Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
No one explains A&P more clearly! The Human Body in Health & Disease, 7th Edition makes it easier to understand how the body works, both in normal conditions and when things go wrong. Its easy-to-read writing style, more than 500 full-color illustrations, and unique Clear View of the Human Body transparencies keep you focused on the principles of anatomy, physiology, and pathology. New to this edition are Connect It! features with bonus online content and concept maps with flow charts to simplify complex topics. From noted educators Kevin Patton and Gary Thibodeau, this book presents A&P in a way that lets you know and understand what is important.
- More than 545 full-color photographs and drawings bring difficult A&P concepts to life and illustrate the most current scientific knowledge.
- Clear, conversational writing style breaks down information into brief ‘chunks,’ making principles easier to understand.
- UNIQUE! Clear View of the Human Body transparencies allow you to peel back the layers of the body, with a 22-page, full-color insert showing the male and female human body along several planes.
- Over 50 Animation Direct 3-D animations provide dynamic visual explanations for key concepts, with callouts in the text directing you to these animations on the Evolve companion website.
- Language of Science/Language of Medicine presents lists of medical terms, pronunciations, and word parts to help you become familiar with A&P terminology and the meanings of individual word parts.
- Useful learning features include study tips, chapter objectives, case studies, critical thinking questions, summary boxes, review questions, and chapter tests.
- A study guide reinforces your understanding of anatomy and physiology with a variety of practical exercises to help you review and apply key A&P concepts. Sold separately.
- NEW and UNIQUE! Connect It! articles on the Evolve companion website provide bonus information for you to explore, and are called out in the text.
- NEW and UNIQUE! Active Concept Maps on Evolve utilize animated and narrated flow charts to explain complex topics, and are also called out in the text.
- NEW! Chapter objectives and Active Learning sections more closely tie objectives to the end-of-chapter material.
- UPDATED! Genetics chapter includes the latest and most important advances.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Anatomical directions | ifc | ||
| Contents in brief | i | ||
| Evolve learning system | ii | ||
| Front matter | iii | ||
| The human body in health & disease | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| About the authors | v | ||
| Contributor panel | vi | ||
| Scientific review panel | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Instructional design | ix | ||
| Unifying themes | ix | ||
| Organization and content | ix | ||
| Illustrations and page design | x | ||
| Clear view of the human body | x | ||
| Embedded learning tools | x | ||
| Hints: | x | ||
| Chapter outline: | x | ||
| Chapter objectives: | x | ||
| Language of science and medicine: | x | ||
| Quick check questions: | xi | ||
| Active concept maps: | xi | ||
| Boxed sidebars: | xi | ||
| Connect it! online articles: | xi | ||
| AnimationDirect: | xi | ||
| Outline summaries: | xi | ||
| Audio chapter summary boxes: | xi | ||
| Active learning tools: | xi | ||
| Glossary: | xii | ||
| Index: | xii | ||
| Digital learning tools | xii | ||
| Online resources for instructors | xii | ||
| TEACH instructor resource manual | xii | ||
| Test bank | xii | ||
| Image collection | xii | ||
| Update guide | xiii | ||
| Supplements | xiii | ||
| Summary of changes to the seventh edition | xiii | ||
| A word of thanks | xiv | ||
| How to use this book | xv | ||
| 1. Get your head into it | xv | ||
| 2. Gain familiarity | xv | ||
| 3. Seek mastery | xv | ||
| Table of contents | xvii | ||
| CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the body | 2 | ||
| Language of science | 3 | ||
| Language of medicine | 19 | ||
| Scientific method | 4 | ||
| Levels of organization | 4 | ||
| Anatomical position | 7 | ||
| Anatomical directions | 7 | ||
| Directional terms | 7 | ||
| Anatomical compass rosette | 8 | ||
| Planes of the body | 8 | ||
| Body cavities | 9 | ||
| Dorsal cavities | 9 | ||
| Ventral cavities | 9 | ||
| Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities | 9 | ||
| Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions | 9 | ||
| Abdominopelvic quadrants | 9 | ||
| Abdominopelvic regions | 10 | ||
| Body regions | 11 | ||
| Balance of body functions | 14 | ||
| Homeostasis | 14 | ||
| Feedback control | 14 | ||
| Negative feedback | 15 | ||
| Positive feedback | 15 | ||
| Normal fluctuations | 16 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 19 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 21 | ||
| Table of contents | i | ||
| CHAPTER 2 Chemistry of life | 24 | ||
| Language of science | 25 | ||
| Language of medicine | 38 | ||
| Levels of chemical organization | 25 | ||
| Atoms | 25 | ||
| Elements, molecules, and compounds | 26 | ||
| Chemical bonding | 27 | ||
| Ionic bonds | 27 | ||
| Covalent bonds | 27 | ||
| Hydrogen bonds | 28 | ||
| Inorganic chemistry | 29 | ||
| Water | 29 | ||
| Solutions | 29 | ||
| Water chemistry | 29 | ||
| Acids, bases, and salts | 30 | ||
| Acids | 30 | ||
| Bases | 30 | ||
| pH | 30 | ||
| Salts | 31 | ||
| Homeostasis of pH | 31 | ||
| Organic chemistry | 31 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 31 | ||
| Lipids | 32 | ||
| Triglycerides | 32 | ||
| Phospholipids | 32 | ||
| Steroids | 33 | ||
| Proteins | 33 | ||
| Nucleic acids | 35 | ||
| Clinical applications of chemistry | 36 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 38 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 40 | ||
| CHAPTER 3 Cells | 42 | ||
| Language of science | 43 | ||
| Language of medicine | 64 | ||
| Overview of cells | 43 | ||
| Size and shape | 43 | ||
| Composition | 44 | ||
| Parts of the cell | 44 | ||
