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Book Details
Abstract
The global ageing society has significantly increased the need for implant materials, which not only replace damaged or lost tissue but are also able to regenerate it. The field of bioactive glasses has been expanding continuously over recent years as they have been shown to bond with hard and soft tissue, release therapeutically active ions, and be capable of enhancing bone formation and regeneration. In addition, they are successfully being used to re-mineralise teeth, thereby making bioactive glasses highly attractive materials in both dentistry and medicine.
Understanding the multidisciplinary requirements set by the human body’s environment and the special characteristics of the different families of bioactive glasses is a key in developing new compositions to novel clinical applications. Bioactive Glasses aims to bridge the different scientific communities associated with the field of bioactive glasses with focus on the materials science point of view. Emerging applications covered include soft tissue regeneration, wound healing, vascularisation, cancer treatment and drug delivery devices.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest applications of bioactive glasses for material scientists.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Acknowledgements | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 Melt-derived Bioactive Silicate Glasses | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1.1 Glass – A Versatile Biomaterial | 1 | ||
| 1.1.2 Glass and Properties | 2 | ||
| 1.1.3 Bioactivity of Glass | 3 | ||
| 1.2 Properties Essential for Fabrication | 4 | ||
| 1.2.1 Definition of Glass | 4 | ||
| 1.2.2 Glass Transformation and Liquidus Temperatures | 4 | ||
| 1.2.3 Crystallization | 6 | ||
| 1.2.4 Crystallization of Bioactive Glasses 45S5, S53P4 and 13-93 | 7 | ||
| 1.2.5 Glass Stability | 8 | ||
| 1.2.6 Time-Temperature-Transformation | 10 | ||
| 1.2.7 Crystals in Thermal Treatment | 10 | ||
| 1.2.8 Viscosity | 10 | ||
| 1.3 Properties Essential in the Final Application | 13 | ||
| 1.3.1 Mechanical Strength | 14 | ||
| 1.3.2 Dissolution Reactions | 14 | ||
| 1.3.3 Dissolution Measurements | 18 | ||
| 1.3.4 Dissolution in Continuously Flowing Solution | 18 | ||
| 1.3.5 In vitro Studies of 45S5, S53P4 and 13-93 | 19 | ||
| 1.4 Conclusions and Outlook | 21 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| Chapter 2 Bioactive Glass-ceramics: Processing, Properties and Applications | 27 | ||
| 2.1 Glass-ceramic Fabrication Methods | 27 | ||
| 2.2 Bioactivity | 29 | ||
| 2.3 Background | 32 | ||
| 2.4 Commercial Bioactive Glass-ceramics | 34 | ||
| 2.5 Miscellaneous Bioactive Glass-ceramics | 38 | ||
| 2.6 Magnetic Bioactive Glass-ceramics | 42 | ||
| 2.7 Radiopaque Bioactive Glass-ceramics | 44 | ||
| 2.8 Bioactive Glass-ceramic Coatings | 44 | ||
| 2.9 Bioactive Glass-ceramic Composites | 46 | ||
| 2.10 Bioactive Glass-ceramic Scaffolds | 48 | ||
| 2.11 Gel-derived Bioactive Glass-ceramics | 49 | ||
| 2.12 Conclusions and Outlook | 50 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 53 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| Chapter 3 Introduction to the Structure of Silicate, Phosphate and Borate Glasses | 61 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 61 | ||
| 3.2 Basics of Silicate and Phosphate Glasses | 62 | ||
| 3.3 Structure and Properties of Silicate Glasses | 63 | ||
| 3.3.1 Structure, Solubility and Bioactivity | 66 | ||
| 3.3.2 Sol–Gel Silicate Glasses | 69 | ||
| 3.4 Structure and Properties of Phosphate Glasses | 69 | ||
