assessment | 249 | ||
| 14 Assisting With the Physical Examination | 251 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 251 | ||
| Key Terms | 251 | ||
| Primary Care Physician/Hospitalist | 252 | ||
| Physical Examination | 252 | ||
| Preparing for the Physical Examination | 252 | ||
| Role of the Patient Care Technician in the Physical Examination | 252 | ||
| Room Preparation | 252 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 253 | ||
| Assisting the Physician | 253 | ||
| Supplies and Instruments Needed for the Physical Examination | 254 | ||
| Ophthalmoscope | 254 | ||
| Otoscope | 254 | ||
| Nasal Speculum | 254 | ||
| Tuning Fork | 255 | ||
| Stethoscope | 256 | ||
| Reflex Hammer | 256 | ||
| Gloves | 256 | ||
| Tongue Depressor | 256 | ||
| Tape Measure | 256 | ||
| Additional Supplies | 256 | ||
| Assisting With the Physical Examination | 256 | ||
| Methods of Examination | 256 | ||
| Inspection | 256 | ||
| Palpation | 256 | ||
| Percussion | 257 | ||
| Auscultation | 257 | ||
| Mensuration | 257 | ||
| Manipulation | 257 | ||
| Positioning and Draping the Patient for the Physical Examination | 258 | ||
| Transferring a Patient | 258 | ||
| Examination Sequence | 259 | ||
| Presenting Appearance (General Appearance) | 260 | ||
| Nutrition and Stature | 260 | ||
| Speech | 260 | ||
| Breath Odors | 260 | ||
| Skin | 260 | ||
| Head | 261 | ||
| Eyes | 261 | ||
| Ears | 261 | ||
| Nose and Sinuses | 261 | ||
| Mouth and Throat | 261 | ||
| Neck | 261 | ||
| Reflexes | 261 | ||
| Chest | 262 | ||
| Abdomen | 262 | ||
| Breast and Testicles | 262 | ||
| Rectum | 262 | ||
| Role of the Patient Care Technician | 262 | ||
| Legal and Ethical Issues | 263 | ||
| HIPAA Applications | 263 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 263 | ||
| Review Questions | 264 | ||
| 15 Measuring and Recording Vital Signs | 265 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 265 | ||
| Key Terms | 265 | ||
| Factors That May Influence Vital Signs | 267 | ||
| Temperature | 267 | ||
| Physiology | 267 | ||
| Fever | 267 | ||
| Temperature Readings | 268 | ||
| Types of Thermometers and Their Uses | 269 | ||
| Digital Thermometer | 269 | ||
| Tympanic Thermometer | 269 | ||
| Temporal Artery Scanner | 272 | ||
| Axillary Thermometer | 272 | ||
| Disposable Thermometer | 272 | ||
| Cleaning Thermometers | 274 | ||
| Digital Thermometers | 274 | ||
| Tympanic Thermometers | 274 | ||
| Disposable Thermometers | 274 | ||
| Pulse | 274 | ||
| Pulse Sites | 274 | ||
| Characteristics of a Pulse | 276 | ||
| Rate | 277 | ||
| Rhythm | 277 | ||
| Volume | 277 | ||
| Determining the Pulse Rate | 277 | ||
| Radial and Apical Pulse Rates | 277 | ||
| Femoral, Popliteal, and Pedal Pulses | 278 | ||
| Respiration | 279 | ||
| Physiology | 279 | ||
| Characteristics of Respirations | 279 | ||
| Counting Respirations | 280 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 280 | ||
| Factors That Affect Blood Pressure | 281 | ||
| Evaluating the Blood Pressure | 281 | ||
| Measuring Blood Pressure | 282 | ||
| Korotkoff Sounds | 283 | ||
| Phase I | 285 | ||
| Phase II | 285 | ||
| Phase III | 285 | ||
| Phase IV | 285 | ||
| Phase V | 285 | ||
| Palpatory Method | 285 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 286 | ||
| Anthropometric Measurement | 286 | ||
| Measuring Weight and Height | 286 | ||
| Weight | 289 | ||
| Height | 289 | ||
| Growth Charts | 289 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 294 | ||
