BOOK
Edexcel AS/A Level History, Paper 1&2: Revolutions in early modern and modern Europe Student Book
Allan White | Daniel Nuttall | Oliver Bullock
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This book covers the essential content in the new specifications in a rigorous and engaging way, using detailed narrative, sources, timelines, key words, helpful activities and extension material helps develop conceptual understanding of areas such as evidence, interpretations, causation and change, through targeted activities
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Contents | 3 | ||
| How to use this book | 4 | ||
| Introduction: AS/A Level History\r | 6 | ||
| Britain, 1625–1701: conflict, revolution and settlement\r | 8 | ||
| Introduction\r | 8 | ||
| 1.1: The quest for political stability, 1625–88\r | 10 | ||
| Introduction\r | 10 | ||
| Why did Monarchical Government fail in the Years 1625–49?\r | 13 | ||
| Charles I and parliament, 1625–29 | 13 | ||
| Personal rule and its failure, 1629–40 | 15 | ||
| The failure to compromise, 1640–49 | 18 | ||
| To what extent did Republican Rule Provide a Stable Government, 1649–60?\r | 23 | ||
| Reasons for the failure of republican governments, 1649–53 | 23 | ||
| The role of Oliver Cromwell, 1653–60 | 26 | ||
| Why was the Stuart Monarchy Restored in 1660 Only to Collapse 28 Years Later?\r | 29 | ||
| The Restoration Settlement, 1660–64 | 30 | ||
| Conflicts between king and parliaments, 1665–81\r | 32 | ||
| Personal rule and the collapse of royal power, 1681–88 | 36 | ||
| 1.2: Religion: conflict and dissent, 1625–88\r | 40 | ||
| Introduction: The Confessional State\r | 40 | ||
| How Effectively did the Church of England Evolve in Conditions of Conflict and Revolution?\r | 42 | ||
| Laud's policies and religious uniformity, 1625–40\r | 42 | ||
| Parliament's re-ordering of the Church, 1640–60\r | 46 | ||
| The restoration of Anglicanism in 1660–62 and its dominant position inreligious life\r | 49 | ||
| Why did Religious Dissent and Non-Conformity Increase in the Years 1625–88?\r | 50 | ||
| Puritanism under Charles I\r | 50 | ||
| Presbyterians and religious radicalism\r | 51 | ||
| The persecution of dissenters under Charles II and James II\r | 53 | ||
| Why, and with what Effects, did Fear of Roman Catholic Influence Increase Under the Stuart Monarchs?\r | 58 | ||
| Catholic influence within Charles I's court\r | 58 | ||
| The exclusion of Catholics from religious toleration\r | 60 | ||
| Anti-Catholic sentiment, 1660–88 | 61 | ||
| 1.3: Social and intellectual challenge, 1625–88\r | 66 | ||
| Introduction\r | 66 | ||
| Why did the Population of Britain Increase in the Years 1625–88, and what Impact did this have?\r | 67 | ||
| Reasons for the increase in population\r | 67 | ||
| The impact of population growth on the development of towns\r | 68 | ||
| The impact of population growth on rural life\r | 71 | ||
| Growth of poverty\r | 71 | ||
| The Poor Laws and actions againstbeggars and vagrants | 72 | ||
| In what ways did the Revolutionary Events of the Century affect the Structure of Society?\r | 74 | ||
| The power of the nobility\r | 74 | ||
| The rise of the gentry | 74 | ||
| Urbanisation and the growth of the professional and merchant classes\r | 75 | ||
| The impact of religious and legal changes on the status of women\r | 76 | ||
| What Changes Came about in the Fields of Science, Philosophy and Political Ideas?\r | 78 | ||
| Radical political ideas\r | 78 | ||
| The end of divine right monarchy and a confessional state\r | 82 | ||
| Philosophy: the significance of Hobbes and Locke\r | 84 | ||
| The scientific revolution\r | 86 | ||
| The significance of the Royal Society\r | 87 | ||
| Conclusion: society transformed?\r | 89 | ||
