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Book Details
Abstract
Fluoropolymers display a wide range of remarkable properties and are used in a number of applications including high performance elastomers, thermoplastics, coatings for optical fibers, and hydrophobic and lipophobic surfaces.
Fluorinated Polymers: Applications covers the recent developments in the uses of fluoropolymers. Examples include materials for energy applications such as fuel cell membranes, lithium ion batteries and photovoltaics, as well as high-tech areas such as aerospace and aeronautics, automotives, building industries, textile finishings and electronics.
Written by internationally recognized academic and industrial contributors, the book will be of interest to those in industry and academia working in the fields of materials science, polymer chemistry and energy applications of polymers.
Together with Fluorinated Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, Processing and Simulation, these books provide a complete overview of different fluorinated polymer materials and their uses.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Volume 2: Applications | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 Industrial Aspects of Fluorinated Oligomers and Polymers | 3 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 3 | ||
| 1.2 Fluorinated Monomers and Building Blocks | 4 | ||
| 1.2.1 Fluorinated Monomers | 4 | ||
| 1.2.2 Perfluoroalkyl Building Blocks | 7 | ||
| 1.3 Functionalized Oligomers and Their Applications | 9 | ||
| 1.3.1 Synthesis | 9 | ||
| 1.3.2 Derivatives of Functional Oligomers and Their Applications | 11 | ||
| 1.4 Overview of Fluoropolymers | 15 | ||
| 1.4.1 Fluoropolymer Production and Applications | 15 | ||
| 1.4.2 Fluoropolymers with Functional Groups | 17 | ||
| 1.4.3 Applications | 18 | ||
| 1.5 Environmental Aspects | 18 | ||
| 1.5.1 C8 Phase-out and Replacements | 18 | ||
| 1.5.2 Fluoropolymer Recycling | 21 | ||
| 1.5.3 Summary | 25 | ||
| Abbreviations | 26 | ||
| Monomers/Fluorochemicals | 26 | ||
| Polymers | 27 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| Chapter 2 Fluoroalkyl Acrylate Polymers and Their Applications | 32 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 32 | ||
| 2.2 The PFOA Issue | 33 | ||
| 2.3 Preparation | 34 | ||
| 2.3.1 Monomers | 34 | ||
| 2.3.2 Polymerizations | 35 | ||
| 2.3.3 Polymer Composition | 35 | ||
| 2.4 Expression Mechanism of Water Repellency of Fluoroalkyl Acrylate Polymers | 36 | ||
| 2.4.1 Dynamic Contact Angle | 37 | ||
| 2.4.2 Thermal Analysis | 38 | ||
| 2.4.3 Molecular Aggregation States | 38 | ||
| 2.4.4 Surface Reorganization | 40 | ||
| 2.5 Molecular Design Concept for Short-chain Fluoroalkyl Acrylate Polymers | 41 | ||
| 2.5.1 Comonomer | 42 | ||
| 2.5.2 α-Substituent Group\r | 43 | ||
| 2.5.3 Spacer | 45 | ||
| 2.5.4 Perfluoroalkyl (Rf) Group | 45 | ||
| 2.6 Applications | 45 | ||
| 2.6.1 Textiles | 45 | ||
| 2.6.2 Carpets | 48 | ||
| 2.6.3 Paper | 48 | ||
| 2.6.4 Non-woven Materials | 48 | ||
| 2.6.5 Coatings | 49 | ||
| 2.7 Outlook | 49 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 49 | ||
| References | 50 | ||
| Chapter 3 Structural Diversity in Fluorinated Polyphosphazenes: Exploring the Change from Crystalline Thermoplastics to High-performance Elastomers and Other New Materials | 54 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 54 | ||
| 3.2 Synthesis Routes | 55 | ||
| 3.3 Semicrystalline Versus Elastomeric or Gum-type Polyphosphazenes | 59 | ||