| Review Questions | 294 | ||
| 16 Obtaining and Monitoring an Electrocardiogram | 297 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 297 | ||
| Key Terms | 297 | ||
| The Electrical Conduction System of the Heart | 298 | ||
| The Cardiac Cycle | 298 | ||
| Polarization, Depolarization, and Repolarization | 299 | ||
| PQRST Complex | 299 | ||
| The Electrocardiograph | 301 | ||
| Electrocardiograph Paper | 301 | ||
| Electrodes and Leads | 302 | ||
| Lead Recordings | 302 | ||
| Standard Leads | 302 | ||
| Augmented Leads | 303 | ||
| Precordial Leads | 303 | ||
| Performing Electrocardiography | 303 | ||
| Preparation of the Room and Patient | 303 | ||
| Attaching Leads to the Patient | 304 | ||
| Recording the Electrocardiogram | 305 | ||
| The ECG Tracing and the Medical Record | 305 | ||
| Telephone Transmission | 307 | ||
| Interpretive Electrocardiographs | 307 | ||
| Artifacts | 307 | ||
| Wandering Baseline | 307 | ||
| Somatic Tremor | 307 | ||
| Alternating Current Interference | 308 | ||
| Interrupted Baseline | 308 | ||
| Interpreting an ECG Strip | 308 | ||
| Normal Appearance of ECG Complexes | 308 | ||
| Rate | 308 | ||
| Rhythm | 308 | ||
| Typical ECG Rhythm Abnormalities | 310 | ||
| Sinus Arrhythmias | 310 | ||
| Atrial Arrhythmias | 310 | ||
| Ventricular Arrhythmias | 311 | ||
| Pacemaker Rhythms | 312 | ||
| Legal and Ethical Issues | 312 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 312 | ||
| Review Questions | 313 | ||
| 5 Patient Care and Comfort | 315 | ||
| 17 Assisting With Admission and Discharge | 317 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 317 | ||
| Key Terms | 317 | ||
| Common Patient Reactions to Hospitalization | 318 | ||
| Cultural Considerations for the Hospitalized Patient or Long-Term Care Resident | 319 | ||
| Admitting a Patient | 319 | ||
| Transferring a Patient | 321 | ||
| Discharging a Patient | 323 | ||
| Discharge Planning | 323 | ||
| Referrals for Healthcare Services | 324 | ||
| The Discharge Process | 324 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 326 | ||
| Review Questions | 327 | ||
| 18 Bed Making and Hygiene | 329 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 329 | ||
| Key Terms | 329 | ||
| Patient’s Room Environment | 331 | ||
| Maintaining Comfort | 332 | ||
| Room Equipment | 333 | ||
| Bathing | 333 | ||
| Cool Water Tub Bath | 335 | ||
| Warm Water Tub Bath | 335 | ||
| Hot Water Tub Bath | 335 | ||
| Sitz Bath | 335 | ||
| Other Baths | 336 | ||
| Back Care and Back Rub | 342 | ||
| Components of the Patient’s Hygiene | 343 | ||
| Care of the Skin | 343 | ||
| Data Collection | 343 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers | 343 | ||
| Oral Hygiene | 344 | ||
| Perineal Care | 345 | ||
| Perineal Care for the Patient With an Indwelling Catheter | 345 | ||
| Eye, Ear, and Nose Care | 345 | ||
| Care of the Eyes | 346 | ||
| Care of the Ears | 347 | ||
| Hearing Aids | 347 | ||
| Care of the Nose | 348 | ||
| Bed Making | 348 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 353 | ||
| Review Questions | 353 | ||
| 19 Assisting With Grooming | 355 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 355 | ||
| Key Terms | 355 | ||
| Components of the Patient’s Hygiene | 356 | ||
| Hair Care | 356 | ||
| Brushing the Hair | 356 | ||
| Shampooing the Hair | 356 | ||
| Shaving the Patient | 358 | ||
| Hand, Foot, and Nail Care | 358 | ||
| Dressing and Undressing the Patient | 361 | ||
