Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Awarded second place in the 2017 AJN Book of the Year Awards in the Information Technology category. See how information technology intersects with health care! Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 2nd Edition prepares you for success in today’s technology-filled healthcare practice. Concise coverage includes information systems and applications such as electronic health records, clinical decision support, telehealth, ePatients, and social media tools, as well as system implementation. New to this edition are topics including data science and analytics, mHealth, principles of project management, and contract negotiations. Written by expert informatics educators Ramona Nelson and Nancy Staggers, this edition enhances the book that won a 2013 American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year award!
- Experts from a wide range of health disciplines cover the latest on the interprofessional aspects of informatics — a key Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) initiative and a growing specialty area in nursing.
- Case studies encourage higher-level thinking about how concepts apply to real-world nursing practice.
- Discussion questions challenge you to think critically and to visualize the future of health informatics.
- Objectives, key terms and an abstract at the beginning of each chapter provide an overview of what you will learn.
- Conclusion and Future Directions section at the end of each chapter describes how informatics will continue to evolve as healthcare moves to an interprofessional foundation.
- NEW! Updated chapters reflect the current and evolving practice of health informatics, using real-life healthcare examples to show how informatics applies to a wide range of topics and issues.
- NEW mHealth chapter discusses the use of mobile technology, a new method of health delivery — especially for urban or under-served populations — and describes the changing levels of responsibility for both patients and providers.
- NEW Data Science and Analytics in Healthcare chapter shows how Big Data — as well as analytics using data mining and knowledge discovery techniques — applies to healthcare.
- NEW Project Management Principles chapter discusses proven project management tools and techniques for coordinating all types of health informatics-related projects.
- NEW Contract Negotiations chapter describes strategic methods and tips for negotiating a contract with a healthcare IT vendor.
- NEW Legal Issues chapter explains how federal regulations and accreditation processes may impact the practice of health informatics.
- NEW HITECH Act chapter explains the regulations relating to health informatics in the Health Information Technology for Education and Clinical Health Act as well as the Meaningful Use and Medicare Access & CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ES2 | ||
| Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| About the Authors | vii | ||
| Contributors | ix | ||
| Reviewers and Ancillary Writers | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xv | ||
| Preface | xvii | ||
| Uses of the Book | xvii | ||
| Vendors, Applications, Foundations and Institutions | xvii | ||
| Organization of the Book | xvii | ||
| Teaching and Learning Package | xviii | ||
| For the Instructor | xviii | ||
| For the Student | xviii | ||
| Contents | xix | ||
| Chapter 1: An Introduction to Health Informatics | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Definition of health informatics | 2 | ||
| Topics and areas of study in informatics | 3 | ||
| Unit 1: Fundamental Information in Health Informatics | 3 | ||
| Why Informatics Is Needed in Healthcare: An Example | 3 | ||
| Unit 2: Information Systems and Applications for the Delivery of Healthcare | 3 | ||
| Healthcare Applications Improving Healthcare: An Example | 3 | ||
| Unit 3: Participatory Healthcare Informatics (Healthcare on the Internet) | 4 | ||
| Unit 4: Managing the Life Cycle of a Health Information System | 5 | ||
| Using the Systems Life Cycle: An Example | 5 | ||
| Unit 5: User Experience, Standards, Safety, and Analytics in Health Informatics | 5 | ||
| Using Big Data: A Real-Life Example | 6 | ||
| Unit 6: Governance Structures, Legal, and Regulatory Issues in Health Informatics | 6 | ||
| Health Policy in Operation: An Example | 6 | ||
| Unit 7: Education and Health Informatics | 6 | ||
| Unit 8: International Health Informatics Efforts | 7 | ||
| Unit 9: Historical Implications and Future Directions in Health Informatics | 7 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 8 | ||
| References | 8 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 9 | ||
| Case Study | 9 | ||
| Case Study Questions | 9 | ||
| Chapter 2: Theoretical Foundations of Health Informatics | 10 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| Foundational Literacies for Health Informatics | 11 | ||
| Definition of Basic Literacy | 11 | ||
| Definition of Computer Literacy/Fluency | 12 | ||
| Definition of Information Literacy | 12 | ||
| Definition of Digital Literacy | 12 | ||
| Definition of Health Literacy | 13 | ||
| Understanding theories and models | 14 | ||
| Theories and Models Underlying Health Informatics | 15 | ||
| Systems Theory | 15 | ||
| Characteristics of Systems | 16 | ||
| Systems and the Change Process | 17 | ||
| Complex Adaptive Systems | 18 | ||
| Characteristics of a CAS | 18 | ||
| Cynefin Framework for Managing Uncertainly in CAS | 19 | ||
| Simple Domain | 20 | ||
| Complicated Domain | 20 | ||
| Complex Domain | 20 | ||
| Chaotic Domain | 21 | ||
| Disorder Domain | 21 | ||
| Information Theory | 21 | ||
| Shannon-Weaver Information-Communication Model | 21 | ||
| Blum Model | 22 | ||
| Graves Model | 23 | ||
| Nelson Model | 23 | ||
| Learning Theory | 25 | ||
| Cognitive and Constructionist Learning Theories | 25 | ||
| Adult Learning Theories | 27 | ||
| Learning Styles | 27 | ||
| Change Theory | 28 | ||
| Planned Change | 29 | ||
| Diffusion of Innovation | 29 | ||
| Using Change Theory | 31 | ||
| The Systems Life Cycle Model | 31 | ||
| Staggers and Nelson Systems Life Cycle Model | 32 | ||
| Additional informatics-related models | 33 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 33 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| Discussion questions | 36 | ||
| Case study | 37 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 37 | ||
| Chapter 3: Evidence-Based Practice, Practice-Based Evidence, and Health Informatics | 38 | ||
| Introduction | 38 | ||
| Evidence-based practice | 39 | ||
| Evidence-based practice models | 40 | ||
| Stevens star model of knowledge transformation | 42 | ||
| Point 1: Discovery Research | 42 | ||
| Point 2: Evidence Summary | 43 | ||
| Resources and Examples | 43 | ||
| Point 3: Translation to Guidelines | 44 | ||