| 3.4.1 Structure and Dissolution | 72 | ||
| 3.5 Borate Glasses | 75 | ||
| 3.5.1 Effect of Structure on Borate Glass Properties | 77 | ||
| 3.6 Mixed Glass Former Systems | 80 | ||
| 3.7 Conclusions and Outlook | 83 | ||
| References | 83 | ||
| Chapter 4 Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Bioactive Glass Structure and In vitro Reactivity | 89 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 89 | ||
| 4.2 Structure | 91 | ||
| 4.2.1 Simulation Methods and Aims | 91 | ||
| 4.2.2 Structural Descriptors of Bioactivity and Glass Durability | 92 | ||
| 4.2.3 Bioglass Nanoparticles | 95 | ||
| 4.3 Dynamics and Reactivity | 97 | ||
| 4.3.1 Surface and Ion-exchange Processes | 97 | ||
| 4.3.2 Ion Migration | 99 | ||
| 4.4 Conclusions and Outlook | 101 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 101 | ||
| References | 101 | ||
| Chapter 5 Sol–Gel Glass and Nano–Macro Porous Bioscaffolds | 105 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 105 | ||
| 5.1.1 Tailored Amorphous Multi-Porous (TAMP) Bioscaffolds | 106 | ||
| 5.2 Chemistry and Mechanisms of Fabrication of Sol–Gel Bioactive Glasses | 109 | ||
| 5.2.1 Basic Concepts of Sol-Gel Processing | 109 | ||
| 5.2.2 Modified Sol–Gel Process: Introduction of Multimodal Porosity via Multiscale Spinodal Phase Separation | 110 | ||
| 5.3 Biodegradation of TAMP Bioscaffolds Fabricated by Modified Sol-Gel Method | 113 | ||
| 5.4 Cell Response to TAMP Bioscaffolds | 116 | ||
| 5.4.1 The Effect of Chemical Composition: Bioactive Glasses Substituted with Boron | 117 | ||
| 5.4.2 The Effect of Surface Topology on Attachment and Proliferation of Osteoblast Cells to Bioactive Glasses | 118 | ||
| 5.4.3 The Role of Bioactive Glass Nanostructure (Nanopore Size and Phase Separation) on Cell and Protein Attachment | 119 | ||
| 5.4.4 Challenges of Investigating Cells on Porous Glasses | 123 | ||
| 5.5 In vivo Experimental Animal Studies and Clinical Trial | 125 | ||
| 5.6 Conclusions and Outlook | 129 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 130 | ||
| References | 130 | ||
| Chapter 6 Tailoring of Bioactive Glasses | 136 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 136 | ||
| 6.2 Development of the Bioactive Glasses 45S5 and S53P4 | 138 | ||
| 6.3 Requirements for a Bioactive Glass | 139 | ||
| 6.4 Properties from Glass Structure | 141 | ||
| 6.4.1 Glass Network and Bioactivity | 141 | ||
| 6.4.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Bioactivity | 142 | ||
| 6.5 Property-Composition Models | 143 | ||
| 6.5.1 In vivo Models | 143 | ||
| 6.5.2 In vitro Models | 145 | ||
| 6.5.3 Dissolution in Dynamic Solutions | 148 | ||
| 6.5.4 Models for Hot-working Properties | 151 | ||
| 6.6 Tailoring of Glass Composition | 152 | ||
| 6.7 Conclusions and Outlook | 156 | ||
| References | 157 | ||
| Chapter 7 Bioactive Glass Products Produced via Sintering | 161 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 161 | ||
| 7.2 Glass Sintering Principles | 162 | ||
| 7.2.1 Viscous Sintering | 162 | ||
| 7.2.2 Viscous Sintering with Crystallization | 164 | ||
| 7.2.3 Viscous Sintering of Composites | 166 | ||
| 7.3 Formation of Bioactive Glass Products by Sintering | 167 | ||
| 7.3.1 Spherical Particles and Granules | 167 | ||
| 7.3.2 Coatings | 173 | ||
| 7.3.3 Composites | 173 | ||
| 7.3.4 Three-dimensional Scaffolds | 175 | ||
| 7.4 Conclusions and Outlook | 178 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 179 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| Chapter 8 Bioactive Nanoparticles, Nanofibers, and Polymeric Nanocomposites | 183 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 183 | ||
