Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The objective of this book is to integrate information about the theory, preparation and applications of non-wettable surfaces in one volume. By combining the discussion of all three aspects together the editors will show how theory assists the development of preparations methods and how these surfaces can be applied to different situations.
The book is separated into three sections, first covering the theory, then going on to preparation of these surfaces and finally discussing the applications in detail.
Edited by two of the most innovative contributors to the field of superhydrophobicity, this book will be essential reading for materials scientists interested in any aspect of surface, colloid and polymer science, thermodynamics, superhydrophobic and superhygrophobic surfaces.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Non-wettable Surfaces Theory, Preparation and Applications | i | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 - Non-Wetting Fundamentals | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Wetting Equilibrium | 2 | ||
| 1.3 Mechanism and Definition of Non-Wettability | 4 | ||
| 1.4 Stability Considerations | 6 | ||
| 1.4.1 A Drop on a Non-Wettable Surface | 6 | ||
| 1.4.2 Underwater Superhydrophobicity | 9 | ||
| 1.5 Conclusions | 10 | ||
| References | 10 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Non-Wetting, Stabilization, and Phase Transitions Induced by Vibrations and Spatial Patterns | 12 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 12 | ||
| 2.2 Effective Force Corresponding to Small Fast Vibrations | 14 | ||
| 2.2.1 Motion Subjected to a Rapidly Oscillating Force | 14 | ||
| 2.2.2 Inverted Pendulum | 17 | ||
| 2.2.3 Mathieu Equation Method | 19 | ||
| 2.2.4 Multiple Pendulums and the Indian Rope Trick | 20 | ||
| 2.3 Vibro-Levitation of Droplets | 25 | ||
| 2.3.1 Vibro-Levitating Droplets and Inverted Pendulum | 27 | ||
| 2.3.2 Experimental Study | 29 | ||
| 2.3.3 Results | 29 | ||
| 2.4 Vibration and Phase Transition | 30 | ||
| 2.4.1 Effective Freezing | 31 | ||
| 2.4.2 Cornstarch Monsters | 31 | ||
| 2.4.3 Effective Liquid Properties and Surface Tension of Granular Materials | 32 | ||
| 2.4.4 Locomotion in a Viscous Liquid | 33 | ||
| 2.5 Surface Texture-Induced Phase Transitions | 33 | ||
| 2.5.1 Kirchhoff’s Analogy | 35 | ||
| 2.5.2 Surface Texture-Induced Superhydrophobicity | 36 | ||
| 2.5.3 Surface Texture-Induced Phase Transitions | 37 | ||
| 2.6 Conclusions | 38 | ||
| References | 39 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Superoleophobic Materials | 42 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 42 | ||
| 3.2 Superoleophobicity Theories | 43 | ||
| 3.3 Fabrication of Superoleophobic Materials | 45 | ||
| 3.3.1 Plasma Etching/Reactive Ion Etching | 45 | ||
| 3.3.2 Chemical Etching | 46 | ||
| 3.3.2.1 Etching in Acidic Media | 47 | ||
| 3.3.2.2 Etching in Basic Media | 48 | ||
| 3.3.3 Galvanostatic Deposition | 50 | ||
| 3.3.4 Anodization | 51 | ||
| 3.3.5 Use of Nanoparticles | 53 | ||
| 3.3.6 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Processes | 57 | ||
| 3.3.7 Chemical Vapour Deposition | 59 | ||
| 3.3.8 Electrodeposition | 59 | ||
| 3.3.9 Electrospinning | 61 | ||
| 3.3.10 Layer-by-Layer Deposition | 63 | ||
| 3.3.11 Lithography | 63 | ||
| 3.3.11.1 Photolithography | 63 | ||
| 3.3.11.2 Soft Lithography and Nanoimprint Lithography | 66 | ||
| 3.3.11.3 Colloidal Lithography | 68 | ||
| 3.3.12 Use of Textured Substrates | 69 | ||
| 3.3.12.1 Membranes | 69 | ||
| 3.3.12.2 Textiles | 71 | ||
| 3.4 Conclusion | 72 | ||