| Plasma membrane | 44 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 45 | ||
| Ribosomes | 47 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum | 47 | ||
| Golgi apparatus | 47 | ||
| Mitochondria | 47 | ||
| Lysosomes | 47 | ||
| Centrosome | 48 | ||
| Cell extensions | 48 | ||
| Microvilli | 48 | ||
| Cilia | 49 | ||
| Flagella | 49 | ||
| Nucleus | 49 | ||
| Central structure of a cell | 49 | ||
| Nucleolus | 50 | ||
| Chromatin and chromosomes | 50 | ||
| Relationship of cell structure and function | 50 | ||
| Movement of substances through cell membranes | 50 | ||
| Types of membrane transport | 50 | ||
| Passive transport processes | 51 | ||
| Diffusion | 51 | ||
| Osmosis | 52 | ||
| Dialysis | 52 | ||
| Filtration | 53 | ||
| Active transport processes | 53 | ||
| Ion pumps | 54 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 54 | ||
| Pinocytosis | 55 | ||
| Cell transport and disease | 55 | ||
| Cell growth and reproduction | 56 | ||
| Cell growth | 56 | ||
| DNA | 56 | ||
| RNA | 57 | ||
| Protein synthesis | 57 | ||
| Transcription | 57 | ||
| Translation | 57 | ||
| Protein synthesis and disease | 58 | ||
| Cell reproduction | 59 | ||
| Cell life cycle | 59 | ||
| DNA replication | 59 | ||
| Mitosis | 59 | ||
| Prophase | 59 | ||
| Metaphase | 59 | ||
| Anaphase | 60 | ||
| Telophase | 60 | ||
| Results of cell division | 60 | ||
| Changes in cell growth and reproduction | 60 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 64 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 67 | ||
| CHAPTER 4 Tissues | 70 | ||
| Language of science | 71 | ||
| Language of medicine | 86 | ||
| Introduction to tissues | 71 | ||
| Tissue types | 71 | ||
| Matrix | 72 | ||
| Epithelial tissue | 72 | ||
| Introduction to epithelial tissues | 72 | ||
| Overview | 72 | ||
| Shape of cells | 73 | ||
| Arrangement of cells | 73 | ||
| Squamous epithelium | 73 | ||
| Simple squamous epithelium | 73 | ||
| Stratified squamous epithelium | 73 | ||
| Cuboidal epithelium | 75 | ||
| Simple columnar epithelium | 75 | ||
| Pseudostratified epithelium | 76 | ||
| Transitional epithelium | 76 | ||
| Connective tissue | 76 | ||
| Introduction to connective tissue | 76 | ||
| Overview | 76 | ||
| Cells and matrix | 78 | ||
| Types of connective tissue | 78 | ||
| Fibrous connective tissue | 78 | ||
| Loose fibrous connective tissue (areolar) | 78 | ||
| Adipose tissue | 78 | ||
| Reticular tissue | 78 | ||
| Dense fibrous connective tissue | 79 | ||
| Bone | 80 | ||
| Cartilage | 80 | ||
| Overview | 80 | ||
| Hyaline cartilage | 80 | ||
| Fibrocartilage | 80 | ||
| Elastic cartilage | 80 | ||
| Blood tissue | 80 | ||
| Hematopoietic tissue | 81 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 81 | ||
| Introduction to muscle tissue | 81 | ||
| Skeletal muscle tissue | 81 | ||
| Cardiac muscle tissue | 82 | ||
| Smooth muscle tissue | 82 | ||
| Nervous tissue | 83 | ||
| Tissue repair | 83 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 86 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 88 | ||
| CHAPTER 5 Organ systems | 92 | ||
| Language of science | 93 | ||
| Language of medicine | 107 | ||
| Organ systems of the body | 93 | ||
| Integumentary system | 93 | ||
| Skeletal system | 94 | ||
| Muscular system | 94 | ||
| Skeletal muscles | 94 | ||
| Muscles of other systems | 95 | ||
| Nervous system | 95 | ||
| Endocrine system | 96 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 96 | ||
| Lymphatic and immune systems | 97 | ||
| Lymphatic system | 97 | ||
| Immune system | 97 | ||
| Respiratory system | 98 | ||
| Digestive system | 98 | ||
| Urinary system | 99 | ||
| Reproductive systems | 99 | ||
| Human reproduction | 99 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 100 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 100 | ||
| Body as a whole | 101 | ||
| Homeostasis | 101 | ||
| Applying organ system concepts | 101 | ||
| Organ replacement | 101 | ||
| Vital and nonvital organs | 101 | ||
| Artificial organs | 101 | ||
| Nonvital organ replacement | 101 | ||
| Vital organ replacement | 103 | ||
| Medical machines | 103 | ||
| Engineered tissues and organs | 104 | ||
| Organ transplantation | 104 | ||
| Surgical transplants | 104 | ||
| Immune rejection of transplants | 104 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 108 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 110 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 Mechanisms of disease | 112 | ||
| Language of science | 113 | ||
| Language of medicine | 137 | ||
| Studying disease | 113 | ||
| Disease terminology | 113 | ||
| Signs, symptoms, and disease | 113 | ||
| Disease progression | 114 | ||
| Patterns of disease | 114 | ||
| Introduction to epidemiology | 114 | ||
| Tracking disease | 114 | ||
| Stopping the spread of disease | 115 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 115 | ||
| Mechanisms of disease | 115 | ||
| Disturbances of homeostasis | 115 | ||
| Types of disease mechanisms | 116 | ||
| Genetic mechanisms | 116 | ||
| Infectious mechanisms | 116 | ||
| Neoplastic mechanisms | 116 | ||
| Traumatic mechanisms | 116 | ||
| Metabolic mechanisms | 116 | ||
| Inflammatory mechanisms | 116 | ||
| Degeneration | 116 | ||
| Risk factors | 117 | ||
| Types of risk factors | 117 | ||
| Genetic factors | 117 | ||
| Age | 117 | ||
| Lifestyle | 117 | ||
| Stress | 117 | ||
| Environmental factors | 117 | ||
| Preexisting conditions | 117 | ||
| Combined risk factors | 117 | ||
| Avoiding risk of disease | 117 | ||
| Pathogenic organisms and particles | 117 | ||
| Viruses | 118 | ||
| Introduction to viruses | 118 | ||
| Examples of viruses | 118 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 118 | ||
| Coronaviruses | 119 | ||
| Flaviviruses | 119 | ||
| Prions | 120 | ||
| Bacteria | 120 | ||
| Fungi | 123 | ||
| Protozoa | 123 | ||
| Pathogenic animals | 124 | ||
| Prevention and control | 125 | ||
| Mechanisms of transmission | 125 | ||
| Person-to-person contact | 125 | ||
| Environmental contact | 125 | ||
| Opportunistic invasion | 125 | ||