| 8.2 Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles | 186 | ||
| 8.2.1 Sol–Gel | 188 | ||
| 8.2.2 Flame Spray Synthesis | 188 | ||
| 8.2.3 Microemulsion | 189 | ||
| 8.3 Bioactive Glass Nanofibers | 189 | ||
| 8.3.1 Electrospinning | 190 | ||
| 8.3.2 Laser Spinning | 191 | ||
| 8.4 Polymer Nanocomposites | 192 | ||
| 8.4.1 Mechanical Properties | 195 | ||
| 8.4.2 Degradation Properties | 195 | ||
| 8.4.3 Biological Properties | 196 | ||
| 8.4.4 Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites | 196 | ||
| 8.4.5 Natural Polymer Nanocomposites | 200 | ||
| 8.4.6 Blends of Synthetic and Natural Polymeric Nanocomposites | 207 | ||
| 8.5 Conclusions and Outlook | 209 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 209 | ||
| References | 209 | ||
| Chapter 9 Surface Functionalization of Bioactive Glasses: Reactive Groups, Biomolecules and Drugs on Bioactive Surfaces for Smart and Functional Biomaterials | 221 | ||
| 9.1 Bioactive Glasses and their Surface Reactivity | 221 | ||
| 9.2 Introduction of Specific Reactive Functionalities and/or Spacer Molecules | 224 | ||
| 9.3 Surface Grafting of Biomolecules and Drugs | 231 | ||
| 9.4 Conclusions and Outlook | 232 | ||
| References | 233 | ||
| Chapter 10 Bioactive Glass Particulate-incorporated Polymer Composites | 236 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 236 | ||
| 10.2 Techniques for the Processing of Dense Composites Incorporating Bioactive Glass | 239 | ||
| 10.2.1 Melt Blending and Injection Moulding | 239 | ||
| 10.2.2 Melt Blending and Compression Moulding | 239 | ||
| 10.2.3 Solvent Casting | 240 | ||
| 10.2.4 Coatings | 241 | ||
| 10.3 Techniques for the Processing of Porous Composite Scaffolds Incorporating Bioactive Glass | 242 | ||
| 10.3.1 Particulate Leaching | 242 | ||
| 10.3.2 Gas Foaming | 242 | ||
| 10.3.3 Thermally Induced Phase Separation | 243 | ||
| 10.3.4 Solid Freeform Fabrication | 245 | ||
| 10.3.5 Microsphere Sintering | 246 | ||
| 10.3.6 Coated Porous Scaffold | 246 | ||
| 10.3.7 Electrospinning | 247 | ||
| 10.4 Hydrogel-based Composite with Bioactive Glasses | 249 | ||
| 10.5 Conclusions and Outlook | 250 | ||
| References | 250 | ||
| Chapter 11 Phosphate Glass Fibres and Their Composites | 257 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 257 | ||
| 11.2 Phosphate Glass Fibres (PGFs) | 258 | ||
| 11.2.1 Manufacture of Phosphate Glass Fibres | 258 | ||
| 11.2.2 Properties of Phosphate Glass Fibres | 260 | ||
| 11.2.3 Biomedical Applications of Phosphate Glass Fibres | 262 | ||
| 11.3 Phosphate Glass Fibre-reinforced Composites | 264 | ||
| 11.3.1 Manufacturing PGF Composites | 266 | ||
| 11.3.2 Properties of PGF-based composites | 268 | ||
| 11.4 Biomedical Applications of PGF Composites | 273 | ||
| 11.4.1 Bone Repair | 273 | ||
| 11.4.2 Dental Applications | 276 | ||
| 11.4.3 Soft Tissue Repair | 276 | ||
| 11.5 Conclusions and Outlook | 277 | ||
| Abbreviations | 278 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| Chapter 12 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Biomaterials | 286 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 286 | ||
| 12.1.1 Lessons From Nature | 286 | ||
| 12.1.2 Silica Hybrids and Their Classes | 287 | ||
| 12.2 Polymer Source and Silanisation Reactions | 289 | ||
| 12.2.1 Incorporation of Alkoxysilane Moieties | 289 | ||
| 12.2.2 Bottom-up Design of Polymers | 292 | ||
| 12.3 Inorganic Bioactive Source | 293 | ||
| 12.3.1 Metal Alkoxide | 294 | ||
| 12.3.2 Polymers with Cation Chelating Property | 296 | ||
| 12.4 Structure and Properties of O-I Hybrid Materials | 296 | ||