| References | 72 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Liquid-Repellent Nanostructured Polymer Composites | 84 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 84 | ||
| 4.2 Polymer Coatings | 85 | ||
| 4.2.1 Fluoropolymer Matrix Polymer Composites | 88 | ||
| 4.2.2 Silicone Matrix Polymer Composites | 96 | ||
| 4.2.3 Wear Abrasion Resistant Liquid-Repellent Polymer Composites | 104 | ||
| 4.2.4 Environmentally Friendly Processes and Materials for Liquid-Repellent Polymer Composites | 109 | ||
| 4.3 Conclusions | 115 | ||
| References | 115 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Etching Techniques for Superhydrophobic Surface Fabrication | 117 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 117 | ||
| 5.2 Plasma Etching | 118 | ||
| 5.2.1 Basics | 118 | ||
| 5.2.2 Limitations in Plasma Etching | 122 | ||
| 5.2.2.1 Mushroom/Overhang/T-Profile | 122 | ||
| 5.2.2.2 Serif-T/Double Re-Entrant Structures | 122 | ||
| 5.2.3 DRIE for Shapes Other than Pillars | 123 | ||
| 5.2.4 Nanoroughness by Non-Masked Plasma Etching | 124 | ||
| 5.3 Silicon Anisotropic Wet Etching | 127 | ||
| 5.3.1 Silicon Nanostructures by Metal-Assisted Wet Etching | 129 | ||
| 5.4 Combined Processes | 131 | ||
| 5.5 Plasma Etching for Polymer Master Mould Fabrication | 134 | ||
| 5.6 Glass Plasma Etching | 135 | ||
| 5.7 Polymer Plasma Etching | 137 | ||
| 5.8 Plasma Etcher as a Deposition Tool | 138 | ||
| 5.9 Conclusions | 139 | ||
| References | 140 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Design Principles for Robust Superoleophobicity and Superhydrophobicity | 145 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 145 | ||
| 6.2 Study of a Model Superoleophobic Surface | 147 | ||
| 6.2.1 Fabrication and Characterization of a Model Textured Surface | 147 | ||
| 6.2.2 Basic Design Parameters for Superoleophobicity | 148 | ||
| 6.2.3 Composite Liquid–Solid–Air Interface and Pinning Location | 152 | ||
| 6.3 Robust Design Parameters for Superoleophobicity | 154 | ||
| 6.3.1 Robustness Study on Wettability, Adhesion, and Hysteresis | 156 | ||
| 6.3.2 Effect of Wavy Structure on Wetting Stability | 158 | ||
| 6.3.3 Effect of Re-Entrant Geometry on Wetting Stability | 163 | ||
| 6.3.4 Effect of Breakthrough Pressure on Superoleophobicity | 164 | ||
| 6.3.5 Mechanical Robustness Against Abrasion | 166 | ||
| 6.3.6 Design Space and Latitude for Robust Superoleophobicity | 168 | ||
| 6.4 Discussion of Robust Design Parameters for Superhydrophobicity | 170 | ||
| 6.4.1 Re-Entrant and Overhang Structures | 170 | ||
| 6.4.2 Hierarchical, Multi-Scale Roughness | 171 | ||
| 6.4.3 Design Parameters for Robust Superhydrophobicity | 172 | ||
| 6.5 Summary and Remarks | 173 | ||
| 6.5.1 Gaps in Product Features and Measurements | 174 | ||
| 6.5.2 Compromises and Trade-Off | 174 | ||
| 6.5.3 Challenges in Manufacturing | 177 | ||
| 6.5.3.1 Process Variations and Latitude | 177 | ||
| 6.5.3.2 Manufacturing Defects | 178 | ||
| 6.5.4 Concluding Remarks | 178 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 179 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Patterned Superhydrophobic Surfaces | 182 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 182 | ||
| 7.2 Fabrication of Surfaces with Patterned Wettability | 183 | ||
| 7.2.1 UV Light Irradiation | 183 | ||
| 7.2.2 Phase Separation and UVO Irradiation | 184 | ||
| 7.2.3 Hydrophilic–Superhydrophobic Black Silicon Patterned Surfaces | 184 | ||
| 7.2.4 UV-Initiated Free Radical Polymerization and Photografting | 185 | ||
| 7.2.5 Surface Patterning Via Thiol-yne Click Chemistry | 186 | ||