| Resources and Examples | 44 | ||
| Point 4: Practice Integration | 46 | ||
| Resources and Examples | 47 | ||
| Point 5: Evaluation | 48 | ||
| Resources and Examples | 48 | ||
| Informatics and evidence-based practice | 49 | ||
| Relationship of EBP and PBE | 50 | ||
| EHRs and PBE Knowledge Discovery | 50 | ||
| Knowledge Building Using Health Information Technology | 50 | ||
| Practice-based evidence | 50 | ||
| Practice-Based Evidence Features and Challenges | 50 | ||
| Steps in a PBE Study | 51 | ||
| Create a Multisite, Multidisciplinary Project Clinical Team | 51 | ||
| Control for Differences in Patient Severity of Illness | 52 | ||
| Controls for Patient Factors | 52 | ||
| Controls for Treatment and Process Factors | 53 | ||
| Controls for Outcome Factors | 53 | ||
| Implement Intensive Data Collection and Check Reliability | 53 | ||
| Create a Study Database | 53 | ||
| Successively Test Hypotheses | 53 | ||
| Validate and Implement Findings | 54 | ||
| Limitations and Strengths of Practice-Based Evidence Studies | 54 | ||
| Informatics and practice-based evidence | 54 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 55 | ||
| References | 56 | ||
| Chapter 4: Models, Theories, and Research for Program Evaluation | 60 | ||
| Introduction | 60 | ||
| Purposes of evaluation | 61 | ||
| Formative Versus Summative Evaluation | 61 | ||
| Generalizability and Scope | 62 | ||
| Program Continuance Versus Growth | 62 | ||
| Theories and frameworks | 62 | ||
| Social Science Theories | 63 | ||
| Social Cognitive Theories | 63 | ||
| Diffusion of Innovations Theory | 63 | ||
| Cognitive Engineering Theories | 63 | ||
| Information Theory | 63 | ||
| Information Foraging Theory | 63 | ||
| Information Technology Theories | 64 | ||
| Information System Success | 64 | ||
| Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology | 64 | ||
| Program Implementation Models | 64 | ||
| PRECEDE-PROCEED Model | 65 | ||
| Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services | 65 | ||
| Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance | 65 | ||
| Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research | 66 | ||
| Sociotechnical Model for Informatics Interventions | 66 | ||
| Quality Improvement | 67 | ||
| Program Theory Models | 67 | ||
| Six Steps | 67 | ||
| Logic Models | 67 | ||
| Methods, tools, and techniques | 68 | ||
| Quantitative Versus Qualitative Questions | 68 | ||
| Qualitative Methods | 68 | ||
| Structured and Semi-Structured Interviews | 69 | ||
| Observation and Protocol Analysis | 69 | ||
| Ethnography and Participant Observation | 69 | ||
| Quantitative Methods | 70 | ||
| Research Designs | 70 | ||
| Time Series Analysis | 70 | ||
| Regression Discontinuity Design | 70 | ||
| Multiple Baseline With Single Subject Design | 70 | ||
| Instruments | 70 | ||
| User-Satisfaction Instruments | 71 | ||
| Social Network Analysis | 71 | ||
| Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | 71 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 71 | ||
| References | 71 | ||
| Discussion questions | 73 | ||
| Case study | 73 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 74 | ||
| Chapter 5: Technical Infrastructure to Support Healthcare | 75 | ||
| Introduction | 75 | ||
| Electronic health record component model | 75 | ||
| Clinical Data Repository | 76 | ||
| Central Versus Distributed Storage | 77 | ||
| Encounter-Based Versus Longitudinal-Based Storage | 77 | ||
| Master Person Index | 77 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 78 | ||
| Review and Reporting | 78 | ||
| Data Collection | 78 | ||
| Patient Management | 79 | ||
| Clinician Productivity | 79 | ||
| Data Dictionary | 79 | ||
| Knowledge Base | 80 | ||
| Clinical Decision Support System | 80 | ||
| System integration and interoperability | 81 | ||
| Interface Engine | 81 | ||
| Interoperability Standards | 82 | ||
| Networking systems | 82 | ||
| Regional Health Information Organization, Health Information Exchanges, and Health Information Organizations | 82 | ||
| eHealth Exchange | 83 | ||
| Other infrastructure models | 83 | ||
| Application Service Provider | 83 | ||
| Cloud Computing | 84 | ||
| Current challenges | 84 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 85 | ||
| Mobile Apps | 85 | ||
| Service-Oriented Architecture | 86 | ||
| Open Source Software | 86 | ||
| SMART | 87 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Discussion questions | 88 | ||
| Case study | 89 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 89 | ||
| Chapter 6: Electronic Health Records and Applications for Managing Patient Care | 90 | ||
| Introduction | 90 | ||
| Early Terms and Definitions | 91 | ||
| Electronic Medical Record Versus Electronic Health Record | 91 | ||
| Electronic health record components, functions, and attributes | 92 | ||
| Sociotechnical perspectives | 93 | ||
| Electronic Health Record Adoption | 93 | ||
| Federal EHR Requirements | 93 | ||
| Electronic Medical Record Adoption Model | 94 | ||
| Health Practitioner Role in Electronic Health Record Adoption and Meaningful Use | 94 | ||
| Electronic health record applications used in the clinical setting | 95 | ||
| Computerized Provider Order Entry | 95 | ||
| Electronic Medication Administration Record | 95 | ||
| Bar Code Medication Administration | 96 | ||
| Clinical Documentation | 96 | ||
| Specialty Applications | 97 | ||
| Clinical Decision Support | 97 | ||
| Ancillary Systems | 98 | ||
| Electronic health record benefits | 99 | ||
| Cost | 99 | ||
| Access | 99 | ||
| Quality, Safety, and Efficiency of Care Delivery | 99 | ||
| Stakeholder perspectives | 99 | ||
| Consumers | 99 | ||
| Nurses | 100 | ||
| Healthcare Providers | 100 | ||
| Healthcare Organizations | 100 | ||
| Insurance Payers | 101 | ||
| State and National Governments | 101 | ||
| Key issues | 101 | ||
| Cost | 101 | ||
| Ownership | 101 | ||
| Data Integrity | 102 | ||
| Privacy and Confidentiality | 102 | ||
| Standards | 102 | ||
| Organizational Culture | 103 | ||
| User Experience | 103 | ||
| Patient Access to the Electronic Health Record | 103 | ||
| Patient-Generated Health Data | 104 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 105 | ||
| References | 105 | ||
| Chapter 7: Administrative Applications Supporting Healthcare Delivery | 111 | ||
| Introduction | 111 | ||
| Vendor Resource Guides | 112 | ||
| Major Types of Applications | 112 | ||
| Financial Systems | 112 | ||
| Evolution of Healthcare Financial Information System | 112 | ||
| General Ledger | 113 | ||
| Payroll Application | 113 | ||
| Patient Accounting Application | 114 | ||
| Claims Processing and Management System | 114 | ||
| Claims Denial Management Application | 114 | ||
| Contract Management Application | 114 | ||
| Fixed Asset Management Application | 115 | ||
| Financial Reporting | 115 | ||