| Transmission by a vector | 126 | ||
| Prevention and treatment strategies | 126 | ||
| Vaccination | 126 | ||
| Drug therapy | 127 | ||
| Antibiotic drugs | 127 | ||
| Antiviral drugs | 128 | ||
| Tumors and cancer | 128 | ||
| Neoplasms | 128 | ||
| Benign and malignant tumors | 128 | ||
| Types of tumors | 129 | ||
| Causes of cancer | 130 | ||
| Abnormal cell division | 130 | ||
| Genetic factors | 130 | ||
| Carcinogens | 130 | ||
| Age | 130 | ||
| Environment | 130 | ||
| Viruses | 131 | ||
| Pathogenesis of cancer | 131 | ||
| Detecting cancer | 131 | ||
| Self-examination | 131 | ||
| Diagnostic imaging | 131 | ||
| Biopsy | 132 | ||
| Blood test | 132 | ||
| Stages and grades of cancer | 133 | ||
| Cancer treatment | 133 | ||
| Inflammation | 134 | ||
| Inflammatory response | 134 | ||
| Introduction to inflammation | 134 | ||
| Mechanisms of inflammation | 134 | ||
| Inflammatory disease | 135 | ||
| Local and systemic inflammation | 135 | ||
| Fever | 135 | ||
| Acute and chronic inflammation | 136 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 139 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 141 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 Skin and membranes | 144 | ||
| Language of science | 145 | ||
| Language of medicine | 167 | ||
| Body membranes | 145 | ||
| Classification of membranes | 145 | ||
| Epithelial membranes | 146 | ||
| Types of epithelial membrane | 146 | ||
| Cutaneous membrane | 146 | ||
| Serous membranes | 146 | ||
| Mucous membranes | 147 | ||
| Connective tissue membranes | 147 | ||
| Skin structure | 148 | ||
| Overview of skin structure | 148 | ||
| Epidermis | 149 | ||
| Epidermal structure | 149 | ||
| Skin pigment | 149 | ||
| Melanin | 149 | ||
| Skin color changes | 149 | ||
| Dermal-epidermal junction | 150 | ||
| Dermis | 150 | ||
| Overview of dermis | 150 | ||
| Papillary layer | 150 | ||
| Dermal papillae | 150 | ||
| Dermal ridges | 150 | ||
| Reticular layer | 151 | ||
| Fibrous network | 151 | ||
| Birthmarks | 151 | ||
| Subcutaneous tissue | 151 | ||
| Hair, nails, and skin receptors | 151 | ||
| Hair | 151 | ||
| Location of hair | 151 | ||
| Hair growth | 152 | ||
| Hair loss | 152 | ||
| Arrector pili muscle | 153 | ||
| Nails | 153 | ||
| Nail growth and structure | 153 | ||
| Variations in nail structure | 153 | ||
| Skin receptors | 154 | ||
| Skin glands | 154 | ||
| Sweat glands | 154 | ||
| Eccrine glands | 154 | ||
| Apocrine glands | 154 | ||
| Sebaceous glands | 154 | ||
| Sebum | 154 | ||
| Acne | 155 | ||
| Functions of the skin | 155 | ||
| Protection | 155 | ||
| Temperature regulation | 155 | ||
| Sensation | 156 | ||
| Excretion | 156 | ||
| Synthesis of vitamin D | 156 | ||
| Disorders of the skin | 156 | ||
| Skin lesions | 156 | ||
| Burns | 157 | ||
| Severity of burns | 157 | ||
| Depth classification of burns | 157 | ||
| First-degree burns | 157 | ||
| Second-degree burns | 157 | ||
| Third-degree burns | 160 | ||
| Fourth-degree burns | 160 | ||
| Estimating body surface area | 161 | ||
| Skin infections | 161 | ||
| Impetigo | 161 | ||
| Tinea | 161 | ||
| Warts | 161 | ||
| Boils | 161 | ||
| Scabies | 161 | ||
| Vascular and inflammatory skin disorders | 161 | ||
| Decubitus ulcers | 161 | ||
| Hives | 162 | ||
| Scleroderma | 162 | ||
| Psoriasis | 162 | ||
| Eczema | 162 | ||
| Skin cancer | 163 | ||
| Role of ultraviolet radiation | 163 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 164 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma | 164 | ||
| Melanoma | 164 | ||
| Kaposi sarcoma | 165 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 168 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 171 | ||
| CHAPTER 8 Skeletal system | 174 | ||
| Language of science | 175 | ||
| Language of medicine | 211 | ||
| Functions of the skeletal system | 175 | ||
| Support | 175 | ||
| Protection | 176 | ||
| Movement | 176 | ||
| Storage | 176 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 176 | ||
| Gross structure of bones | 176 | ||
| Types of bones | 176 | ||
| Structure of long bones | 176 | ||
| Structure of flat bones | 177 | ||
| Microscopic structure of bones | 177 | ||
| Bone tissue structure | 177 | ||
| Cancellous bone (spongy bone) | 177 | ||
| Compact bone | 177 | ||
| Cartilage tissue structure | 177 | ||
| Bone development | 177 | ||
| Making and remodeling bone | 177 | ||
| Endochondral ossification | 179 | ||
| Intramembranous ossification | 179 | ||
| Axial skeleton | 180 | ||
| Skull | 181 | ||
| Regions of the skull | 181 | ||
| Sinuses | 181 | ||
| Sutures and fontanels | 185 | ||
| Hyoid bone | 185 | ||
| Vertebral column (spine) | 186 | ||
| Vertebrae | 186 | ||
| Sacrum and coccyx | 186 | ||
| Spinal curvatures | 187 | ||
| Convex and concave curvatures | 187 | ||
| Abnormal spinal curvatures | 188 | ||
| Thorax | 189 | ||
| Appendicular skeleton | 190 | ||
| Upper extremity | 190 | ||
| Lower extremity | 191 | ||
| Skeletal variations | 194 | ||
| Male-female skeletal differences | 194 | ||
| Age differences | 195 | ||
| Environmental factors | 195 | ||
| Joints | 196 | ||
| Articulation of bones | 196 | ||
| Kinds of joints | 196 | ||
| Synarthroses | 196 | ||
| Amphiarthroses | 196 | ||
| Diarthroses | 197 | ||
| Structure of diarthroses | 197 | ||
| Function of diarthroses | 198 | ||
| Ball-and-socket joints | 198 | ||
| Hinge joints | 198 | ||
| Pivot joints | 199 | ||
| Saddle joints | 199 | ||
| Gliding joints | 199 | ||
| Condyloid joints | 199 | ||
| Skeletal disorders | 200 | ||
| Tumors | 200 | ||
| Bone tumors | 200 | ||
| Cartilage tumors | 200 | ||
| Metabolic bone diseases | 201 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 201 | ||
| Rickets and osteomalacia | 201 | ||
| Paget disease | 202 | ||
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | 202 | ||
| Bone infection | 202 | ||
| Bone fractures | 203 | ||
| Joint disorders | 204 | ||
| Noninflammatory joint disease | 204 | ||
| Inflammatory joint disease (arthritis) | 205 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 205 | ||
| Gouty arthritis | 206 | ||