| 12.4.1 Organic-Inorganic Interfacial Region | 297 | ||
| 12.5 Conclusions and Outlook | 299 | ||
| References | 300 | ||
| Chapter 13 Cell Interactions with Calcium Phosphate Glasses | 303 | ||
| 13.1 Biomaterials on the Regeneration Cosmos | 303 | ||
| 13.2 Introduction to Calcium Phosphate Glasses | 304 | ||
| 13.3 CaP Glass and Its Biological Interactions | 307 | ||
| 13.3.1 Mesenchymal and Bone Cells | 307 | ||
| 13.3.2 Fibroblast Cells | 309 | ||
| 13.3.3 Endothelial and Vascular Cells | 310 | ||
| 13.4 Conclusions and Outlook | 313 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 313 | ||
| References | 314 | ||
| Chapter 14 Bioactive Glasses in Infection Treatment | 316 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 316 | ||
| 14.2 Chronic Osteomyelitis: Basic Principles and Limits of Current Treatments | 317 | ||
| 14.3 Bioactive Glass in Bone Infection Treatment | 320 | ||
| 14.4 Antibacterial Properties of Bioactive Glasses | 321 | ||
| 14.4.1 Bioactive Glasses as Antimicrobial Agents | 321 | ||
| 14.4.2 Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Efficacy | 323 | ||
| 14.4.3 Bioactive Glasses as an Enemy of Bacterial Biofilm | 323 | ||
| 14.4.4 Bioactive Glasses: Wide Antimicrobial Spectrum But No Resistance Induction | 325 | ||
| 14.4.5 Biofilm and Multidrug Resistance (MDR): A Harmful Combination | 326 | ||
| 14.5 Bioactive Glass in Spinal Infections | 326 | ||
| 14.5.1 Introduction | 326 | ||
| 14.5.2 Bioactive Glass in Spinal Infections | 326 | ||
| 14.6 Evaluation of S53P4 Bioactive Glass as a Filler Material in Mastoid Obliteration for Chronic Otitis Media and Cholesteatoma | 328 | ||
| 14.6.1 Introduction | 328 | ||
| 14.6.2 BAG-S53P4 in Mastoid Obliteration | 329 | ||
| References | 331 | ||
| Chapter 15 Bioactive Glasses for Soft Tissue Engineering Applications | 336 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 336 | ||
| 15.2 Interactions Between BGs and Soft Tissues | 338 | ||
| 15.3 Applications of Bioactive Glasses in Soft Tissue Engineering | 339 | ||
| 15.3.1 Skin Repair and Wound Healing | 339 | ||
| 15.3.2 Nerve Tissue Regeneration | 341 | ||
| 15.3.3 Other Applications | 343 | ||
| 15.4 Angiogenic Activity of Bioactive Glasses | 345 | ||
| 15.4.1 In vitro Evidence in Bone and Soft Tissues | 345 | ||
| 15.4.2 In vivo Evidence in Bone and Soft Tissues | 349 | ||
| 15.5 Existing Patents Involving Bioactive Glasses for Soft Tissue Repair | 352 | ||
| 15.5.1 Hemostatic | 353 | ||
| 15.5.2 Cosmetic | 353 | ||
| 15.5.3 Wound/Burn Healing | 353 | ||
| 15.5.4 Percutaneous Fixation | 353 | ||
| 15.5.5 Gastrointestinal Ulcers | 354 | ||
| 15.6 Conclusions and Future Scope | 354 | ||
| References | 355 | ||
| Chapter 16 Bioactive Glasses as Carriers of Therapeutic Ions and the Biological Implications | 362 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 362 | ||
| 16.2 Bioinorganics and Metallic Ions for Biomedical Applications | 364 | ||
| 16.3 Bioactive Glasses as Carriers for Therapeutic Ions | 367 | ||
| 16.4 Osteogenic Response to Bioactive Glasses (BGs) | 370 | ||
| 16.4.1 Effect of Ca, Si and P from Standard Silicate Glass Compositions | 370 | ||
| 16.4.2 Osteogenic Agents Released from BGs | 373 | ||
| 16.5 Angiogenic Potential of BGs | 374 | ||
| 16.5.1 Angiogenesis in Bone Tissue Engineering | 374 | ||
| 16.5.2 Angiogenic Potential of Standard Silicate Bioactive Glasses | 375 | ||
| 16.5.3 BGs Doped with Angiogenic Agents | 376 | ||
| 16.6 Antibacterial Properties of BGs | 379 | ||
| 16.7 BGs Beyond Orthopaedics and Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE) | 380 | ||
| 16.8 Conclusion and Outlook | 381 | ||
| References | 383 | ||