| Challenges with Financial Information Systems | 115 | ||
| Analyzing Accountable Care Organizations and Pay for Performance | 116 | ||
| Financial Information Systems Integration | 118 | ||
| Efficiency Tools | 119 | ||
| Practice Management Systems | 119 | ||
| Patient Outreach System | 120 | ||
| Online Billing and Payment Tool | 120 | ||
| Hospital–Healthcare Provider Connection | 120 | ||
| A Matter of Perspective | 121 | ||
| Supply Chain Management | 121 | ||
| Healthcare Supply Chain and Informatics | 121 | ||
| Integrated Applications in Supply Chain Management | 122 | ||
| Supply Cost Capture | 123 | ||
| Human Resources Information Systems | 124 | ||
| Human Resources Information Systems as a Competitive Advantage | 124 | ||
| Human Resources Information Systems Vendors | 125 | ||
| Human Resources Subsystems | 125 | ||
| Personnel Administration | 125 | ||
| Managing Human Resources Strategically and Operationally | 125 | ||
| Staffing and Scheduling | 125 | ||
| Training and Development | 126 | ||
| Compensation, Benefits, and Pension Administration-Payroll Interface | 126 | ||
| Performance Evaluation | 126 | ||
| Underrepresented Subsystems | 126 | ||
| Business Intelligence Systems | 126 | ||
| Conclusion and Future Directions | 127 | ||
| References | 128 | ||
| Discussion questions | 129 | ||
| Case Study | 129 | ||
| Michael H. Kennedy, Kim Crickmore,a and Lynne Milesa | 129 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 130 | ||
| Chapter 8: Telehealth and Applications for Delivering Care at a Distance | 131 | ||
| Introduction | 131 | ||
| Examples of Successful Telehealth Programs | 132 | ||
| Telehealth Historic Milestones | 133 | ||
| Leading Telehealth Organizations | 133 | ||
| American Nurses Association | 133 | ||
| United States Federal Government Agencies | 134 | ||
| American Telemedicine Association | 134 | ||
| International Council of Nurses | 134 | ||
| Telehealth technologies | 134 | ||
| Synchronous or ``Real-Time´´ Technologies | 134 | ||
| Video Conferencing | 134 | ||
| Patient Monitoring Technologies | 134 | ||
| Asynchronous or ``Store-and-Forward´´ Technology | 136 | ||
| Technical Standards in Telehealth | 136 | ||
| Telehealth and Health Information Technology | 136 | ||
| Telehealth clinical practice considerations for healthcare professionals | 136 | ||
| Equal To or Better Than In-Person Care? | 137 | ||
| Telehealth Clinical Competency | 137 | ||
| Confidentiality, Privacy, and Informed Patients | 137 | ||
| Scope of Clinical Practice | 138 | ||
| Types of Clinical Telehealth Applications | 138 | ||
| Telehealth operational and organizational success factors and barriers | 138 | ||
| B.E.L.T. Framework | 138 | ||
| Operationalizing Telehealth | 139 | ||
| Telehealth Acceptance and Training | 139 | ||
| Telehealth Implementation | 141 | ||
| Preimplementation Phase | 141 | ||
| Implementation Phase | 141 | ||
| Postimplementation Phase | 141 | ||
| Telehealth challenges: licensure and regulatory issues for healthcare professionals | 141 | ||
| Licensure | 142 | ||
| Credentialing and Privileging | 143 | ||
| Reimbursement | 144 | ||
| Malpractice and Liability | 144 | ||
| Telehealth and direct patient health services | 144 | ||
| Patient-to-Provider Telehealth-Delivered Care | 144 | ||
| Delivering Direct Care Using Health Monitoring Tools and Biometric Sensors | 145 | ||
| Remote Telehealth Home Visits and Monitoring Devices | 145 | ||
| Sensor Technology | 146 | ||
| Telehealth Technology and Healthcare Consumers | 147 | ||
| eHealth Literacy: Critical Element for Telehealth Adoption | 147 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 147 | ||
| Telehealth Industry Growth | 148 | ||
| Telehealth to uHealth | 149 | ||
| Improve Healthcare Provider Shortages and Access to Care | 149 | ||
| References | 149 | ||
| Chapter 9: Home Health and Related Community-Based Systems | 153 | ||
| Introduction | 153 | ||
| Evolution and milestones | 154 | ||
| Practice models | 154 | ||
| Home Health | 154 | ||
| Palliative Care and Hospice | 155 | ||
| Community-Based Public Health | 155 | ||
| Nurse-Managed Health Centers | 155 | ||
| Other Practice Sites | 155 | ||
| Similarities Among Practice Models | 155 | ||
| Standardized datasets | 156 | ||
| Outcome and Assessment Information Set | 156 | ||
| Hospice Item Set | 157 | ||
| Patient-Experience Surveys | 157 | ||
| Supporting home health with electronic health records and health information technology | 157 | ||
| Billing Solutions | 158 | ||
| Point-of-Care Solutions | 158 | ||
| Clinical Decision Support Systems | 159 | ||
| Standardized terminologies | 159 | ||
| Omaha system | 159 | ||
| Description | 160 | ||
| Problem Classification Scheme | 160 | ||
| Intervention Scheme | 161 | ||
| Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes | 161 | ||
| Clinical Example from Practice | 163 | ||
| Interpretation of the Clinical Example | 163 | ||
| Examples of Electronic Health Record Screen Images | 166 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 166 | ||
| References | 167 | ||
| Discussion questions | 168 | ||
| Case Study | 169 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 169 | ||
| Chapter 10: Clinical Decision Support Systems in Healthcare* | 170 | ||
| Introduction | 170 | ||
| Definition of Clinical Decision Support | 171 | ||
| History | 171 | ||
| De Dombal Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Acute Abdominal Pain | 171 | ||
| Computer Reminders at Regenstrief Institute | 171 | ||
| Clinical Decision Support Examples from the HELP System | 172 | ||
| Clinical decision support types and examples | 172 | ||
| Medication Dosing Support | 172 | ||
| Order Facilitators | 173 | ||
| Point-of-Care Alerts and Reminders | 173 | ||
| Relevant Information Display | 173 | ||
| Expert Systems | 175 | ||
| Workflow Support | 175 | ||
| Clinical decision support impact | 176 | ||
| Evidence of Effectiveness | 176 | ||
| Examples of Clinical Decision Support Impact Studies | 176 | ||
| Financial Impact of Clinical Decision Support | 177 | ||
| Clinical Decision Support Adoption | 177 | ||
| Challenges and Barriers to Clinical Decision Support Adoption | 177 | ||
| Clinical decision support best practices | 178 | ||
| Recent progress toward disseminating clinical decision support on a national level | 178 | ||
| Value-Based Payment Models | 179 | ||
| Meaningful Use Incentives for Electronic Health Record and Clinical Decision Support Adoption | 179 | ||
| Statewide Health Information Exchanges | 179 | ||
| Clinical Decision Support Standards | 179 | ||
| National Clinical Decision Support and Knowledge Management Initiatives | 179 | ||
| Open Source, Freely Available Resources | 180 | ||
| Research challenges | 180 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 180 | ||
| References | 181 | ||
| Chapter 11: Public Health Informatics | 184 | ||
| Introduction | 184 | ||