| 3.4 Specific Fluoro-organophosphazenes | 60 | ||
| 3.4.1 Poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (Compound 2) | 60 | ||
| 3.4.2 Polymers with Longer Telomer Side-chains of Type -OCH2(CF2)xCF2H | 60 | ||
| 3.4.3 Fluoroalkoxy Side-groups with CF3 Terminal Units | 61 | ||
| 3.4.4 Fluoroalkoxy Side-groups of the Type -OCH2CH2(CF2)xCF3 | 62 | ||
| 3.4.5 Fluoroaryloxyphosphazenes | 62 | ||
| 3.4.6 Trifluoroethylamino Side-groups | 63 | ||
| 3.5 Mixed-substituent Elastomeric Polyphosphazenes | 63 | ||
| 3.6 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks from PN-F and [NP(OCH2CF3)2]n | 65 | ||
| 3.7 Elastomers Based on Non-covalent Interchain Interactions | 66 | ||
| 3.8 Hybrid Fluoro-organophosphazene–Organosilicon Polymers | 69 | ||
| 3.9 Fibers, Films and Surfaces from Polymer 2 | 72 | ||
| 3.10 Fire Resistance | 73 | ||
| 3.11 Optical Properties: Controlled Refractive Index Polymers and Polymeric Dyes | 73 | ||
| 3.12 Amphiphilic Polymer Membranes | 73 | ||
| 3.13 Prospects for the Future | 76 | ||
| References | 77 | ||
| Chapter 4 Fluoroplastics and Fluoroelastomers – Basic Chemistry and High-performance Applications | 80 | ||
| 4.1 Properties of Fluorine and Brief History of Fluoropolymers | 80 | ||
| 4.2 Perfluoroplastics | 83 | ||
| 4.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | 85 | ||
| 4.2.2 Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer (FEP) | 87 | ||
| 4.2.3 Perfluoroalkoxy Copolymer (PFA) | 88 | ||
| 4.2.4 Amorphous Perfluoroplastics | 90 | ||
| 4.3 Partially Fluorinated Plastics | 93 | ||
| 4.3.1 Poly(Chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE) | 95 | ||
| 4.3.2 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVdF) | 95 | ||
| 4.3.3 Poly(Vinyl Fluoride) (PVF) | 96 | ||
| 4.3.4 Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer (ETFE) | 96 | ||
| 4.3.5 Other Fluorine-containing Plastics | 97 | ||
| 4.4 Fluoroelastomers | 97 | ||
| 4.4.1 Vinylidene Fluoride Copolymer (FKM) | 98 | ||
| 4.4.2 Tetrafluoroethylene-Propylene Copolymer (FEPM) | 100 | ||
| 4.4.3 Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) | 100 | ||
| 4.4.4 Other Fluoroelastomers | 101 | ||
| 4.5 Conclusion | 103 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| Chapter 5 Fluorinated Specialty Chemicals – Fluorinated Copolymers for Paints and Perfluoropolyethers for Coatings | 110 | ||
| 5.1 Synthesis and Coating Application of Partially Fluorinated Polymers | 110 | ||
| 5.1.1 What Are Partially Fluorinated Polymers for Coatings? | 111 | ||
| 5.1.2 Types and Characteristics of Partially Fluorinated Polymers for Coatings | 112 | ||
| 5.1.3 Manufacturing Process for Partially Fluorinated Polymers | 117 | ||
| 5.1.4 Examples of Coating Applications of Partially Fluorinated Polymers | 118 | ||
| 5.2 Synthesis and Application of Perfluoropolyethers | 119 | ||
| 5.2.1 What Are Perfluoropolyethers? | 119 | ||
| 5.2.2 Types and Characteristics of Perfluoropolyethers | 120 | ||
| 5.2.3 Manufacturing Process for Perfluoropolyethers | 121 | ||
| 5.2.4 Examples of Applications of Perfluoropolyethers | 124 | ||
| References | 126 | ||
| Chapter 6 Commercial Synthesis and Applications of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) | 127 | ||
| 6.1 Commercial Synthesis of PVDF | 127 | ||
| 6.1.1 Properties of Vinylidene Fluoride | 127 | ||
| 6.1.2 VDF Polymerization | 128 | ||
| 6.1.3 Some Typical Polymerization Conditions | 129 | ||
| 6.2 Industrial Applications of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) | 131 | ||