| Infectious arthritis | 207 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 212 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 215 | ||
| CHAPTER 9 Muscular system | 218 | ||
| Language of science | 219 | ||
| Language of medicine | 239 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 220 | ||
| Skeletal muscle | 220 | ||
| Cardiac muscle | 220 | ||
| Smooth muscle | 220 | ||
| Structure of skeletal muscle | 220 | ||
| Muscle organs | 220 | ||
| Muscle fibers | 221 | ||
| Structure of muscle fibers | 221 | ||
| Contraction of muscle fibers | 222 | ||
| Function of skeletal muscle | 222 | ||
| Movement | 223 | ||
| Posture | 224 | ||
| Heat production | 224 | ||
| Fatigue | 224 | ||
| Integration with other body systems | 225 | ||
| Motor unit | 225 | ||
| Muscle stimulus | 225 | ||
| Types of muscle contraction | 225 | ||
| Twitch and tetanic contractions | 225 | ||
| Isotonic contraction | 226 | ||
| Isometric contraction | 226 | ||
| Effects of exercise | 226 | ||
| Movements produced by muscles | 228 | ||
| Angular movements | 228 | ||
| Circular movements | 228 | ||
| Special movements | 229 | ||
| Skeletal muscle groups | 230 | ||
| Muscles of the head and neck | 232 | ||
| Muscles of the upper extremities | 232 | ||
| Muscles of the trunk | 233 | ||
| Muscles of the lower extremities | 234 | ||
| Muscular disorders | 235 | ||
| Muscle injury | 235 | ||
| Muscle infections | 235 | ||
| Muscular dystrophy | 236 | ||
| Myasthenia gravis | 237 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 240 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 244 | ||
| CHAPTER 10 Nervous system | 248 | ||
| Language of science | 249 | ||
| Language of medicine | 282 | ||
| Organs and divisions of the nervous system | 249 | ||
| Cells of the nervous system | 250 | ||
| Neurons | 250 | ||
| Neuron structure | 250 | ||
| Types of neurons | 250 | ||
| Sensory neurons | 250 | ||
| Motor neurons | 250 | ||
| Interneurons | 250 | ||
| Glia | 250 | ||
| Function of glia | 250 | ||
| Central glia | 250 | ||
| Peripheral glia | 252 | ||
| Disorders of nervous tissue | 252 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 252 | ||
| Tumors | 253 | ||
| Nerves and tracts | 253 | ||
| Nerve signals | 253 | ||
| Reflex arcs | 253 | ||
| Neuron pathways | 253 | ||
| Structure of reflex arcs | 254 | ||
| Reflex responses | 254 | ||
| Nerve impulses | 255 | ||
| Definition of a nerve impulse | 255 | ||
| Mechanism of a nerve impulse | 255 | ||
| Conduction of nerve impulses | 256 | ||
| Synapses | 256 | ||
| Structure and function of a synapse | 256 | ||
| Neurotransmitters and receptors | 257 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 257 | ||
| Receptors | 258 | ||
| Parkinson disease | 259 | ||
| Central nervous system | 259 | ||
| Brain | 260 | ||
| Divisions of the brain | 260 | ||
| Brainstem | 260 | ||
| Cerebellum | 260 | ||
| Structure | 260 | ||
| Function | 260 | ||
| Diencephalon | 261 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 261 | ||
| Thalamus | 262 | ||
| Pineal gland | 262 | ||
| Cerebrum | 262 | ||
| Structure of the cerebrum | 262 | ||
| Function of the cerebrum | 262 | ||
| Brain disorders | 264 | ||
| Destruction of brain tissue | 264 | ||
| Physical injury | 264 | ||
| Stroke | 264 | ||
| Cerebral palsy | 264 | ||
| Degenerative disease | 265 | ||
| Seizure disorders | 266 | ||
| Spinal cord | 266 | ||
| Structure | 266 | ||
| Functions | 268 | ||
| Coverings and fluid spaces | 268 | ||
| Meninges and bone | 268 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid spaces | 269 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 270 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 270 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 270 | ||
| Structure | 270 | ||
| Functions | 273 | ||
| Peripheral nerve disorders | 273 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 274 | ||
| Overview | 274 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 275 | ||
| Autonomic conduction paths | 276 | ||
| Sympathetic division | 276 | ||
| Structure | 276 | ||
| CHAPTER 11 Senses | 290 | ||
| Language of science | 291 | ||
| Language of medicine | 311 | ||
| Classification of senses | 291 | ||
| General senses | 291 | ||
| Special senses | 292 | ||
| Sensory receptor types | 292 | ||
| Sensory pathways | 293 | ||
| General senses | 293 | ||
| Distribution of general sense receptors | 293 | ||
| Modes of sensation | 293 | ||
| Disorders involving general senses | 294 | ||
| Special senses | 294 | ||
| Vision | 294 | ||
| Structure and function of the eye | 295 | ||
| Fibrous layer | 295 | ||
| Vascular layer | 295 | ||
| Inner layer | 296 | ||
| Fluids of the eyeball | 296 | ||
| Visual pathway | 297 | ||
| Disorders of vision | 297 | ||
| Refraction disorders | 297 | ||
| Common focusing problems | 297 | ||
| Cataracts | 300 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 300 | ||
| Strabismus | 300 | ||
| Disorders of the retina | 301 | ||
| Retinal detachment | 301 | ||
| Diabetic retinopathy | 301 | ||
| Glaucoma | 301 | ||
| Retinal degeneration | 301 | ||
| Color blindness | 302 | ||
| Disorders of the visual pathway | 302 | ||
| Hearing and equilibrium | 302 | ||
| Ear | 302 | ||
| External ear | 302 | ||
| Middle ear | 304 | ||
| Inner ear | 304 | ||
| Hearing | 304 | ||
| Equilibrium | 306 | ||
| Hearing and equilibrium disorders | 307 | ||
| Hearing disorders | 307 | ||
| Equilibrium disorders | 307 | ||
| Taste | 307 | ||
| Smell | 308 | ||
| Integration of senses | 309 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 312 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 315 | ||
| CHAPTER 12 Endocrine system | 318 | ||
| Language of science | 319 | ||
| Language of medicine | 341 | ||
| Endocrine glands | 320 | ||
| Mechanisms of hormone action | 320 | ||
| Nonsteroid hormones | 320 | ||
| Steroid hormones | 321 | ||
| Regulation of hormone secretion | 324 | ||
| Negative feedback | 324 | ||
| Positive feedback | 324 | ||
| Levels of regulation | 324 | ||