| Changing the Gown of a Patient With an Intravenous Line | 361 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 365 | ||
| Review Questions | 365 | ||
| 20 Assisting With Nutrition and Fluids | 367 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 367 | ||
| Key Terms | 367 | ||
| Role of the PCT in Promoting Nutrition | 368 | ||
| Infancy | 368 | ||
| Childhood | 368 | ||
| Adolescence | 369 | ||
| Adulthood | 369 | ||
| Nutritional Concerns of Adults in Long-Term Care Facilities | 369 | ||
| Medical Nutrition Therapy and Therapeutic Diets | 371 | ||
| Liquid Diets | 371 | ||
| Soft and Low-Residue Diets | 372 | ||
| High-Fiber Diets | 372 | ||
| Kilocalorie Modifications | 372 | ||
| High-Kilocalorie and High-Protein Diets | 372 | ||
| Fat-Modified Diets | 373 | ||
| Low-Fat Diets | 373 | ||
| Fluid-Modified Diets | 373 | ||
| Feeding the Patient | 374 | ||
| Water | 375 | ||
| Intake and Output | 377 | ||
| Intravenous Therapy | 378 | ||
| Maintaining and Discontinuing an Intravenous Site | 378 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 380 | ||
| Review Questions | 380 | ||
| 21 Assisting With Urinary Elimination | 381 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 381 | ||
| Key Terms | 381 | ||
| Urinary Elimination | 382 | ||
| Assisting the Patient With Elimination | 382 | ||
| Care of the Incontinent Patient | 383 | ||
| Urinary Catheters | 383 | ||
| Types of Catheters | 385 | ||
| Older Adults/Catheterization | 394 | ||
| Routine Catheter Care | 394 | ||
| Incontinence and Its Management | 394 | ||
| Bladder Training | 395 | ||
| Removal of an Indwelling Catheter | 395 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 397 | ||
| Review Questions | 397 | ||
| 22 Assisting With Bowel Elimination | 399 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 399 | ||
| Key Terms | 399 | ||
| Bowel Elimination | 400 | ||
| Delegation in Bowel Elimination | 400 | ||
| Care of the Patient With Hemorrhoids | 400 | ||
| Flatulence | 401 | ||
| Administering an Enema | 401 | ||
| Ostomies | 403 | ||
| Colostomy Care | 403 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 406 | ||
| Review Questions | 406 | ||
| 23 Assisting With Oxygen Needs | 407 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 407 | ||
| Key Terms | 407 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 409 | ||
| Transtracheal Oxygen Delivery | 411 | ||
| Care of the Tracheostomy | 414 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 420 | ||
| Review Questions | 421 | ||
| 6 Blood and Specimen Collecting and Testing | 423 | ||
| 24 Blood Collecting and Processing | 425 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 425 | ||
| Key Terms | 425 | ||
| Venipuncture Equipment | 426 | ||
| Gloves | 426 | ||
| Tourniquets | 427 | ||
| Antiseptics | 428 | ||
| Evacuated Blood Collection Tubes | 428 | ||
| Tube Additives | 429 | ||
| Order of Collection | 431 | ||
| Types of Sharps and Supplies Used in Phlebotomy | 431 | ||
| Multisample Needles | 431 | ||
| Syringes | 432 | ||
| Needle Holders | 432 | ||
| Needle Safety | 432 | ||
| Postexposure Management of Needlesticks | 434 | ||
| Routine Venipuncture | 435 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 435 | ||
| Preparing for the Venipuncture | 435 | ||
| Performing the Venipuncture | 438 | ||
| Completing the Venipuncture | 438 | ||
| Problems Associated With Venipuncture | 438 | ||
| Fainting | 444 | ||
| Specimen Re-Collection | 444 | ||
| Capillary Puncture | 445 | ||
| Equipment | 446 | ||
| Skin Puncture Devices | 446 | ||