| 1.4: Economy, trade and empire, 1625–88\r | 90 | ||
| Introduction\r | 90 | ||
| How far did changes in Agricultural Techniques and Investment Impact on the Economy?\r | 90 | ||
| Changes to agricultural techniques\r | 90 | ||
| The development of specialised farming and the growth of employment\r | 92 | ||
| Capital investment in agriculture | 94 | ||
| The development of national markets | 95 | ||
| What Impact did Changing Trade Patterns, Banking and Insurance have on Economic Development?\r | 96 | ||
| The changing cloth trade\r | 96 | ||
| The growth of London and its impact on economic development\r | 98 | ||
| The growth of banking and insurance | 99 | ||
| How Significant was Imperial Expansion Between 1625–88 to the Economy?\r | 103 | ||
| The significance of North America and Jamaica\r | 103 | ||
| The Navigation Acts and the development of mercantilism\r | 105 | ||
| The effects of Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalry\r | 106 | ||
| The role of the East India Company\r | 109 | ||
| The significance of British control of the triangular trade\r | 110 | ||
| Conclusion\r | 112 | ||
| Was the economy transformed between 1625 and 1688?\r | 112 | ||
| 1.5: How revolutionary, in the years to 1701, was the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89?\r | 114 | ||
| Introduction\r | 114 | ||
| Evaluating interpretations of history\r | 115 | ||
| How Significant were Revolutionary Idealsin the Establishment of a Constitutional monarchy?\r | 116 | ||
| The revolutionary ideals behind the overthrow of James II\r | 116 | ||
| The significance of the Bill of Rights, 1689\r | 119 | ||
| The significance of the Act of Settlement, 1701\r | 120 | ||
| How far did the Bill of Rights and Act of Settlement confirm the end of divine right monarchy?\r | 121 | ||
| What was the Impact of the Toleration Act of 1689 and the end of Anglican Supremacy?\r | 122 | ||
| The importance of the Toleration Act\r | 122 | ||
| The end of Anglican supremacy | 123 | ||
| How Significant was the Triennial Act of 1694 in Promoting Parliamentary Power?\r | 124 | ||
| The role of Parliament, 1688–93\r | 124 | ||
| The significance of the Triennial Act, 1694\r | 125 | ||
| The role of parliament, 1694–1701\r | 126 | ||
| How far did parliament become a partner in government?\r | 128 | ||
| How Important were William III's wars in the Development of a Financial Revolution?\r | 129 | ||
| The Nine Years' War and the restructuring of government finances\r | 129 | ||
| Public scrutiny of government income and expenditure\r | 131 | ||
| The establishment of the Bank of England, 1694\r | 132 | ||
| The significance of parliamentary control of finance\r | 133 | ||
| Conclusion: How Revolutionary was the Glorious Revolution?\r | 135 | ||
| Preparing for your AS Level Paper 1 exam\r | 139 | ||
| Paper 1: AS Level sample answer with comments\r | 140 | ||
| Preparing for your A Level Paper 1 exam\r | 153 | ||
| Paper 1: A Level sample answer with comments\r | 154 | ||
| France in revolution, 1774–99\r | 166 | ||
| Introduction\r | 166 | ||
| 2a.1: The origins and onset of revolution, 1774–89\r | 168 | ||
| Was King Louis XVI Doomed from the start?\r | 170 | ||
| Absolutism, court faction and the parlements\r | 170 | ||
| The three estates, the rights of nobles and church privilege\r | 171 | ||
| The Enlightenment and the spread of new ideas\r | 173 | ||
| Conclusion | 176 | ||
| How far were the Causes of the Revolution a Question of Economic Decline, Rather than Political Discontent?\r | 177 | ||
| Rural poverty and urban food prices | 177 | ||
| Taxation and crown debt | 178 | ||
| The impact of the American Revolution | 179 | ||
| Corruption at court | 179 | ||
| Conclusion | 180 | ||