| Mechanisms of endocrine disease | 325 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 325 | ||
| Pituitary gland | 326 | ||
| Structure of the pituitary gland | 326 | ||
| Anterior pituitary gland hormones | 326 | ||
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone | 326 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | 326 | ||
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | 326 | ||
| Luteinizing hormone | 326 | ||
| Growth hormone | 326 | ||
| Prolactin | 327 | ||
| Posterior pituitary gland hormones | 328 | ||
| Antidiuretic hormone | 328 | ||
| Oxytocin | 328 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 328 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 329 | ||
| Thyroid hormone | 329 | ||
| Calcitonin | 330 | ||
| Parathyroid glands | 331 | ||
| Adrenal glands | 331 | ||
| Location of adrenal glands | 331 | ||
| Adrenal cortex | 331 | ||
| Zones of adrenal cortex | 332 | ||
| Aldosterone | 332 | ||
| Cortisol | 332 | ||
| Adrenal sex hormones | 333 | ||
| Adrenal medulla | 333 | ||
| Adrenal abnormalities | 334 | ||
| Pancreatic islets | 334 | ||
| Sex glands | 336 | ||
| Female sex glands | 336 | ||
| Male sex glands | 336 | ||
| Thymus | 337 | ||
| Placenta | 337 | ||
| Pineal gland | 338 | ||
| Endocrine functions throughout the body | 338 | ||
| Other endocrine structures | 338 | ||
| Hormone actions in every organ | 339 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 342 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 345 | ||
| CHAPTER 13 Blood | 348 | ||
| Language of science | 349 | ||
| Language of medicine | 369 | ||
| Blood composition | 349 | ||
| Blood tissue | 349 | ||
| Blood plasma | 350 | ||
| Formed elements | 351 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 352 | ||
| Mechanisms of blood disease | 352 | ||
| Red blood cells | 352 | ||
| RBC structure and function | 352 | ||
| RBC count | 353 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 354 | ||
| RBC abnormalities | 354 | ||
| Blood types | 355 | ||
| Systems of blood typing | 355 | ||
| ABO system | 355 | ||
| Rh system | 356 | ||
| Combined ABO-Rh system | 357 | ||
| Red blood cell disorders | 358 | ||
| Polycythemia | 358 | ||
| Anemia | 358 | ||
| Hemorrhagic anemia | 358 | ||
| Aplastic anemia | 359 | ||
| Deficiency anemias | 359 | ||
| Reduction of normal hemoglobin | 359 | ||
| Pernicious anemia | 359 | ||
| Folate deficiency anemia | 359 | ||
| Iron deficiency anemia | 359 | ||
| Hemolytic anemias | 360 | ||
| RBC destruction | 360 | ||
| Sickle cell anemia | 360 | ||
| Thalassemia | 360 | ||
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn | 361 | ||
| White blood cells | 361 | ||
| Introduction to WBCs | 361 | ||
| WBC count | 362 | ||
| WBC types | 362 | ||
| Granular leukocytes | 362 | ||
| Agranular leukocytes | 362 | ||
| White blood cell disorders | 363 | ||
| Multiple myeloma | 363 | ||
| Leukemia | 363 | ||
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | 363 | ||
| Acute lymphocytic leukemia | 363 | ||
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | 364 | ||
| Acute myeloid leukemia | 364 | ||
| Infectious mononucleosis | 364 | ||
| Platelets and blood clotting | 365 | ||
| Platelets | 365 | ||
| Blood clotting | 365 | ||
| Clotting disorders | 365 | ||
| Abnormal blood clots | 365 | ||
| Types of abnormal clots | 365 | ||
| Anticoagulant therapy | 365 | ||
| Hemophilia | 366 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 368 | ||
| Vitamin K deficiency | 368 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 371 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 375 | ||
| CHAPTER 14 Heart | 378 | ||
| Language of science | 379 | ||
| Language of medicine | 396 | ||
| Location of the heart | 379 | ||
| Functional anatomy of the heart | 380 | ||
| Heart chambers | 380 | ||
| Pericardium | 381 | ||
| Coverings of the heart | 381 | ||
| Pericarditis | 381 | ||
| Heart action | 383 | ||
| Heart valves | 383 | ||
| Valve structure and function | 383 | ||
| Valve disorders | 383 | ||
| Heart sounds | 384 | ||
| Blood flow through the heart | 384 | ||
| Blood supply to heart muscle | 385 | ||
| Cardiac cycle | 387 | ||
| Electrical activity of the heart | 388 | ||
| Conduction system | 388 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 388 | ||
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 389 | ||
| Heart block | 389 | ||
| Bradycardia | 390 | ||
| Tachycardia | 390 | ||
| Sinus dysrhythmia | 390 | ||
| Premature contractions | 390 | ||
| Fibrillation | 390 | ||
| Cardiac output | 392 | ||
| Definition of cardiac output | 392 | ||
| Heart rate | 393 | ||
| Stroke volume | 393 | ||
| Heart failure | 394 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 397 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 400 | ||
| CHAPTER 15 Circulation of blood | 402 | ||
| Language of science | 403 | ||
| Language of medicine | 422 | ||
| Blood vessels | 403 | ||
| Types | 403 | ||
| Structure | 404 | ||
| Outer layer | 404 | ||
| Middle layer | 404 | ||
| Inner layer | 404 | ||
| Functions | 405 | ||
| Arteries and arterioles | 405 | ||
| Capillary exchange | 405 | ||
| Veins and venules | 406 | ||
| Disorders of blood vessels | 406 | ||
| Disorders of arteries | 406 | ||
| Arteriosclerosis | 406 | ||
| Aneurysm | 406 | ||
| Disorders of veins | 408 | ||
| Varicose veins | 408 | ||
| Phlebitis | 408 | ||
| Routes of circulation | 408 | ||
| Systemic and pulmonary circulation | 408 | ||
| Hepatic portal circulation | 409 | ||
| Fetal circulation | 412 | ||
| Hemodynamics | 414 | ||
| Defining blood pressure | 414 | ||
| Factors that influence blood pressure | 414 | ||
| Blood volume | 414 | ||
| Strength of heart contractions | 415 | ||
| Heart rate | 415 | ||
| Blood viscosity | 416 | ||
| Resistance to blood flow | 416 | ||
| Fluctuations in arterial blood pressure | 417 | ||
| Central venous blood pressure | 418 | ||
| Pulse | 419 | ||
| Hypertension | 419 | ||
| Definition | 419 | ||
| Risk factors | 420 | ||
| Circulatory shock | 421 | ||
| Cardiogenic shock | 421 | ||
| Hypovolemic shock | 421 | ||