| Collection Containers | 446 | ||
| Routine Capillary Puncture | 447 | ||
| Site Selection | 447 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 447 | ||
| Collecting the Specimen | 447 | ||
| Specimen Handling | 447 | ||
| Pediatric Phlebotomy | 448 | ||
| Measuring Blood Glucose | 451 | ||
| Postcollection Specimen Handling | 454 | ||
| Chain of Custody | 454 | ||
| Patient Education | 454 | ||
| Legal and Ethics Issues | 455 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 455 | ||
| Review Questions | 456 | ||
| 25 Specimen Collecting and Testing | 459 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 459 | ||
| Key Terms | 459 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 460 | ||
| Guidelines for Specimen Collection | 460 | ||
| Physiology of Urine Formation | 460 | ||
| Anatomy of the Urinary Tract | 460 | ||
| Formation of Urine | 461 | ||
| Collecting a Urine Specimen | 461 | ||
| Patient Sensitivity | 461 | ||
| Containers | 462 | ||
| Methods of Specimen Collection | 462 | ||
| Collecting a Urine Specimen From an Infant or Child | 462 | ||
| Handling and Transportation of a Specimen | 463 | ||
| Routine Urinalysis | 467 | ||
| Physical Examination of the Urine | 467 | ||
| Appearance | 467 | ||
| Color | 467 | ||
| Turbidity | 467 | ||
| Volume | 467 | ||
| Foam | 467 | ||
| Odor | 468 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 468 | ||
| Waived Testing | 468 | ||
| Chemical Examination of Urine | 468 | ||
| pH | 470 | ||
| Glucose | 470 | ||
| Protein | 470 | ||
| Ketones | 470 | ||
| Blood | 470 | ||
| Bilirubin and Urobilinogen | 471 | ||
| Nitrite | 471 | ||
| Leukocyte Esterase | 471 | ||
| Limitations of Reagent Strip Testing | 471 | ||
| Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Urinalysis | 471 | ||
| Additional Tests Performed on Urine | 472 | ||
| Clinitest® | 472 | ||
| Acetest® | 472 | ||
| Urine Pregnancy Testing | 472 | ||
| Ovulation Testing | 473 | ||
| Menopause Testing | 473 | ||
| Urine Toxicology | 473 | ||
| Alcohol Testing | 474 | ||
| Collecting a Stool Specimen | 476 | ||
| Collecting a Sputum Specimen | 477 | ||
| Collecting a Sputum Specimen by Expectoration | 477 | ||
| Patient Education | 477 | ||
| Legal and Ethical Issues | 478 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 478 | ||
| Review Questions | 479 | ||
| 7 Surgery and Immobility | 481 | ||
| 26 Care of the Surgical Patient | 483 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 483 | ||
| Key Terms | 483 | ||
| Sterilization | 484 | ||
| Autoclave | 485 | ||
| Sterilization Indicators | 486 | ||
| Chemical Sterilization Indicators | 486 | ||
| Biologic Sterilization Indicators | 486 | ||
| Autoclave Unloading Guidelines | 486 | ||
| Shelf Life of Sterilized Packs | 486 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 487 | ||
| Electrosurgery | 487 | ||
| Assisting With Surgical Procedures | 487 | ||
| Preparation of the Patient | 488 | ||
| Positioning | 488 | ||
| Skin Preparation | 488 | ||
| Preparation of the Room | 490 | ||
| Sterile Technique | 490 | ||
| Sterile Field | 490 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 490 | ||
| Completing the Surgical Procedure | 490 | ||
| Postoperative Responsibilities | 491 | ||
| Postoperative Instructions and Care | 491 | ||
| Dressings | 491 | ||
| Bandages | 492 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 492 | ||
| Preventing Thrombus Formation | 492 | ||
| Legal and Ethics Issues | 492 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 495 | ||