| 6.2.1 History and Context | 131 | ||
| 6.2.2 Key Properties of PVDF | 132 | ||
| 6.2.3 Property Comparisons with Other Fluoropolymers | 133 | ||
| 6.2.4 PVDF Producers | 134 | ||
| 6.2.5 Chemical Process Industry (CPI) Applications | 134 | ||
| 6.2.6 Wire and Cable Applications | 135 | ||
| 6.2.7 Petrochemical Applications | 137 | ||
| 6.2.8 PVDF Resins for Porous Membranes | 139 | ||
| 6.2.9 PVDF in Photovoltaic Applications | 140 | ||
| 6.2.10 PVDF in Lithium Ion Battery Applications | 141 | ||
| 6.3 PVDF in Coatings Applications | 145 | ||
| 6.3.1 Introduction | 145 | ||
| 6.3.2 Types of PVDF Coatings | 146 | ||
| 6.3.3 Performance of PVDF-based Coatings | 151 | ||
| 6.4 Conclusion | 153 | ||
| References | 154 | ||
| Chapter 7 The Role of Perfluoropolyethers in the Development of Polymeric Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells | 158 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 158 | ||
| 7.2 Interaction of PFPE Chains on Carbonaceous Materials | 161 | ||
| 7.3 Effects of PFPE on Carbon Black and Carbon Fibers | 163 | ||
| 7.3.1 PFPEs on Carbon Black | 163 | ||
| 7.3.2 Effects of PFPE on Carbon Fibers | 166 | ||
| 7.4 Effects of PFPE in PEMFC Gas Diffusion Layers | 168 | ||
| 7.4.1 Macroporous Layer | 168 | ||
| 7.4.2 Microporous Layer | 172 | ||
| References | 175 | ||
| Chapter 8 Fluorinated Ionomers and Ionomer Membranes: Monomer and Polymer Synthesis and Applications | 179 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction and Brief History of Fluorinated Ionomer Membranes | 179 | ||
| 8.2 Synthesis of Representative Ionomer Membranes | 181 | ||
| 8.2.1 Sulfonic Acid-type Monomers | 181 | ||
| 8.2.2 Carboxylic Acid-type Monomers | 181 | ||
| 8.2.3 Polymerization | 183 | ||
| 8.2.4 Hydrolysis, Cation Exchange and Fabrication | 186 | ||
| 8.3 Development of Ionomer Functions in PEFC Applications | 187 | ||
| 8.3.1 Fundamentals of PEFCs | 187 | ||
| 8.3.2 Applications and Performance Requirements for Ionomers | 191 | ||
| 8.3.3 Proton Exchange Membranes | 192 | ||
| 8.3.4 Ionomers for Electrodes | 202 | ||
| 8.4 Conclusion | 203 | ||
| References | 204 | ||
| Chapter 9 Research and Non-major Commercial Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene | 206 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction and Scope | 206 | ||
| 9.2 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Vinyl Ethers | 209 | ||
| 9.2.1 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Alkyl Vinyl Ethers | 209 | ||
| 9.2.2 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Alkyl Trifluorovinyl Ethers | 215 | ||
| 9.2.3 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Perfluoroalkyl Trifluorovinyl Ethers | 217 | ||
| 9.2.4 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Fluorinated Alkyl Vinyl Ethers Having Other Halogen Functionalities | 218 | ||
| 9.2.5 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Fluorinated Alkyl Vinyl Ethers Having Multiple Ether Linkages on the Side-chain | 219 | ||
| 9.2.6 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Fluorinated Alkyl Vinyl Ethers Having Sulfonyl Functionalities | 220 | ||
| 9.2.7 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Fluorinated Alkyl Vinyl Ethers Having Amide Functionalities | 221 | ||
| 9.2.8 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Fluorinated Alkyl Vinyl Ethers Having Carbonyl Functionalities | 223 | ||
| 9.2.9 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Fluorinated Alkyl Vinyl Ethers Having Nitrile Functionalities (e.g. 8-CNVE) | 224 | ||