| Neurogenic shock | 421 | ||
| Anaphylactic shock | 421 | ||
| Septic shock | 421 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 423 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 425 | ||
| CHAPTER 16 Lymphatic system and immunity | 428 | ||
| Language of science | 429 | ||
| Language of medicine | 450 | ||
| Lymphatic system | 429 | ||
| Organization of the lymphatic system | 429 | ||
| Lymph | 430 | ||
| Lymphatic vessels | 431 | ||
| Lymphedema | 432 | ||
| Lymphoid organs | 432 | ||
| Lymph nodes | 433 | ||
| Location | 433 | ||
| Biological filtration | 433 | ||
| Thymus | 434 | ||
| Tonsils | 435 | ||
| Spleen | 435 | ||
| Lymphoma | 435 | ||
| Immune system | 436 | ||
| Function of the immune system | 436 | ||
| Innate immunity | 436 | ||
| Overview | 436 | ||
| Inflammatory response | 436 | ||
| Adaptive immunity | 437 | ||
| Overview | 437 | ||
| Types of adaptive immunity | 438 | ||
| Immune system molecules | 438 | ||
| Cytokines | 438 | ||
| Antibodies | 439 | ||
| Definition | 439 | ||
| Functions | 439 | ||
| Complement proteins | 440 | ||
| Immune system cells | 440 | ||
| Phagocytes | 440 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 441 | ||
| Natural killer cells | 442 | ||
| B cells | 442 | ||
| Development of B cells | 442 | ||
| Function of B cells | 443 | ||
| T cells | 443 | ||
| Development of T cells | 443 | ||
| Functions of T cells | 443 | ||
| Hypersensitivity of the immune system | 444 | ||
| Allergy | 445 | ||
| Autoimmunity | 445 | ||
| Alloimmunity | 446 | ||
| Immune system deficiency | 447 | ||
| Congenital immune deficiency | 447 | ||
| Acquired immune deficiency | 448 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 451 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 454 | ||
| CHAPTER 17 Respiratory system | 458 | ||
| Language of science | 459 | ||
| Language of medicine | 483 | ||
| Structural plan | 460 | ||
| Overview | 460 | ||
| Respiratory tract | 460 | ||
| Respiratory mucosa | 461 | ||
| Structure | 461 | ||
| Function | 461 | ||
| Upper respiratory tract | 462 | ||
| Nose | 462 | ||
| Pharynx | 462 | ||
| Larynx | 464 | ||
| Disorders of the upper respiratory tract | 464 | ||
| Upper respiratory infection | 464 | ||
| Anatomical disorders | 465 | ||
| Lower respiratory tract | 466 | ||
| Trachea | 466 | ||
| Bronchial tree | 466 | ||
| Alveoli | 467 | ||
| Respiratory distress | 468 | ||
| Infant respiratory distress | 468 | ||
| Adult respiratory distress | 469 | ||
| Lungs | 469 | ||
| Pleurae | 469 | ||
| Disorders of the lower respiratory tract | 470 | ||
| Lower respiratory infection | 470 | ||
| Restrictive pulmonary disorders | 471 | ||
| Obstructive pulmonary disorders | 471 | ||
| Lung cancer | 473 | ||
| Respiration | 473 | ||
| Pulmonary ventilation | 473 | ||
| Mechanics of breathing | 473 | ||
| Inspiration | 473 | ||
| Expiration | 474 | ||
| Pulmonary volumes | 474 | ||
| Regulation of ventilation | 475 | ||
| Homeostasis of blood gases | 475 | ||
| Brainstem control of respiration | 475 | ||
| Cerebral cortex control of respiration | 476 | ||
| Respiratory reflexes | 476 | ||
| Chemoreflexes | 476 | ||
| Pulmonary stretch reflexes | 477 | ||
| Breathing patterns | 477 | ||
| Gas exchange and transport | 478 | ||
| Pulmonary gas exchange | 478 | ||
| Systemic gas exchange | 480 | ||
| Blood transportation of gases | 480 | ||
| Transport of oxygen | 481 | ||
| Transport of carbon dioxide | 481 | ||
| Carbon dioxide | 481 | ||
| Carbaminohemoglobin | 481 | ||
| Bicarbonate | 481 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 485 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 488 | ||
| CHAPTER 18 Digestive system | 492 | ||
| Language of science | 493 | ||
| Language of medicine | 523 | ||
| Overview of digestion | 494 | ||
| Wall of the digestive tract | 495 | ||
| Mouth | 496 | ||
| Structure of the oral cavity | 496 | ||
| Teeth | 497 | ||
| Types of teeth | 497 | ||
| Typical tooth | 498 | ||
| Salivary glands | 498 | ||
| Disorders of the mouth | 499 | ||
| Cancer | 499 | ||
| Dental conditions | 500 | ||
| Infection | 501 | ||
| Congenital defects | 501 | ||
| Pharynx | 501 | ||
| Structure | 501 | ||
| Function | 502 | ||
| Esophagus | 502 | ||
| Structure and function | 502 | ||
| Reflux | 503 | ||
| Hiatal hernia | 503 | ||
| Stomach | 504 | ||
| Structure | 504 | ||
| Function | 505 | ||
| Disorders of the stomach | 505 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 505 | ||
| Pyloric conditions | 505 | ||
| Gastric ulcer | 505 | ||
| Stomach cancer | 506 | ||
| Small intestine | 506 | ||
| Structure | 506 | ||
| Function | 508 | ||
| Disorders of the small intestine | 508 | ||
| Liver and gallbladder | 509 | ||
| Structure | 509 | ||
| Function | 509 | ||
| Disorders of the liver and gallbladder | 509 | ||
| Gallstones and jaundice | 509 | ||
| Hepatitis | 510 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 511 | ||
| Pancreas | 511 | ||
| Structure and function | 511 | ||
| Disorders of the pancreas | 511 | ||
| Large intestine | 512 | ||
| Structure | 512 | ||
| Function | 513 | ||
| Disorders of the large intestine | 514 | ||
| Motility disorders | 514 | ||
| Inflammatory conditions | 514 | ||
| Colorectal cancer | 515 | ||
| Appendix | 515 | ||
| Structure and function | 515 | ||
| Appendicitis | 516 | ||
| Peritoneum | 516 | ||
| Location | 516 | ||
| Extensions | 516 | ||
| Peritonitis | 517 | ||
| Ascites | 517 | ||
| Digestion | 517 | ||
| Overview of digestions | 517 | ||
| Enzymes and chemical digestion | 517 | ||
| Carbohydrate digestion | 518 | ||
| Protein digestion | 518 | ||
| Lipid digestion | 519 | ||
| End products of digestion | 519 | ||
| Absorption | 519 | ||
| Mechanisms of absorption | 519 | ||
| Surface area and absorption | 520 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 525 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 529 | ||
| CHAPTER 19 Nutrition and metabolism | 532 | ||
| Language of science | 533 | ||
| Language of medicine | 547 | ||
| Metabolic function of the liver | 534 | ||
| Macronutrients | 534 | ||