| To what Extent were King Louis XVI and his court Responsible for the Onset of Revolution?\r | 180 | ||
| Louis' character\r | 180 | ||
| Attitudes to Marie Antoinette\r | 180 | ||
| The financial reforms of Turgot\r | 182 | ||
| The reforms of Necker\r | 183 | ||
| Charles-Alexandre de Calonne, the Assembly of Notables and the revolt of the aristocracy\r | 183 | ||
| Opposition in the Paris parlement\r | 184 | ||
| Conclusion | 185 | ||
| What was Significant About the Events of 1789?\r | 186 | ||
| The summoning of the Estates-General | 186 | ||
| The declaration of the National Assembly | 187 | ||
| The Tennis Court Oath | 188 | ||
| Revolt in Paris and the storming of the Bastille\r | 188 | ||
| Conclusion | 189 | ||
| 2a.2: Revolution and the failure of constitutional monarchy, 1789–93\r | 192 | ||
| Did the Reforms of the Constituent Assembly go too far or not far Enough?\r | 193 | ||
| The Great Fear and the abolition of feudalism\r | 194 | ||
| The Declaration of the Rights of Man | 194 | ||
| The October Days and the march on Versailles | 195 | ||
| The reforms of the Constituent Assembly | 197 | ||
| Conclusion | 200 | ||
| How Divided were Political Views in the Period 1789–93?\r | 201 | ||
| Key political groups and individuals\r | 201 | ||
| Popular protests and the sans-culottes | 204 | ||
| Mirabeau and royalist support | 204 | ||
| Conclusion | 205 | ||
| How Far was the Flight to Varennes the key cause of Radicalisation in 1791 and 1792?\r | 206 | ||
| The flight to Varennes\r | 206 | ||
| The emergence of republicanism | 207 | ||
| Counter-revolutionary activity | 207 | ||
| Divisions in the Legislative Assembly | 208 | ||
| The impact of war with Austria and Prussia\r | 208 | ||
| The attack on the Tuileries: journée of 10 August 1792\r | 211 | ||
| Conclusion | 211 | ||
| To what the Extent had the Radicals Triumphed by January 1793?\r | 212 | ||
| The creation of the National Convention | 212 | ||
| The September Massacres | 213 | ||
| The trial and execution of Louis | 214 | ||
| Conclusion | 214 | ||
| 2a.3: The National Convention, the Jacobins and the Terror, 1793–94\r | 216 | ||
| Precondition to Terror: Why did the Jacobins Rise to Dominance?\r | 218 | ||
| The external threat: the War of the First Coalition\r | 218 | ||
| The impact of the Vendée revolt\r | 219 | ||
| Economic pressures and sans-culottes discontent\r | 220 | ||
| Political pressures: the fall of the Girondins\r | 221 | ||
| The power of the sans-culottes and the Paris Commune\r | 224 | ||
| Conclusion\r | 225 | ||
| Was the Terror 'Prompt, Severe, Inflexible' Justice or Simply not Justice at all?\r | 226 | ||
| The Committee of General Security and the Revolutionary Tribunal\r | 226 | ||
| Representatives on mission\r | 227 | ||
| Watch committees\r | 227 | ||
| Counter-revolutionary laws\r | 227 | ||
| Conclusion\r | 228 | ||
| To what Extent was Robespierre the Driving Force of the Great Terror?\r | 229 | ||
| Religious radicalism | 229 | ||
| Terror in the Vendée\r | 230 | ||
| The purge of the Hébertists and the Indulgents\r | 230 | ||
| Robespierre and Saint-Just defend the Terror\r | 232 | ||
| The Great Terror\r | 234 | ||
| Conclusion\r | 234 | ||
| What Triggered the end of Terror?\r | 235 | ||
| Growing economic and political fear | 236 | ||
| The arrest and execution of Robespierre | 237 | ||
| Thermidorean government established | 238 | ||
| Conclusion | 238 | ||
| 2a.4: From the Directory to Brumaire, 1795–99\r | 240 | ||
| Did the Directory Face Insurmountable Problems in 1795?\r | 242 | ||
| Political violence and the White Terror\r | 242 | ||
| Political divisions in 1795\r | 243 | ||
| Economic and financial pressures\r | 244 | ||
| Popular protest | 245 | ||
| Conclusion | 246 | ||