| Public health: A population perspective | 185 | ||
| Social and Political Challenges That Affect Public Health Informatics | 189 | ||
| Sociological Context of Public Health | 189 | ||
| The value of informatics for the domain of public health | 191 | ||
| Surveillance | 191 | ||
| Immunization Information Systems | 193 | ||
| Health Information Exchange | 194 | ||
| Public Health Reporting | 195 | ||
| Conclusions and future public health informatics strategies | 197 | ||
| Transforming Practice With New Strategies | 197 | ||
| Advancing the Technical Infrastructure | 199 | ||
| References | 201 | ||
| Discussion questions | 202 | ||
| Case study | 202 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 203 | ||
| Chapter 12: The Engaged ePatient | 204 | ||
| Historical background and drivers of the epatient evolution | 204 | ||
| ePatient as a Pioneering Concept | 204 | ||
| Our Connected World | 205 | ||
| Policy and Legislative Influences | 208 | ||
| Characteristics of Digital Healthcare Consumers | 208 | ||
| Convergence of epatients, clinicians, patient-centered models of care, and informatics | 210 | ||
| Participatory Patient-Centered Healthcare | 210 | ||
| The New Role of Clinicians and Informaticians in ePatient Care | 211 | ||
| Health Informatics and ePatients | 211 | ||
| Transparency and Access to Data | 212 | ||
| Health 3.0 emerges | 213 | ||
| Virtual Patient Communities and Research Networks | 213 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 215 | ||
| 21st Century Health and Healthcare | 215 | ||
| References | 216 | ||
| Discussion questions | 218 | ||
| Case study | 219 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 219 | ||
| Chapter 13: Social Media Tools for Practice and Education* | 220 | ||
| What is social media? | 220 | ||
| Social media tools | 221 | ||
| Social Networking | 221 | ||
| Blogging and Wikis | 222 | ||
| Microblogging (Twitter) | 222 | ||
| Social Bookmarking | 222 | ||
| Video and Image Sharing Content | 223 | ||
| Social media statistics | 223 | ||
| Benefits of social media | 224 | ||
| Challenges of social media | 225 | ||
| Privacy and Confidentiality | 226 | ||
| Inappropriate Behaviors | 227 | ||
| Security | 228 | ||
| Regulatory Issues | 229 | ||
| Market Pressure | 229 | ||
| Social media in education | 231 | ||
| Policy | 231 | ||
| Guidelines for Writing Policies | 232 | ||
| Resources for Policy Development | 234 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 234 | ||
| References | 234 | ||
| Chapter 14: Personal Health Records | 241 | ||
| Definitions of the personal health record | 241 | ||
| The development of the electronic personal health record | 242 | ||
| Blue Button for Patient Access to Electronic Health Records | 243 | ||
| Principles of an ideal personal health record | 244 | ||
| Proposed Benefits of an Ideal Personal Health Record | 245 | ||
| Types of Personal Health Records | 246 | ||
| Examples of existing personal health records | 246 | ||
| Current evidence of benefits of personal health records | 247 | ||
| Experience of Care | 247 | ||
| Quality of Care | 248 | ||
| Cost/Utilization | 248 | ||
| Current use of personal health records | 248 | ||
| Barriers to personal health record adoption | 249 | ||
| Awareness | 249 | ||
| Usability | 249 | ||
| Privacy Concerns | 249 | ||
| The Digital Divide | 249 | ||
| Provider Engagement | 249 | ||
| Interoperability | 250 | ||
| Summary of Adoption | 250 | ||
| The future of personal health records | 250 | ||
| References | 251 | ||
| Discussion questions | 253 | ||
| Case study | 254 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 254 | ||
| Chapter 15: mHealth: The Intersection of Mobile Technology and Health | 255 | ||
| Introduction | 255 | ||
| What Is Mobile Health? | 255 | ||
| Mobile Health Tools, Applications, and Examples of Uses | 256 | ||
| Client Education and Behavior Change | 258 | ||
| Sensors and Point-of-Care Diagnostics | 259 | ||
| Registries and Vital Events Tracking | 259 | ||
| Data Collection and Reporting | 259 | ||
| Electronic Health Records | 259 | ||
| Electronic Decision Support | 259 | ||
| Communication (Provider-Provider, Patient-Provider) | 259 | ||
| Provider Work Planning and Scheduling | 260 | ||
| Provider Training and Education | 260 | ||
| Human Resource Management | 260 | ||
| Supply Chain Management | 260 | ||
| Financial Transactions and Incentives | 260 | ||
| Driving forces of mobile health | 261 | ||
| Technology | 261 | ||
| Access | 261 | ||
| Range and Capabilities | 261 | ||
| Consumer/Patient Engagement and Empowerment | 261 | ||
| Global Health and Connected Healthcare | 262 | ||
| Research, Policy, and Business | 262 | ||
| Research | 262 | ||
| Policy | 262 | ||
| Business: Economic Potential and Cost Savings | 263 | ||
| Mobile health benefits and challenges | 263 | ||
| Mobile Health Evolution and Evidence | 263 | ||
| Benefits | 263 | ||
| Challenges | 264 | ||
| Patient Misinterpretation of Data | 264 | ||
| Data Privacy Risks | 264 | ||
| Legal Risks: Safety, Regulation, and Oversight of Data | 264 | ||
| Leading mHealth Organizations, Key Resources, and Information Repositories | 265 | ||
| Future directions of mobile health and conclusions | 265 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| Discussion questions | 269 | ||
| Case study | 269 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 270 | ||
| Chapter 16: Strategic Planning and Selecting an Information System | 271 | ||
| Introduction | 271 | ||
| Strategic vision and alignment | 271 | ||
| Systems life cycle | 273 | ||
| Analysis and Requirements Definition | 273 | ||
| Project Planning | 277 | ||
| Develop or Purchase | 278 | ||
| Developing, Obtaining, and Evaluating Requests for Information and Requests for Proposals | 278 | ||
| Evaluating Vendors | 279 | ||
| Selecting the System | 279 | ||
| Preparing for Contract Negotiations | 281 | ||
| Establishing a Working Relationship with the Vendor | 281 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 282 | ||
| References | 282 | ||
| Discussion questions | 283 | ||
| Case study | 283 | ||
| Key Considerations for System Selection | 283 | ||
| Findings from Inventory of Current Systems and Functionality | 283 | ||
| Findings from Inventory of Paper Documents and Forms | 283 | ||
| Findings from Staff Interviews and Observations | 283 | ||
| SWOT Analysis | 283 | ||
| Chapter 17: Project Management Principles for Health Informatics | 284 | ||
| Introduction | 284 | ||
| The need for project management in healthcare organizations | 285 | ||
| Project, program, and portfolio management | 286 | ||
| Project Management | 286 | ||
| Project Process Groups | 287 | ||
| Key Knowledge Components | 288 | ||
| Benefits of Improved Project Performance | 289 | ||
| Program Management | 289 | ||
| Portfolio Management | 290 | ||