| 7.2.6 Surface Functionalization Via Thiol-ene Reaction | 189 | ||
| 7.2.7 Surface Functionalization Via UV-Induced Tetrazole–Thiol Reaction | 189 | ||
| 7.2.8 Surface Modification Through Polydopamine | 190 | ||
| 7.2.9 Superomniphobic–Superomniphilic Patterned Surfaces | 191 | ||
| 7.2.10 Amine-Reactive Modification of Superhydrophobic Polymers | 192 | ||
| 7.2.11 Patterns of Reversible Wettability | 192 | ||
| 7.3 Applications of Patterned Superhydrophobic Surfaces | 194 | ||
| 7.3.1 Open Microfluidic Channels | 194 | ||
| 7.3.2 Cell Patterning and Cell Microarrays | 196 | ||
| 7.3.3 Cell or Chemical Screening in Arrays of Liquid or Hydrogel Droplets | 199 | ||
| 7.3.4 Positioning or Sorting Particles | 204 | ||
| 7.3.5 Self-Assembly of Microchips | 208 | ||
| 7.3.6 Lithographic Printing | 208 | ||
| 7.3.7 Patterning Textiles | 210 | ||
| 7.3.8 Patterning Slippery Lubricant-Infused Porous Surfaces | 211 | ||
| 7.3.9 Fog Collection | 214 | ||
| 7.3.10 Heat Transfer During Boiling | 217 | ||
| 7.4 Conclusions | 217 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 218 | ||
| References | 218 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Natural and Artificial Surfaces with Superwettability for Liquid Collection | 223 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 223 | ||
| 8.2 Liquid Collection on Natural and Artificial Desert Beetles | 224 | ||
| 8.2.1 Liquid Collection on Natural Desert Beetles | 224 | ||
| 8.2.2 Surfaces with Patterned Wettability Used for Dew Collection Via Subcooling Condensation | 225 | ||
| 8.2.3 Artificial Surfaces with Patterned Wettability Used for Liquid Collection Via Fog Deposition | 227 | ||
| 8.3 Liquid Collection on Natural and Artificial Spider Silks | 229 | ||
| 8.3.1 Liquid Collection on Natural Spider Silks | 230 | ||
| 8.3.2 Liquid Collection on Artificial Spider Silks with Uniform Spindle-Knots | 231 | ||
| 8.3.3 Artificial Spider Silks with Non-Uniform Spindle-Knots for Liquid Collection | 236 | ||
| 8.4 Liquid Collection on Natural and Artificial Cactus | 238 | ||
| 8.4.1 Liquid Collection on Natural Cactus | 238 | ||
| 8.4.2 Liquid Collection on Artificial Cactus | 240 | ||
| 8.4.3 Artificial Cactus for Oil/Water Separation | 243 | ||
| 8.5 Other Kinds of Surfaces with Superwettability for Directional Liquid Collection | 244 | ||
| 8.5.1 Natural Surfaces with Superwettability for Liquid Collection | 245 | ||
| 8.5.2 Artificial Surfaces with Superwettability for Liquid Collection | 247 | ||
| 8.6 Conclusion and Outlook | 249 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Wetting Properties of Surfaces and Drag Reduction | 253 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 253 | ||
| 9.1.1 Superhydrophobicity, Leidenfrost Effect, and SLIPS/LIS Surfaces | 253 | ||
| 9.1.2 Importance of Vapour/Fluid Interfaces | 254 | ||
| 9.1.3 Literature Reviews | 255 | ||
| 9.1.4 Types of Experimental Methods | 256 | ||
| 9.1.5 Retention and Generation of Gas/Vapour Layers | 257 | ||
| 9.2 Velocity Profiles Near Surfaces and Slip | 258 | ||
| 9.2.1 Slip Velocity, Slip Length and Friction | 258 | ||
| 9.2.2 Apparent Slip and Lubricating Surface Flows | 259 | ||
| 9.2.3 Molecular Slip and Equilibrium/Dynamic Contact Angles | 261 | ||
| 9.2.4 Slip and Surface Texture | 262 | ||
| 9.2.5 Effective Slip and Mixed Boundary Conditions | 264 | ||
| 9.3 Internal Flow Through Pipes | 265 | ||
| 9.3.1 Navier–Stokes Equations and Reynolds Number | 265 | ||
| 9.3.2 Poiseuille Flow and Friction Factor | 266 | ||
| 9.3.3 Apparent Slip, Core Annular Flow, and Net ZMF Condition | 268 | ||
| 9.4 External Flow Past Cylinders and Spheres | 271 | ||