| Review Questions | 495 | ||
| 27 Heat and Cold Applications | 497 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 497 | ||
| Key Terms | 497 | ||
| Heat and Cold Therapy | 498 | ||
| Local Effects of Heat and Cold | 498 | ||
| Effects of Heat Application Within the Body | 498 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Cold Application | 498 | ||
| Patient Safety | 498 | ||
| Hot, Moist Compresses | 499 | ||
| Warm Soaks | 500 | ||
| Aquathermia (Water-Flow) Pads (K-Pads) | 501 | ||
| Dry Heat Application | 501 | ||
| Cold, Moist, and Dry Compresses | 502 | ||
| Ice Bags or Collars | 502 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 503 | ||
| Review Questions | 503 | ||
| 28 Care of Wounds and Pressure Ulcers | 505 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 505 | ||
| Key Terms | 505 | ||
| Wound Classification | 506 | ||
| Wound Healing | 506 | ||
| Phases of Wound Healing | 506 | ||
| Process of Wound Healing | 506 | ||
| Factors That Affect Wound Healing | 507 | ||
| Surgical Wound | 508 | ||
| Care of the Incision | 508 | ||
| Transparent Dressings | 510 | ||
| Exudate and Drainage | 510 | ||
| Drainage Systems | 511 | ||
| T-Tube Drainage System | 511 | ||
| Bandages and Binders | 512 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers | 512 | ||
| Definition and Staging | 517 | ||
| Stage I | 518 | ||
| Stage II | 518 | ||
| Stage III | 518 | ||
| Stage IV | 518 | ||
| Unstageable/Unclassified | 518 | ||
| Suspected Deep Tissue Injury | 518 | ||
| Interventions | 518 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 520 | ||
| Review Questions | 520 | ||
| 29 Rehabilitative and Restorative Care | 521 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 521 | ||
| Key Terms | 521 | ||
| Need for Rehabilitation | 522 | ||
| Chronic Illness and Disability | 522 | ||
| Chronic Illnesses | 523 | ||
| Scope of Individuals Requiring Rehabilitation | 523 | ||
| Goals of Rehabilitation | 523 | ||
| Cornerstones of Rehabilitation | 523 | ||
| Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan | 524 | ||
| Rehabilitation Team | 524 | ||
| Models of Team Functioning | 525 | ||
| Rehabilitation Nurse | 525 | ||
| Assessment | 526 | ||
| Family and Family-Centered Care | 526 | ||
| Cross-Cultural Rehabilitation | 526 | ||
| Issues in Rehabilitation | 527 | ||
| Chronic Conditions REQUIRING Rehabilitation Therapy | 527 | ||
| Cardiac Rehabilitation | 527 | ||
| Pulmonary Rehabilitation | 527 | ||
| Polytrauma and Rehabilitation Nursing | 528 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 528 | ||
| Disability | 529 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injuries | 529 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injuries | 530 | ||
| Pediatric Rehabilitation Nursing | 531 | ||
| Gerontologic Rehabilitation Nursing | 532 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 532 | ||
| Review Questions | 533 | ||
| 8 Special Care Concerns and Settings | 535 | ||
| 30 Care of Women and Children | 537 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 537 | ||
| Key Terms | 537 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 538 | ||
| Female Reproductive System | 538 | ||
| Breast Tissue | 539 | ||
| Menstruation | 539 | ||
| Pregnancy | 539 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 539 | ||
| First Trimester | 540 | ||
| Second Trimester | 541 | ||
| Third Trimester | 541 | ||
| Assisting With the Examination | 541 | ||
| Pelvic Examination | 541 | ||