| Benefits of Portfolio Management | 290 | ||
| Portfolio Governance | 291 | ||
| Roles and responsibilities: project, program, and portfolio managers | 291 | ||
| Project Manager | 291 | ||
| Program Manager | 293 | ||
| Portfolio Manager | 293 | ||
| Project management tools | 293 | ||
| Gantt Charts | 294 | ||
| Project and portfolio management software selection | 294 | ||
| Conclusions and future directions | 296 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| Discussion questions | 296 | ||
| Case study | 297 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 297 | ||
| Chapter 18: Contract Negotiations and Software Licensing* | 298 | ||
| Introduction | 298 | ||
| Overview of licensing agreements | 299 | ||
| Intellectual Property Concepts Relevant to Software | 299 | ||
| Why Are Contracts Used for Software Licensing? | 300 | ||
| The Concept of Licensing Versus Sale | 300 | ||
| ``On-Premises´´ Licensing Versus Licensing Through the ``Cloud´´ | 300 | ||
| The Vendor's Contract: Healthcare Organizations, Beware! | 301 | ||
| The Mechanics and Process of Contract Negotiation for a Software License | 301 | ||
| Before the Agreement Is Signed: Due Diligence | 301 | ||
| Use the Request for Proposal Process | 302 | ||
| The ``Entire Agreement´´ Clause: Know What This Means! | 302 | ||
| Major steps or stages in the performance of a license agreement | 302 | ||
| Specific components of the licensing agreement | 303 | ||
| Definitions of Terms | 303 | ||
| Time Schedule | 303 | ||
| Scope of the License | 303 | ||
| Who Are the Users? | 303 | ||
| Rights | 304 | ||
| Restrictions and License Metrics | 304 | ||
| Scope of Use | 304 | ||
| Number of Copies | 304 | ||
| Environments and Instances | 304 | ||
| Derivative Works | 304 | ||
| Software and Software as a Service Escrows | 305 | ||
| Specifications | 305 | ||
| Software Warranties | 305 | ||
| Service Level Agreements | 305 | ||
| Uptime | 306 | ||
| Performance | 306 | ||
| Response Time and Resolution Time | 306 | ||
| Problem Severity | 307 | ||
| Remedies | 307 | ||
| Acceptance of the Software | 307 | ||
| Remedies for Rejection | 308 | ||
| Maintenance and Support | 308 | ||
| Maintenance Fees | 309 | ||
| Other Services | 309 | ||
| System Implementation or Installation Support | 309 | ||
| Outsourcing to Data Centers for Hosting and Software Management Services | 310 | ||
| Revenue Recognition and Payments | 310 | ||
| Payments | 310 | ||
| Overview of Termination | 310 | ||
| Termination for Breach | 310 | ||
| Is the Breach Curable? | 311 | ||
| Transition and Transition Period | 312 | ||
| Exclusive Remedy Clauses | 312 | ||
| Limitations and Exclusions of Liability | 313 | ||
| Limitation of Liability | 313 | ||
| Exclusion of Liability | 313 | ||
| Reciprocity and Exceptions | 313 | ||
| Insurance | 313 | ||
| Dispute Resolution | 313 | ||
| Special Clauses | 313 | ||
| Confidentiality | 313 | ||
| Intellectual Property Infringement | 314 | ||
| Indemnification by the Healthcare Organization and Disclaimers by the Vendor of Responsibility | 314 | ||
| Restrictive Covenants and Feedback Clauses | 314 | ||
| Governing Law and Forum Clauses | 314 | ||
| Right to Assign the Agreement and License | 315 | ||
| Use of the Healthcare Organization's Name, Marks, and Logos | 315 | ||
| Data Usage and Data Ownership | 315 | ||
| Conclusions and future directions | 315 | ||
| References | 315 | ||
| Discussion questions | 315 | ||
| Case study | 315 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 316 | ||
| Chapter 19: Implementing and Upgrading an Information System | 317 | ||
| Introduction | 317 | ||
| Reasons to implement or upgrade a healthcare information system | 318 | ||
| Changing Government Regulations | 318 | ||
| The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act | 318 | ||
| The Transition from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM Codes and from HIPAA Version 4010 to HIPAA Version 5010 | 319 | ||
| Best Practices: Incorporating Evidence-Based Content and Clinical Decision Support Systems | 320 | ||
| Patient Safety and Improved Quality of Care | 321 | ||
| New implementation versus an upgrade | 322 | ||
| Sufficient Resources | 322 | ||
| Risk Factors | 322 | ||
| Scope Creep | 322 | ||
| Best of Breed Versus an Integrated Health System | 323 | ||
| Opportunities for Improvement | 323 | ||
| Implementation and the systems life cycle | 324 | ||
| Phases of the Systems Life Cycle | 324 | ||
| Project Planning | 324 | ||
| Defining Success | 324 | ||
| Executive Management Support | 325 | ||
| Engage Stakeholders | 325 | ||
| Redesigned Workflows | 325 | ||
| Building or Tailoring the Product | 327 | ||
| Testing | 327 | ||
| Preparing for go-live | 330 | ||
| Big Bang or Incremental Go-Lives | 330 | ||
| Detailed Go-Live Plan | 331 | ||
| Education and Training | 331 | ||
| Trainers | 332 | ||
| Training Methodology | 332 | ||
| Length of Class and Class Schedule | 332 | ||
| Go-live | 333 | ||
| Post-live maintenance | 333 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 334 | ||
| References | 334 | ||
| Discussion questions | 335 | ||
| Case study | 336 | ||
| Chapter 20: Downtime and Disaster Recovery for Health Information Systems | 337 | ||
| Introduction | 337 | ||
| Downtime risk assessment | 338 | ||
| Downtime And Response Planning | 342 | ||
| Clinical Impact and Planning: Acute Care Focus | 345 | ||
| Redundant Systems | 346 | ||
| Downtime policies and procedures | 347 | ||
| Information technology impact and planning | 347 | ||
| Disaster planning | 347 | ||
| Disaster Recovery | 348 | ||
| Business Continuity | 348 | ||
| Communication | 349 | ||
| Responsibilities | 350 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 350 | ||
| References | 350 | ||
| Chapter 21: Improving the User Experience for Health Information Technology | 352 | ||
| Introduction to improving the user experience | 352 | ||
| The Current User Experience With Health Information Technology Products | 352 | ||
| Definitions of terms and their relationships | 353 | ||
| User Experience | 353 | ||
| Human Factors | 353 | ||
| Ergonomics | 353 | ||
| Human-Computer Interaction | 354 | ||
| Usability | 354 | ||
| The goals of usability | 354 | ||
| User-centered design | 354 | ||
| Design Thinking | 355 | ||
| Potential Benefits of Improving the User Experience | 355 | ||
| Increased Individual Effectiveness | 356 | ||
| Increased User Productivity and Efficiency | 356 | ||
| Decreased User Errors and Increased Safety | 356 | ||
| Improved Cognitive Support | 356 | ||
| Increased Organizational Efficiencies | 356 | ||
| Decreased Maintenance Costs | 356 | ||
| Decreased Customer and Individual Training and Support Costs | 356 | ||
| Decreased Development Time and Costs | 356 | ||
| Human-computer interaction frameworks for health informatics | 357 | ||
| Human Factors and Human–Computer Interaction Frameworks | 357 | ||