| 9.4.1 Pressure and Form Drag | 271 | ||
| 9.4.2 Coefficient of Drag and Types of Flow Patterns | 272 | ||
| 9.4.3 Stokes with Slip and Hadamard–Rybczinski Drag for Spheres | 274 | ||
| 9.4.4 Plastron Drag Reduction for Spheres | 275 | ||
| 9.4.5 Plastrons and Vortex Suppression | 277 | ||
| 9.5 Summary | 278 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 279 | ||
| References | 279 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Lubricant-Impregnated Surfaces | 285 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 285 | ||
| 10.2 Fundamentals | 286 | ||
| 10.2.1 The Cloak | 289 | ||
| 10.2.2 Wetting Ridge | 291 | ||
| 10.2.3 Excess Films and Steady State | 291 | ||
| 10.3 Applications | 292 | ||
| 10.3.1 Condensation | 292 | ||
| 10.3.2 Anti-Icing | 296 | ||
| 10.3.3 Anti-Fouling | 299 | ||
| 10.3.3.1 Self-Cleaning | 299 | ||
| 10.3.3.2 Biofilm Formation | 299 | ||
| 10.3.3.3 Scale Fouling | 301 | ||
| 10.3.4 Fluid Mobility | 303 | ||
| 10.3.5 Active Surfaces | 306 | ||
| 10.3.6 Optics | 307 | ||
| 10.3.7 Infused Gels | 307 | ||
| 10.3.8 Durability | 308 | ||
| 10.4 Conclusion and Outlook | 310 | ||
| References | 311 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Fundamentals of Anti-Icing Surfaces | 319 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 319 | ||
| 11.2 How Surfaces Can Be Used to Help with Icing—Icephobicity Versus Superhydrophobicity | 321 | ||
| 11.3 Fundamental Concepts of Ice Nucleation | 323 | ||
| 11.3.1 Homogeneous Freezing | 324 | ||
| 11.3.2 Heterogeneous Freezing | 326 | ||
| 11.4 The Role of Surface Properties and of the Environment in Icing | 327 | ||
| 11.4.1 Surface Wetting | 327 | ||
| 11.4.2 Textured or Rough Surfaces | 329 | ||
| 11.4.3 Environmental Conditions | 331 | ||
| 11.5 Water and Ice Interaction with Surfaces in Icing Conditions | 332 | ||
| 11.5.1 Dynamic Water–Surface Interaction in Icing Conditions | 332 | ||
| 11.5.1.1 Drop Shedding and Self-Propulsion | 333 | ||
| 11.5.1.2 Drop Impact | 337 | ||
| 11.5.2 Ice Adhesion on Anti-Icing Surfaces | 339 | ||
| 11.6 Alternative Routes: Soft Surfaces and Biomimicry of the Antifreeze Protein | 342 | ||
| 11.7 Surface Durability Considerations | 342 | ||
| 11.8 Conclusions | 343 | ||
| References | 343 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Oil–Water Separation with Selective Wettability Membranes | 347 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 347 | ||
| 12.2 Fundamentals of Wettability | 348 | ||
| 12.3 Design Strategies for Composite Membranes with Selective Wettability | 351 | ||
| 12.4 Membranes with Selective Wettability | 354 | ||
| 12.4.1 Hydrophobic and Oleophilic Membranes | 354 | ||
| 12.4.2 Hydrophilic and Oleophilic Membranes | 357 | ||
| 12.4.3 Hydrophilic and Oleophobic Membranes | 359 | ||
| 12.4.4 Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Membranes | 361 | ||
| 12.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook | 362 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 362 | ||
| References | 362 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Droplet Manipulation on Liquid-Repellent Surfaces | 368 | ||
| 13.1 Droplet Friction | 368 | ||
| 13.2 Gravity-Induced Droplet Manipulation | 373 | ||
| 13.3 Magnetic Field-Induced Droplet Manipulation | 376 | ||
| 13.3.1 Magnetic Droplets Based on Non-Uniformly Dispersed Magnetic Particles | 377 | ||
| 13.3.2 Magnetic Droplets Based on Uniformly Dispersed Magnetic Nanoparticles | 377 | ||
| 13.3.3 Magnetically Controllable Superhydrophobic Surfaces | 379 | ||
| 13.3.4 Other Systems | 381 | ||
| 13.4 Conclusions | 381 | ||
| References | 382 | ||
| Subject Index | 385 |