| Chapter 17 Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery | 393 | ||
| 17.1 What are Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses | 393 | ||
| 17.2 Textural Properties of the MBGs | 397 | ||
| 17.3 Bioactivity of MBGs | 399 | ||
| 17.4 Improvement of MBGs by Adding Inorganic Ions | 403 | ||
| 17.5 Applications of the MBGs in Tissue Engineering of Bone | 406 | ||
| 17.6 Bactericide Capacity of MBG Scaffolds Enriched with Zn2+ or Ga3 | 410 | ||
| 17.7 Application of MBGs in Drug Delivery Systems | 412 | ||
| 17.8 Conclusions and Outlook | 414 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 415 | ||
| References | 415 | ||
| Chapter 18 Bioactive Glasses for Nerve Regeneration | 420 | ||
| 18.1 Introduction | 420 | ||
| 18.2 Glass Tube for Nerve Regeneration | 423 | ||
| 18.3 Glass Powders for Nerve Regeneration | 424 | ||
| 18.4 Glass Fibres for Nerve Regeneration | 426 | ||
| 18.4.1 Glass Fibre Wrap for the Treatment of Nerve Injuries | 427 | ||
| 18.4.2 Aligned Glass Fibres to Support Axonal Regeneration | 428 | ||
| 18.4.3 Hollow Glass Fibres for Growth Factor and Drug Release | 433 | ||
| 18.5 Potential of Bioactive Glass for Release of Nerve Therapeutic Ions | 435 | ||
| 18.6 Conclusions and Outlook | 437 | ||
| References | 438 | ||
| Chapter 19 Bioactive Silicate Glass in Implantable Medical Devices: From Research to Clinical Applications | 442 | ||
| 19.1 Background | 442 | ||
| 19.2 Bioactive Glass Coatings on Metallic Implants | 443 | ||
| 19.2.1 Spray Coating | 443 | ||
| 19.2.2 Enameling | 446 | ||
| 19.2.3 Immersion Casting | 448 | ||
| 19.2.4 Laser Cladding | 448 | ||
| 19.2.5 Enameling by Direct Laser Treatment | 449 | ||
| 19.2.6 Electrophoretic Deposition | 451 | ||
| 19.2.7 Clinical Relevance of Bioactive Coatings on Metallic Implants | 452 | ||
| 19.3 Fiber-reinforced Composite Implants | 454 | ||
| 19.3.1 Load-bearing Fiber-reinforced Composite Implants | 454 | ||
| 19.3.2 Fiber-reinforced Calvarial Implants | 456 | ||
| 19.4 Conclusions and Outlook | 458 | ||
| References | 459 | ||
| Chapter 20 Glass Materials in Interventional Radiology and Interventional Oncology | 471 | ||
| 20.1 Transarterial Embolization with Embolic Particles | 471 | ||
| 20.2 ‘Bland' Embolization of Hypervascular Tumors/Uterine Fibroids | 472 | ||
| 20.3 Clinical Challenges in TAE and Potential Areas for Glass Technology Innovation | 473 | ||
| 20.4 Glass Materials as Image-able Beads for TAE | 473 | ||
| 20.5 Embolization of Malignant Tumors | 479 | ||
| 20.6 Glass Materials for Selective Therpauetic Efficacy in Malignant Tumors | 481 | ||
| 20.7 Composition-Structure-Property Relationships for Yttrium Aluminosilicate Glasses | 482 | ||
| 20.8 Clinical Efficacy of 90Y Glass Microspheres Therapy in Oncology | 484 | ||
| 20.9 Emerging Opportunities for Therapeutic Glasses in Interventional Oncology | 485 | ||
| 20.10 Conclusions and Outlook | 488 | ||
| References | 488 | ||
| Chapter 21 Sol-Gel-Derived Glasses for Bone Tissue Engineering | 496 | ||
| 21.1 Introduction | 496 | ||
| 21.2 Bone | 497 | ||
| 21.2.1 Calcium | 499 | ||
| 21.2.2 Phosphorous | 500 | ||
| 21.2.3 Silica | 500 | ||
| 21.3 Bioactive Glasses | 500 | ||
| 21.3.1 Sol-Gel-Derived Bioactive Glasses | 501 | ||
| 21.4 Scaffold Production | 503 | ||
| 21.4.1 Foam Scaffolds | 504 | ||
| 21.4.2 Fibrous Scaffolds | 506 | ||
| 21.5 Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses | 507 | ||
| 21.6 Sol-Gel-Derived Coatings for Biomedical Applications | 510 | ||
| 21.7 Other Sol-Gel Glasses | 511 | ||
| 21.8 Conclusions and Outlook | 513 | ||
| References | 513 | ||
| Subject Index | 522 |