| The Health Human–Computer Interaction Framework | 357 | ||
| Essential Components for Improving the User Experience | 358 | ||
| Selecting methods to improve the user experience | 358 | ||
| Discount Usability Methods | 359 | ||
| Heuristic Evaluation | 359 | ||
| Examples of a Heuristic Evaluation Project | 359 | ||
| Traditional Usability Methods | 360 | ||
| Think-Aloud Protocol | 361 | ||
| Task Analysis | 361 | ||
| Example of a Task Analysis | 361 | ||
| Contextual Inquiry or Focused Ethnographies | 361 | ||
| Example of a Focused Ethnography or Contextual Inquiry | 362 | ||
| Formal user testing | 362 | ||
| Usability Questionnaires | 362 | ||
| Selecting a type of usability test | 362 | ||
| Determining User Needs and Requirements | 362 | ||
| Example of a Requirements Determination Usability Study | 362 | ||
| Formative Tests | 364 | ||
| Examples of Formative Tests | 364 | ||
| Validation Test | 364 | ||
| Example of a Validation Test | 364 | ||
| Comparison Test | 365 | ||
| Examples of a Comparison Study | 365 | ||
| Identifying Usability Issues With Fielded Health IT Products | 365 | ||
| Steps for Conducting User Experience Tests | 365 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 366 | ||
| References | 366 | ||
| Chapter 22: Informatics-Related Standards and Standards-Setting Organizations | 370 | ||
| Introduction | 370 | ||
| Standardized healthcare terminologies relevant to patient care | 371 | ||
| Healthcare data standardization | 373 | ||
| Definitions | 373 | ||
| Evaluation of the Quality of Terminology | 373 | ||
| Multidisciplinary Terminologies | 376 | ||
| Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes | 376 | ||
| Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms | 377 | ||
| Classifications Used for Reimbursement | 378 | ||
| RxNorm | 378 | ||
| World Health Organization Family of International Classifications | 379 | ||
| Nursing Terminologies | 379 | ||
| Clinical Care Classification | 379 | ||
| International Classification for Nursing Practice | 380 | ||
| NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses | 380 | ||
| Nursing Interventions Classification | 380 | ||
| Nursing Outcomes Classification | 381 | ||
| Omaha System | 381 | ||
| Perioperative Nursing Data Set | 382 | ||
| Data exchange efforts | 382 | ||
| HL7 Standards | 383 | ||
| Terminology Harmonization | 383 | ||
| Application of standardized terminologies | 384 | ||
| Designing User Interfaces Using Terminologies | 384 | ||
| Supporting Data Retrieval and Exchange | 385 | ||
| Monitoring the Quality of Care | 385 | ||
| Discovering Knowledge Through Research | 385 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 386 | ||
| References | 386 | ||
| Discussion questions | 389 | ||
| Case study | 389 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 390 | ||
| Chapter 23: Data Science and Analytics in Healthcare | 391 | ||
| Introduction | 391 | ||
| Data science in healthcare | 392 | ||
| Characteristics of big data | 393 | ||
| Data science for clinical and translational research | 393 | ||
| Benefits of data science | 394 | ||
| Approaches to analyses | 394 | ||
| Exploratory Data Analysis | 394 | ||
| Predictive Analytics | 394 | ||
| Prescriptive Analytics | 394 | ||
| Knowledge discovery and data mining | 395 | ||
| Retrieving a Dataset for Analysis | 395 | ||
| Preprocessing Clinical Data | 396 | ||
| Preprocessing Text Data | 397 | ||
| Preprocessing Coded (Structured) Data | 397 | ||
| Sampling and Partitioning | 397 | ||
| Data Mining | 398 | ||
| Statistical Approaches | 398 | ||
| Machine Learning | 398 | ||
| Evaluating Data Mining Models | 399 | ||
| Model Deployment | 400 | ||
| Organizational Considerations for Data Science | 401 | ||
| Data Science Personnel | 401 | ||
| Recommended Skills for a Data Science/Health Analytics Professional | 402 | ||
| Tools and Platforms | 403 | ||
| Data Standardization | 404 | ||
| Data Governance | 404 | ||
| Conclusions and future directions | 404 | ||
| References | 405 | ||
| Discussion questions | 407 | ||
| Case study | 407 | ||
| Chapter 24: Patient Safety and Quality Initiatives in Health Informatics | 408 | ||
| Introduction | 408 | ||
| Definitions | 409 | ||
| Quality of Care | 409 | ||
| Patient Safety | 409 | ||
| National initiatives driving adoption and use of health it | 409 | ||
| National efforts related to quality data standards | 411 | ||
| Evaluating quality and patient safety | 413 | ||
| Conceptual Framework for Patient Safety and Quality | 413 | ||
| Medication Safety | 414 | ||
| Chronic Illness Screening and Management | 415 | ||
| Nursing Sensitive Quality Outcomes: Patient Falls and Pressure Ulcers | 416 | ||
| Success factors and lessons learned | 416 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 417 | ||
| References | 418 | ||
| Discussion questions | 420 | ||
| Case study | 420 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 421 | ||
| Chapter 25: Legal Issues, Federal Regulations, and Accreditation | 422 | ||
| Introduction | 422 | ||
| Legal system | 423 | ||
| Federalism and the Constitution | 423 | ||
| Federal Healthcare Regulatory Framework | 423 | ||
| Laws | 423 | ||
| Regulations and Rule Making | 424 | ||
| Guidance and Advisory Opinions | 425 | ||
| Enforcement | 425 | ||
| Administrative Enforcement | 425 | ||
| Court System | 425 | ||
| Fraud and abuse and billing issues related to electronic health record use | 426 | ||
| Stark Law | 426 | ||
| Federal Anti-Kickback Statute | 426 | ||
| Safe Harbors | 427 | ||
| Health and Human Services Donation Safe Harbor | 427 | ||
| False Claims Act | 427 | ||
| Wire/Mail Fraud | 428 | ||
| Fraud and Abuse and the Electronic Health Record | 428 | ||
| State Law | 429 | ||
| Accreditation | 429 | ||
| The Joint Commission Health Information Management Standards | 429 | ||
| Sentinel Event Alerts | 430 | ||
| The intersection of new technology and regulation | 431 | ||
| Medical Devices | 431 | ||
| mHealth Wearable Devices and Telehealth | 432 | ||
| Privacy and Ownership of Data Collected by mHealth and Wearable Devices | 432 | ||
| Liability Issues | 432 | ||
| Social Media and Informatics | 433 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 433 | ||
| References | 433 | ||
| Chapter 26: Privacy and Security | 436 | ||
| Introduction | 436 | ||
| Definitions and concepts | 437 | ||
| Legal and historical context | 437 | ||
| Fair Information Practice Principles | 437 | ||
| Code of Ethics for Health Informatics Professionals | 438 | ||
| International Medical Informatics Association | 438 | ||
| Principles, laws, and regulations guiding practice | 438 | ||
| National Privacy and Security Framework for Health Information Laws and Regulations | 439 | ||
| International Laws | 439 | ||
| U.S. Federal Law | 440 | ||
| The History of HIPAA | 440 | ||
| HITECH Act | 441 | ||