| How Far did the Directory Manage to Achieve Moderation?\r | 246 | ||
| The 1795 constitution\r | 246 | ||
| Economic and financial reforms\r | 249 | ||
| Martial law | 250 | ||
| Attempts to control factionalism | 250 | ||
| Directorial terror\r | 252 | ||
| Conclusion\r | 253 | ||
| Was the Directory's Dependence on the Military Unavoidable?\r | 253 | ||
| The Verona Declaration and the émigré threat\r | 253 | ||
| Revolt in the provinces and reaction to conscription\r | 254 | ||
| The impact of war | 255 | ||
| Reaction to conscription and revolt in the provinces | 256 | ||
| Conclusion | 257 | ||
| Why was the Directory Overthrown in November 1799?\r | 258 | ||
| The Directory under threat\r | 258 | ||
| The role of Abbé Sieyès and the return of Napoleon\r | 259 | ||
| The Coup of Brumaire\r | 260 | ||
| The coup of November and the establishment of the Consulship\r | 262 | ||
| Conclusion\r | 262 | ||
| Preparing for your AS Level Paper 2 exam\r | 265 | ||
| Paper 2: AS Level sample answer with comments\r | 266 | ||
| Preparing for your A Level Paper 2 exam\r | 275 | ||
| Paper 2: A Level sample answer with comments | 276 | ||
| Russia in revolution, 1894–1924\r | 284 | ||
| Introduction\r | 284 | ||
| 2b.1: The rule of Nicholas II, 1894–1905\r | 286 | ||
| Introduction\r | 286 | ||
| How, and how Oppressively, was Russia Governed Before 1905?\r | 288 | ||
| Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality\r | 288 | ||
| The oppression of nationalities\r | 290 | ||
| Anti-Semitism | 290 | ||
| The Okhrana | 291 | ||
| How much Organised Opposition did the Tsarist Regime Face Before 1905, and how did the Aims of the main Opposition Groups Differ?\r | 292 | ||
| Unrest among peasants and workers\r | 292 | ||
| Middle-class opposition and the League of Liberation | 293 | ||
| The Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs)\r | 294 | ||
| The Social Democrats | 295 | ||
| Reasons for the limited impact of opposition groups before 1905\r | 297 | ||
| In what ways, and how Seriously, was the Tsarist Regime Threatened by Revolutionary Activity in 1905?\r | 299 | ||
| The impact of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)\r | 299 | ||
| Bloody Sunday\r | 300 | ||
| The spread of revolutionary activity\r | 302 | ||
| The St Petersburg Soviet\r | 303 | ||
| In what ways, and how Successfully, did the Tsarist Regime Respond to the Threats it faced in 1905?\r | 304 | ||
| The August Manifesto\r | 304 | ||
| The October Manifesto and the response of the opposition\r | 304 | ||
| The crushing of the Moscow Uprising | 306 | ||
| The extent of the recovery of Tsarist power | 307 | ||
| 2b.2: The end of Romanov rule, 1906–17\r | 310 | ||
| Introduction\r | 310 | ||
| What Political Changes took place in Russia in the Years 1906–14, and to what Extent did they modify the Tsarist System of Government?\r | 312 | ||
| The Fundamental Laws, April 1906\r | 312 | ||
| The radicalism of the first two Dumas\r | 312 | ||
| Nicholas II's relations with the Dumas, 1906–14\r | 316 | ||
| The nature of Tsarist government and royal power in 1914\r | 316 | ||
| To what Extent did Stolypin's Policies of Repression and Reform succeed in Putting the Tsarist Regime on a more Stable Footing?\r | 318 | ||
| Stolypin's policies of repression\r | 318 | ||
| Actions against revolutionary parties\r | 319 | ||
| Reform of agricultural landholdings and emigration to Siberia\r | 319 | ||
| The Lena Goldfields Massacre, 1912\r | 322 | ||
| What impact did Russia's Involvement in the first world war have on the Reputation of the Tsarist Regime?\r | 323 | ||
| The state of the armed forces in 1914\r | 323 | ||
| Economic problems in wartime\r | 326 | ||
| Nicholas, Alexandra and Rasputin\r | 326 | ||