| Dietary sources of nutrients | 534 | ||
| Carbohydrate metabolism | 535 | ||
| Glucose catabolism | 535 | ||
| ATP | 535 | ||
| Anabolism | 536 | ||
| Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism | 536 | ||
| Fat metabolism | 537 | ||
| Protein metabolism | 538 | ||
| Micronutrients | 538 | ||
| Vitamins | 538 | ||
| Overview of vitamins | 538 | ||
| Vitamin imbalances | 539 | ||
| Minerals | 540 | ||
| Regulating food intake | 541 | ||
| Metabolic rates | 541 | ||
| Metabolic and eating disorders | 542 | ||
| Metabolic imbalances | 542 | ||
| Eating disorders | 543 | ||
| Anorexia nervosa | 543 | ||
| Bulimia | 543 | ||
| Obesity | 543 | ||
| Protein-calorie malnutrition | 543 | ||
| Body temperature | 544 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 544 | ||
| Abnormal body temperature | 545 | ||
| Fever | 545 | ||
| Malignant hyperthermia | 545 | ||
| Heat exhaustion | 546 | ||
| Heatstroke | 546 | ||
| Hypothermia | 546 | ||
| Frostbite | 546 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 548 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 550 | ||
| CHAPTER 20 Urinary system | 554 | ||
| Language of science | 555 | ||
| Language of medicine | 575 | ||
| Kidneys | 556 | ||
| Location of the kidneys | 556 | ||
| Gross structure of the kidney | 556 | ||
| External anatomy | 556 | ||
| Internal anatomy | 557 | ||
| Microscopic structure of the kidney | 557 | ||
| Overview of kidney function | 559 | ||
| Formation of urine | 560 | ||
| Filtration | 560 | ||
| Reabsorption | 561 | ||
| Secretion | 562 | ||
| Summary of urine formation | 562 | ||
| Control of urine volume | 563 | ||
| Antidiuretic hormone | 563 | ||
| Aldosterone | 563 | ||
| Atrial natriuretic hormone | 563 | ||
| Abnormalities of urine volume | 563 | ||
| Elimination of urine | 564 | ||
| Ureters | 564 | ||
| Urinary bladder | 565 | ||
| Urethra | 565 | ||
| Micturition | 565 | ||
| Abnormalities of urine output | 566 | ||
| Urinalysis | 567 | ||
| Renal and urinary disorders | 567 | ||
| Obstructive disorders | 567 | ||
| Renal calculi | 567 | ||
| Tumors | 567 | ||
| Urinary tract infections | 569 | ||
| Urethritis | 569 | ||
| Cystitis | 569 | ||
| Pyelonephritis | 570 | ||
| Glomerular disorders | 570 | ||
| Nephrotic syndrome | 570 | ||
| Acute glomerulonephritis | 570 | ||
| Chronic glomerulonephritis | 571 | ||
| Kidney failure | 571 | ||
| Acute renal failure | 571 | ||
| Chronic renal failure | 572 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 576 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 578 | ||
| CHAPTER 21 Fluid and electrolyte balance | 582 | ||
| Language of science | 583 | ||
| Language of medicine | 594 | ||
| Body fluid volumes | 584 | ||
| Body fluid compartments | 584 | ||
| Extracellular fluid | 585 | ||
| Intracellular fluid | 585 | ||
| Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance | 585 | ||
| Overview of fluid balance | 585 | ||
| Regulation of fluid output | 586 | ||
| Routes of fluid output | 586 | ||
| ADH mechanism | 587 | ||
| Aldosterone mechanism | 587 | ||
| ANH mechanism | 587 | ||
| Regulation of fluid intake | 587 | ||
| Exchange of fluids by blood | 588 | ||
| Fluid imbalances | 588 | ||
| Dehydration | 588 | ||
| Overhydration | 589 | ||
| Importance of electrolytes in body fluids | 589 | ||
| Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes | 589 | ||
| Ions | 589 | ||
| Electrolyte functions | 589 | ||
| Electrolyte imbalances | 591 | ||
| Homeostasis of electrolytes | 591 | ||
| Sodium imbalance | 592 | ||
| Potassium imbalance | 592 | ||
| Calcium imbalance | 592 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 595 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 597 | ||
| CHAPTER 22 Acid-base balance | 600 | ||
| Language of science | 601 | ||
| Language of medicine | 611 | ||
| pH of body fluids | 601 | ||
| Using the pH scale | 601 | ||
| The pH unit | 602 | ||
| Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids | 602 | ||
| Overview of pH control mechanisms | 602 | ||
| Integration of pH control | 603 | ||
| Buffers | 603 | ||
| Respiratory mechanism of pH control | 606 | ||
| Urinary mechanism of pH control | 606 | ||
| pH imbalances | 607 | ||
| Acidosis and alkalosis | 607 | ||
| Metabolic and respiratory disturbances | 607 | ||
| Compensation for pH imbalances | 609 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 611 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 613 | ||
| CHAPTER 23 Reproductive systems | 616 | ||
| Language of science | 617 | ||
| Language of medicine | 643 | ||
| Sexual reproduction | 617 | ||
| Producing offspring | 617 | ||
| Male and female systems | 618 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 618 | ||
| Structural plan | 618 | ||
| Reproductive tract | 618 | ||
| Essential organs | 618 | ||
| Accessory organs | 618 | ||
| Testes | 619 | ||
| Structure and location | 619 | ||
| Testis functions | 619 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 619 | ||
| Sperm | 620 | ||
| Production of testosterone | 621 | ||
| Reproductive ducts | 622 | ||
| Overview | 622 | ||
| Epididymis | 622 | ||
| Vas deferens | 622 | ||
| Ejaculatory duct and urethra | 623 | ||
| Accessory glands | 623 | ||
| Seminal vesicles | 623 | ||
| Prostate gland | 623 | ||
| Bulbourethral glands | 623 | ||
| External genitals | 623 | ||
| Disorders of the male reproductive system | 624 | ||
| Infertility and sterility | 624 | ||
| Disorders of the testes | 625 | ||
| Reduced sperm production | 625 | ||
| Cryptorchidism | 625 | ||
| Testicular cancer | 625 | ||
| Disorders of the prostate | 625 | ||
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy | 625 | ||
| Prostate cancer | 625 | ||
| Disorders of the penis and scrotum | 625 | ||
| Penis disorders | 625 | ||
| Infection, cancer, and structural disorders | 625 | ||
| Erectile dysfunction | 626 | ||
| Scrotum disorders | 626 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 627 | ||
| Structural plan | 627 | ||
| Essential organs | 627 | ||
| Accessory organs | 627 | ||
| Ovaries | 627 | ||