| HIPAA Omnibus Final Rule of 2013 | 441 | ||
| ONC Tool for Integrating Privacy and Security into Health Practices | 442 | ||
| Federal-State Collaboration | 443 | ||
| HIPAA and Secondary Uses of Electronic Health Data | 443 | ||
| Public Health Monitoring or Surveillance and HIEs | 443 | ||
| De-identification of Data | 443 | ||
| The importance of information security | 444 | ||
| The Public Trust | 444 | ||
| Legal Requirements and Fines | 446 | ||
| Increasing Security Threats to Healthcare Data | 447 | ||
| Current security vulnerabilities | 448 | ||
| External Events | 448 | ||
| Internal Vulnerabilities | 448 | ||
| Medical Devices | 448 | ||
| Current security challenges | 449 | ||
| Managing security risks with security controls | 449 | ||
| Administrative | 449 | ||
| Conducting Risk Assessments or Risk Analysis | 450 | ||
| Technical | 450 | ||
| Physical | 450 | ||
| Resources | 451 | ||
| Conclusions and future directions | 451 | ||
| References | 451 | ||
| Discussion questions | 453 | ||
| Case study | 454 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 454 | ||
| Chapter 27: The Health Information Technology for Education and Clinical Health Act, Meaningful Use, and Medicare Access ... | 455 | ||
| Introduction | 455 | ||
| Federal initiatives to drive health information technology | 456 | ||
| Executive Order 13335 | 456 | ||
| The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 | 456 | ||
| Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology | 456 | ||
| Health Information Technology Policy Committee | 458 | ||
| Health IT Standards Committee | 458 | ||
| Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Standards and Interoperability Framework | 458 | ||
| Regional Extension Centers | 459 | ||
| Financial Incentives | 459 | ||
| Eligible Entities and Eligible Professionals | 460 | ||
| Medicare and Medicaid Payments | 460 | ||
| Meaningful Use | 461 | ||
| Medicare Access and Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015 | 471 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 472 | ||
| References | 472 | ||
| Chapter 28: Health Policy and Health Informatics | 474 | ||
| Introduction | 474 | ||
| Developing and implementing health information technology policy | 475 | ||
| Role of the Federal Government | 475 | ||
| Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology | 477 | ||
| Driving forces for creating health information technology policy | 480 | ||
| Patient Safety | 481 | ||
| Institute of Medicine Report on Health Information Technology and Patient Safety | 481 | ||
| Unintended Consequences of Health Information Technology Implementation | 481 | ||
| Quality Initiatives | 482 | ||
| National Quality Strategy | 482 | ||
| Leadership competencies for developing and implementing health information technology policies | 482 | ||
| Ensuring That Health Practitioners Are Positioned on Key Committees and Boards | 483 | ||
| Responding to Requests for Comments | 483 | ||
| Developing Position Statements | 484 | ||
| Leading policy activities through organizational work and leadership | 484 | ||
| Strategies | 484 | ||
| Discipline-specific policies: nursing | 486 | ||
| Use of Health Information Technology to Advance the Future of Nursing | 486 | ||
| The Future of Nursing Report Recommendations | 486 | ||
| Implications for Time and Place of Care | 486 | ||
| Expand Opportunities for Nurses to Lead and Diffuse Collaborative Efforts | 487 | ||
| Prepare and Enable Nurses to Lead Change to Advance Health | 487 | ||
| Center to Champion Nursing in America | 487 | ||
| Advancing Education Transformation | 488 | ||
| Fostering Interprofessional Collaboration | 488 | ||
| Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society Nursing Informatics Position Statement | 488 | ||
| Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing | 488 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 489 | ||
| References | 489 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 490 | ||
| Case Study | 491 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 491 | ||
| Chapter 29: Health Information Technology Governance | 492 | ||
| Introduction | 492 | ||
| Health information technology governance: need and core components | 493 | ||
| Key insights | 494 | ||
| Respect Current Decision-Making Structures | 494 | ||
| Shift in Organizational Mindset | 494 | ||
| The Continual Increase in Demand for Health Information Technology | 495 | ||
| Governance Does Not Depend on Specific Technology Choices | 495 | ||
| Coordination and Collaboration with Diverse Stakeholders | 495 | ||
| Recommendations | 495 | ||
| Conduct a Health Information Technology Capability Maturity Assessment | 495 | ||
| Investigate Peer Informatics Governance Models | 496 | ||
| Design, Implement, and Iteratively Enhance Informatics Governance | 497 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 497 | ||
| References | 497 | ||
| Chapter 30: Informatics in the Curriculum for Healthcare Professionals | 499 | ||
| Introduction and background | 499 | ||
| Overview of Informatics and Health Information Technology | 499 | ||
| Education Reform Initiatives | 500 | ||
| Accreditation, Certification, and Credentialing | 500 | ||
| Challenges of Technology-Enhanced Education | 502 | ||
| Faculty Expertise | 502 | ||
| Health IT Tools | 505 | ||
| Teaching and learning in an evolving healthcare and technology environment | 505 | ||
| The Role of Informatics in the Curriculum | 505 | ||
| The History of Informatics Competency Development | 505 | ||
| The Science of Informatics and Curriculum Design | 506 | ||
| Framework for informatics curriculum | 506 | ||
| The Learning Health System | 506 | ||
| Pedagogy | 507 | ||
| Teaching Tools and Learning Strategies | 507 | ||
| It takes a village: roles and competencies | 508 | ||
| Health IT Workforce Roles | 508 | ||
| Community College Training Overview | 509 | ||
| University-Based Education Overview | 510 | ||
| Educating the Generalist | 511 | ||
| Educating Healthcare Specialists at the Graduate Level | 511 | ||
| Educating the Health Informatics Specialist | 511 | ||
| Educating the Health Informatics Researcher and Innovator | 512 | ||
| Continuing Professional Development | 512 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 512 | ||
| References | 512 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 514 | ||
| Case Study | 515 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 515 | ||
| Chapter 31: Distance Education: Applications, Techniques, and Issues | 516 | ||
| Introduction | 516 | ||
| Historical development | 517 | ||
| Terminology | 517 | ||
| Course delivery systems: course management systems | 520 | ||
| Portals | 521 | ||
| Ellucian | 521 | ||
| Jenzabar | 521 | ||
| Proprietary Course Management Systems and Learning Management Systems | 522 | ||
| Blackboard | 522 | ||