| The Progressive Bloc and Zemgor\r | 328 | ||
| What Triggered the Revolution of February 1917?\r | 329 | ||
| Growth of unrest in town and countryside\r | 329 | ||
| International Women's Day and the Petrograd general strike\r | 330 | ||
| The creation of the Provisional Committee and the Petrograd Soviet\r | 330 | ||
| The abdication of Nicholas II\r | 331 | ||
| 2b.3: The Provisional government and its opponents, February–October 1917\r | 334 | ||
| Introduction\r | 334 | ||
| Is 'Dual Power' an Apt Description of the Relationship between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet in Early 1917?\r | 336 | ||
| The political complexion of the Provisional Government\r | 336 | ||
| The Provisional Government’s power and support\r | 336 | ||
| The aims and membership of the Petrograd Soviet\r | 338 | ||
| Early political reforms\r | 339 | ||
| Who Opposed the Provisional Government in Early and mid-1917, and why?\r | 339 | ||
| Conflicting attitudes to the war\r | 340 | ||
| The Milyukov crisis\r | 340 | ||
| Lenin's return to Russia and the April Theses\r | 342 | ||
| The June Offensive and the July Days\r | 344 | ||
| In what Circumstances did Kerensky become head of the second Provisional Government, and why did he fail to Retain Popular Support?\r | 345 | ||
| Kerensky as prime minister\r | 346 | ||
| The membership of the new government\r | 346 | ||
| Problems in industry and agriculture\r | 347 | ||
| The Kornilov affair and its impact on the government and the Bolsheviks\r | 349 | ||
| What part did Lenin and Trotsky play in the making of the October Revolution?\r | 350 | ||
| Lenin's influence on the Central Committee\r | 351 | ||
| Trotsky and the Military Revolutionary Committee\r | 352 | ||
| The events of 24–26 October\r | 353 | ||
| The formation of the Bolshevik government\r | 353 | ||
| The Constituent Assembly elections\r | 354 | ||
| Weaknesses and failings of the Provisional Government, February–October 1917\r | 355 | ||
| 2b.4: Defending the Bolshevik revolution, October 1917–24\r | 358 | ||
| Introduction\r | 358 | ||
| What Steps did the Bolsheviks take after the October Revolution to Consolidate their hold on power?\r | 360 | ||
| The closing of the Constituent Assembly\r | 360 | ||
| Making peace at Brest-Litovsk\r | 361 | ||
| The formation of the Cheka\r | 362 | ||
| Attacks on Bolshevik opponents\r | 363 | ||
| The Red Terror\r | 364 | ||
| How did Bolshevik Economic Policy Evolve in the years 1917–21?\r | 365 | ||
| State capitalism (October 1917–July 1918)\r | 365 | ||
| War Communism (July 1918–March 1921)\r | 366 | ||
| The Tambov rising and the Kronstadt mutiny | 368 | ||
| The economic and political results of the New Economic Policy\r | 369 | ||
| The ban on factions, 1921\r | 372 | ||
| Why were the Bolsheviks able to Defeat their Domestic Enemies in the Russian Civil War?\r | 373 | ||
| The Socialist Revolutionaries, national minorities and the Whites\r | 373 | ||
| Trotsky and the Red Army\r | 374 | ||
| The geography of the civil war | 375 | ||
| The defeat of Kolchak, Denikin and Yudenich\r | 376 | ||
| For what Reasons, and with what Results, did Foreign Powers Intervene in Russia in the Civil War Era?\r | 378 | ||
| Reasons, nature and extent of intervention\r | 378 | ||
| The impact of war weariness and the lack of support in the west for intervention\r | 379 | ||
| The end of intervention\r | 380 | ||
| Soviet Russia in 1924\r | 381 | ||
| Preparing for your AS Level Paper 2 exam\r | 383 | ||
| Paper 2: AS Level sample answers with comments\r | 384 | ||
| Preparing for your A Level Paper 2 exam\r | 393 | ||
| Paper 2: A Level sample answers with comments\r | 394 | ||
| Index | 402 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 406 |