| Structure and location | 627 | ||
| Ovary functions | 628 | ||
| Oogenesis | 628 | ||
| Production of estrogen and progesterone | 629 | ||
| Reproductive ducts | 630 | ||
| Overview | 630 | ||
| Uterine tubes | 630 | ||
| Uterus | 630 | ||
| Vagina | 631 | ||
| Accessory glands | 631 | ||
| Vestibular glands | 631 | ||
| Breasts | 631 | ||
| External genitals | 632 | ||
| Menstrual cycle | 633 | ||
| Overview | 633 | ||
| Phases | 634 | ||
| Ovulation | 634 | ||
| Control of the menstrual cycle | 635 | ||
| Disorders of the female reproductive system | 635 | ||
| Hormonal and menstrual disorders | 635 | ||
| Dysmenorrhea | 635 | ||
| Amenorrhea | 635 | ||
| Dysfunctional uterine bleeding | 635 | ||
| Premenstrual syndrome | 636 | ||
| Infection and inflammation | 636 | ||
| Infections | 636 | ||
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | 636 | ||
| Vaginitis | 637 | ||
| Tumors and related conditions | 637 | ||
| Benign uterine tumors | 637 | ||
| Ovarian cysts | 637 | ||
| Endometriosis | 637 | ||
| Cancer | 637 | ||
| Breast cancer | 637 | ||
| Ovarian cancer | 638 | ||
| Uterine cancer | 638 | ||
| Infertility | 638 | ||
| Summary of male and female reproductive systems | 639 | ||
| Sexually transmitted diseases | 639 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 644 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 648 | ||
| CHAPTER 24 Growth, development, and aging | 652 | ||
| Language of science | 653 | ||
| Language of medicine | 671 | ||
| Prenatal period | 654 | ||
| Fertilization to implantation | 654 | ||
| Amniotic cavity and placenta | 654 | ||
| Periods of development | 656 | ||
| Formation of the primary germ layers | 657 | ||
| Histogenesis and organogenesis | 658 | ||
| Birth | 658 | ||
| Parturition | 658 | ||
| Stages of labor | 661 | ||
| Multiple births | 661 | ||
| Disorders of pregnancy | 662 | ||
| Implantation disorders | 662 | ||
| Preeclampsia | 662 | ||
| Gestational diabetes | 662 | ||
| Fetal death | 662 | ||
| Birth defects | 663 | ||
| Postpartum disorders | 663 | ||
| Postnatal period | 664 | ||
| Growth, development, and aging | 664 | ||
| Infancy | 665 | ||
| Childhood | 666 | ||
| Adolescence | 666 | ||
| Adulthood | 666 | ||
| Older adulthood | 667 | ||
| Aging | 667 | ||
| Mechanisms of aging | 667 | ||
| Effects of aging | 668 | ||
| Skin | 668 | ||
| Skeletal system | 668 | ||
| Central nervous system | 669 | ||
| Special senses | 669 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 669 | ||
| Respiratory system | 669 | ||
| Urinary system | 670 | ||
| Reproductive systems | 670 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 672 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 675 | ||
| CHAPTER 25 Genetics and genetic diseases | 678 | ||
| Language of science | 679 | ||
| Language of medicine | 695 | ||
| Genetics and human disease | 679 | ||
| Chromosomes and genes | 680 | ||
| Mechanisms of gene function | 680 | ||
| Human genome | 680 | ||
| Distribution of chromosomes to offspring | 681 | ||
| Gene expression | 682 | ||
| Hereditary traits | 682 | ||
| Gene pairs | 682 | ||
| Dominance and recessiveness | 682 | ||
| Codominance | 683 | ||
| Sex-linked traits | 683 | ||
| Genetic mutations | 684 | ||
| Genetic diseases | 684 | ||
| Mechanisms of genetic disease | 684 | ||
| Role of genes in disease | 684 | ||
| Single-gene mechanisms | 685 | ||
| Epigenetics | 685 | ||
| Chromosomal mechanisms | 685 | ||
| Single-gene diseases | 686 | ||
| Cystic fibrosis | 686 | ||
| Phenylketonuria | 686 | ||
| Tay-Sachs disease | 688 | ||
| Epigenetic conditions | 688 | ||
| Chromosomal diseases | 688 | ||
| Trisomy 21 | 688 | ||
| XXY | 689 | ||
| XO | 689 | ||
| Prevention and treatment of genetic diseases | 689 | ||
| Genetic counseling | 689 | ||
| Pedigree | 690 | ||
| Punnett square | 690 | ||
| Karyotype | 690 | ||
| Treating genetic diseases | 692 | ||
| Treating symptoms | 692 | ||
| Gene therapy | 692 | ||
| Gene replacement | 692 | ||
| Gene augmentation | 692 | ||
| RNA interference | 693 | ||
| Potential of gene therapy | 693 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 696 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 697 | ||
| APPENDIX A Examples of pathological conditions | e | ||
| APPENDIX B Medical terminology | e | ||
| Hints for learning and using medical terms | e | ||
| APPENDIX C Clinical and laboratory values | e | ||
| Conversion factors to international system of units (SI units) | e | ||
| Glossary | 701 | ||
| A | 701 | ||
| B | 705 | ||
| C | 707 | ||
| D | 713 | ||
| E | 715 | ||
| F | 718 | ||
| G | 719 | ||
| H | 721 | ||
| I | 724 | ||
| J | 726 | ||
| K | 726 | ||
| L | 726 | ||
| M | 728 | ||
| N | 731 | ||
| O | 733 | ||
| P | 734 | ||
| Q | 739 | ||
| R | 739 | ||
| S | 741 | ||
| T | 746 | ||
| U | 748 | ||
| V | 749 | ||
| W | 750 | ||
| X | 750 | ||
| Y | 750 | ||
| Z | 750 | ||
| Illustration/photo credits | C- | ||
| Chapter 1 | C- | ||
| Chapter 2 | C- | ||
| Chapter 3 | C- | ||
| Chapter 4 | C- | ||
| Chapter 5 | C- | ||
| Chapter 6 | C- | ||
| Chapter 7 | C- | ||
| Chapter 8 | C- | ||
| Chapter 9 | C- | ||
| Chapter 10 | C- | ||
| Chapter 11 | C- | ||
| Chapter 12 | C- | ||
| Chapter 13 | C- | ||
| Chapter 14 | C- | ||
| Chapter 15 | C- | ||
| Chapter 16 | C- | ||
| Chapter 17 | C- | ||
| Chapter 18 | C- | ||
| Chapter 19 | C- | ||
| Chapter 20 | C- | ||
| Chapter 21 | C- | ||
| Chapter 22 | C- | ||
| Chapter 23 | C- | ||
| Chapter 24 | C- | ||
| Chapter 25 | C- | ||
| Index | I- | ||
| A | I- | ||
| B | I- | ||
| C | I- | ||
| D | I- | ||
| E | I- | ||
| F | I- | ||
| G | I- | ||
| H | I- | ||
| I | I- | ||
| J | I- | ||
| K | I- | ||
| L | I- | ||
| M | I- | ||
| N | I- | ||
| O | I- | ||
| P | I- | ||
| Q | I- | ||
| R | I- | ||
| S | I- | ||
| T | I- | ||
| U | I- | ||
| V | I- | ||
| W | I- | ||
| X | I- | ||
| Y | I- | ||
| Z | I- | ||
| Clear view of the human body | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Hints for using the clear view of the body | 1 | ||
| Key | 2 | ||
| Tips and shortcuts for surviving and succeeding in A&P | ibc |