| 9.2.10 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Fluorinated Alkyl Vinyl Ethers Having Multiple Vinyl Ether Functionalities | 226 | ||
| 9.3 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Non-fluorine-containing Alkenes | 228 | ||
| 9.4 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Polyfluoroalkenes | 233 | ||
| 9.5 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Perfluoroalkenes | 242 | ||
| 9.6 Co- and Terpolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene with Cyclic Monomers and Tetrafluoroethylene-based Photoresist Materials | 245 | ||
| 9.7 Future Work and Conclusions | 253 | ||
| References | 254 | ||
| Chapter 10 Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymers for Energy-applied Materials | 265 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 265 | ||
| 10.2 Copolymers of Chlorotrifluoroethylene | 266 | ||
| 10.2.1 Introduction | 266 | ||
| 10.2.2 Kinetics of Radical Copolymerization of CTFE | 268 | ||
| 10.2.3 Fluorinated Alternating Copolymers | 268 | ||
| 10.3 CTFE Copolymers for Energy Material Applications | 270 | ||
| 10.3.1 Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries | 270 | ||
| 10.3.2 Electroactive Devices | 271 | ||
| 10.3.3 Fuel Cell Membranes | 276 | ||
| 10.3.4 CTFE-containing Copolymers Bearing Phthalocyanines | 294 | ||
| 10.4 Conclusion | 294 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 295 | ||
| References | 295 | ||
| Chapter 11 Fabrication of Flexible Transparent Nanohybrids with Heat-resistance Properties Using a Fluorinated Crystalline Polymer | 301 | ||
| 11.1 Flexible Transparent Fluorinated Nanohybrids with Innovative Heat-resistance Properties: New Technology Proposal for the Fabrication of Transparent Materials Using a \"Crystalline\" Polymer | 301 | ||
| 11.1.1 Introduction | 301 | ||
| 11.1.2 Materials | 305 | ||
| 11.1.3 Procedure | 307 | ||
| 11.1.4 Formation and Thermal Behavior of ‘‘Crystalline\" Transparent Nanohybrid | 310 | ||
| 11.1.5 Fine Structural Analysis of ‘‘Crystalline\" Transparent Nanohybrid | 312 | ||
| 11.1.6 Improvement in Physical Properties of ‘‘Crystalline\" Transparent Nanohybrid | 318 | ||
| 11.1.7 Conclusion | 325 | ||
| 11.2 Fabrication of Antibacterial Transparent Flexible Nanohybrid with Heat Resistance Using High-density Amorphous State Formation and Uniform Dispersion of Nanocarbons | 325 | ||
| 11.2.1 Introduction | 325 | ||
| 11.2.2 Materials | 327 | ||
| 11.2.3 Procedure | 332 | ||
| 11.2.4 Formation of Partially Fluorinated ‘‘Crystalline\" Copolymer/Organo-modified Nanodiamond Hybrid with Uniform Dispersion | 333 | ||
| 11.2.5 Fine Structural Analysis of ‘‘Crystalline\" Transparent Nanohybrid with Nanodiamond | 336 | ||
| 11.2.6 Improvement in the Behavior of the Physical Properties of ‘‘Crystalline\" Transparent Nanohybrid with Nanodiamond | 343 | ||
| 11.2.7 Conclusion | 348 | ||
| References | 348 | ||
| Chapter 12 Creation of Superamphiphobic, Superhydrophobic/Superoleophilic and Superhydrophilic/Superoleophobic Surfaces by Using Fluoroalkyl-endcapped Vinyltrimethoxysilane Oligomer as a Key Intermediate | 353 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 353 | ||
| 12.2 Creation of a Superamphiphobic Surface | 355 | ||
| 12.3 Creation of a Superhydrophilic/Superoleophobic Surface | 356 | ||
| 12.4 Creation of Superhydrophobic/Superoleophilic Surface | 359 | ||
| 12.5 Conclusion | 363 | ||
| References | 363 | ||
| Subject Index | 366 |