| Postexamination Duties | 542 | ||
| Parturition | 542 | ||
| Anatomic and Physiologic Changes of the Mother | 543 | ||
| Reproductive Organs | 543 | ||
| Uterus | 543 | ||
| Cervix, Vagina, and Perineum | 544 | ||
| Breasts | 544 | ||
| Transfer From the Recovery Area | 544 | ||
| Postpartum Care | 545 | ||
| Recovery Stage | 545 | ||
| Hygiene | 545 | ||
| Elimination | 546 | ||
| Appendix: Medical Terminology | 625 | ||
| Combining Forms: Prefixes and Suffixes | 625 | ||
| Common Prefixes | 625 | ||
| Common Suffixes | 626 | ||
| Abbreviations and Acronyms | 626 | ||
| Abbreviations Related to Time | 629 | ||
| Abbreviations Related to Medications | 629 | ||
| Abbreviations Related to Measurements | 629 | ||
| Review Question Answers | 630 | ||
| Chapter 1: Today’s Health Care | 630 | ||
| Chapter 2: The Role of the Patient Care Technician | 630 | ||
| Chapter 3: Professionalism and Work Ethics | 630 | ||
| Chapter 4: Communicating with the Health Care Team | 630 | ||
| Chapter 5: Understanding the Patient as a Person | 630 | ||
| Chapter 6: Patient Rights, Ethics and Laws | 630 | ||
| Chapter 7: Body Structure and Function/ Growth and Development | 630 | ||
| Chapter 8: Pain Management, Comfort, Rest, and Sleep | 631 | ||
| Chapter 9: Asepsis and Infection Control | 631 | ||
| Chapter 10: Workplace Safety and Body Mechanics | 631 | ||
| Chapter 11: Patient Safety | 631 | ||
| Chapter 12: Moving, Positioning, and Preventing Falls | 631 | ||
| Chapter 13: Basic Emergency Care | 631 | ||
| Chapter 14: Assisting with the Physical Examination | 631 | ||
| Chapter 15: Measuring and Recording Vital Signs | 631 | ||
| Chapter 16: Obtaining and Monitoring an Electrocardiogram | 631 | ||
| Chapter 17: Assisting with Admissions and Discharge | 631 | ||
| Chapter 18: Bed Making and Hygiene | 632 | ||
| Chapter 19: Assisting With Grooming | 632 | ||
| Chapter 20: Assisting With Nutrition and Fluids | 632 | ||
| Chapter 21: Assisting With Urinary Elimination | 632 | ||
| Chapter 22: Assisting With Bowel Elimination | 632 | ||
| Chapter 23: Assisting with Oxygen Needs | 632 | ||
| Chapter 24: Blood Collecting and Processing | 632 | ||
| Chapter 25: Specimen Collecting and Testing | 632 | ||
| Chapter 26: Care of the Surgical Patient | 632 | ||
| Chapter 27: Heat and Cold Applications | 633 | ||
| Chapter 28: Care of Wounds and Pressure Ulcers | 633 | ||
| Chapter 29: Rehabilitative and Restorative Care | 633 | ||
| Chapter 30: Care of Women and Children | 633 | ||
| Chapter 31: Caring for the Older Adult | 633 | ||
| Chapter 32: Caring for Patients with Mental Health Needs | 633 | ||
| Chapter 33: Caring for the Patient with Chronic Conditions | 633 | ||
| Chapter 34: End-of-Life Care | 633 | ||
| Glossary | 634 | ||
| References | 644 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 644 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 645 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 645 | ||
| Chapter 24 | 645 | ||
| Chapter 28 | 645 | ||
| Chapter 29 | 645 | ||
| Chapter 30 | 645 | ||
| Chapter 32 | 645 | ||
| Chapter 33 | 645 | ||
| Chapter 34 | 645 | ||
| Index | 646 | ||
| A | 646 | ||
| B | 647 | ||
| C | 648 | ||
| D | 650 | ||
| E | 651 | ||
| F | 653 | ||
| G | 653 | ||
| H | 654 | ||
| I | 655 | ||
| J | 656 | ||
| K | 656 | ||
| L | 657 | ||
| M | 657 | ||
| N | 658 | ||
| O | 659 | ||
| P | 660 | ||
| Q | 662 | ||
| R | 662 | ||
| S | 663 | ||
| T | 665 | ||
| U | 666 | ||
| V | 667 | ||
| W | 667 | ||
| Y | 668 | ||
| Z | 668 |