| Desire2Learn | 522 | ||
| SharePoint Learning Management System | 522 | ||
| Open Source | 522 | ||
| Moodle | 523 | ||
| Sakai | 524 | ||
| Cloud Based | 524 | ||
| Partnerships | 524 | ||
| Selection Criteria and Role of the Selection Committee | 524 | ||
| The Future of Course Management Systems | 525 | ||
| Instructional design for distance education and learning | 526 | ||
| Learners and How They Learn | 526 | ||
| Goals and Objectives (Outcomes) | 528 | ||
| Instructional and Learner Activities | 528 | ||
| Evaluation | 528 | ||
| Student (learner) support services | 529 | ||
| Library | 529 | ||
| Tutoring Services | 529 | ||
| Online Textbook Distributors | 529 | ||
| Help Desk | 530 | ||
| Administrative Services, Academic Support, and Community Building | 530 | ||
| Issues | 531 | ||
| Legal | 531 | ||
| Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 | 531 | ||
| Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization Act | 531 | ||
| Higher Education Opportunity Act | 532 | ||
| Intellectual Property | 532 | ||
| Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act | 532 | ||
| Disability Issues | 533 | ||
| Quality | 533 | ||
| Readiness | 534 | ||
| Institution | 534 | ||
| Students (Learners) | 534 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 534 | ||
| References | 535 | ||
| Chapter 32: Informatics Tools for Educating Healthcare Professionals* | 538 | ||
| Introduction | 538 | ||
| Comprehensive education information system | 539 | ||
| Computerized teaching tools | 540 | ||
| Hardware | 540 | ||
| Interactive Whiteboards | 540 | ||
| eReaders and Digital Books | 541 | ||
| Smartphones | 542 | ||
| Tablets | 542 | ||
| Laptops and Desktop Computers | 543 | ||
| Clickers | 543 | ||
| Educational Software | 544 | ||
| Learning and Content Management Systems | 544 | ||
| Mind Maps | 544 | ||
| Digital Portfolios | 545 | ||
| Web-Based Student Testing | 545 | ||
| Student Journaling Software | 545 | ||
| Gaming | 546 | ||
| Virtual Worlds | 546 | ||
| Impact on the teaching and learning process | 547 | ||
| Teaching From a Global Perspective | 547 | ||
| Impact on the faculty role | 548 | ||
| Using Best Practices for Technology-Enhanced Course | 548 | ||
| Scenario | 549 | ||
| Impact of Technology Enhanced Courses on Faculty Evaluation | 549 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 553 | ||
| References | 554 | ||
| Chapter 33: Simulation in Healthcare Education | 557 | ||
| Introduction | 557 | ||
| Types of Simulations | 557 | ||
| Fidelity | 558 | ||
| Benefits of Simulation | 559 | ||
| Challenges and Opportunities | 560 | ||
| Cost | 560 | ||
| Technology | 560 | ||
| Faculty Development | 560 | ||
| Organizations | 561 | ||
| Faculty or Administrative Buy-In | 562 | ||
| The simulation process | 562 | ||
| Learning Theories Applied to Simulation | 562 | ||
| International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards of Best Practice: Simulation | 564 | ||
| Glossary46 | 565 | ||
| Professional Integrity of the Participants | 565 | ||
| Participant Objectives and Outcomes | 565 | ||
| Facilitation | 565 | ||
| The Debriefing Process | 565 | ||
| Participant Evaluation | 566 | ||
| Simulation-Enhanced Interprofessional Education | 566 | ||
| Simulation Design | 566 | ||
| Application of simulation | 567 | ||
| General Application of Simulation to Education | 567 | ||
| Application of Simulation for Evaluation | 567 | ||
| Application of Simulation to Interprofessional Education | 568 | ||
| Example | 569 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 571 | ||
| References | 573 | ||
| Chapter 34: International Efforts, Issues, and Innovations | 577 | ||
| Introduction | 577 | ||
| Key initiatives in world regions | 577 | ||
| eHealth Initiatives in Europe | 577 | ||
| The European Federation for Medical Informatics | 578 | ||
| eHealth Initiatives in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Region | 578 | ||
| Asia Pacific Association for Medical Informatics | 579 | ||
| eHealth Initiatives in the Pan American Health Organization Region | 581 | ||
| International Medical Informatics Association for Latin America and the Caribbean | 581 | ||
| eHealth Initiatives in Africa | 582 | ||
| Health Informatics in Africa | 582 | ||
| International organizations with ehealth involvement | 583 | ||
| eHealth and Health Informatics at the World Health Organization | 583 | ||
| The eHealth Resolution | 583 | ||
| Global Observatory for eHealth | 584 | ||
| World Health Organization Family of International Classifications | 584 | ||
| International Medical Informatics Association | 585 | ||
| IMIA-NI | 586 | ||
| International standards efforts | 587 | ||
| International Organization for Standardization | 587 | ||
| International Council of Nurses | 588 | ||
| International Classification for Nursing Practice | 588 | ||
| The ICN Telenursing Network | 589 | ||
| Connecting Nurses | 589 | ||
| Health Level Seven | 590 | ||
| International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation | 590 | ||
| Global challenges to ehealth | 590 | ||
| Global Interoperability | 590 | ||
| Human Resources for eHealth | 590 | ||
| eHealth Infrastructure | 590 | ||
| Legal and Regulatory Framework for eHealth | 591 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 591 | ||
| References | 591 | ||
| Discussion questions | 592 | ||
| Case study | 593 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 593 | ||
| Chapter 35: The Evolution of Health Informatics | 594 | ||
| Introduction | 594 | ||
| The roots of informatics within the computer and information sciences | 594 | ||
| Computer Science | 595 | ||
| Information Science | 595 | ||
| Health Informatics | 596 | ||
| Establishing the specialty of health informatics | 597 | ||
| Books | 597 | ||
| Journals | 598 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 599 | ||
| Educational Programs | 600 | ||
| Accreditation for Health Informatics Education Programs | 602 | ||
| Certification | 602 | ||
| Recognition by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | 604 | ||
| Recognition of the specialty | 605 | ||
| Naming the specialty—naming the discipline | 605 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 607 | ||
| References | 609 | ||
| Discussion questions | 610 | ||
| Case study | 611 | ||
| Discussion Questions | 611 | ||
| Chapter 36: Future Directions and Future Research in Health Informatics | 612 | ||
| Introduction | 612 | ||
| Futures research (futurology) | 613 | ||
| Defining Futures Research (Futurology) | 613 | ||
| Future Directions and Scope of Change | 614 | ||
| The Challenge of Anticipating Future Directions | 615 | ||
| Approaches for Predicting | 616 | ||
| Trend Analysis and Extrapolation | 616 | ||
| Content Analysis | 616 | ||
| Scenarios | 616 | ||
| Backcasting | 617 | ||
| Application of Futures Research | 617 | ||
| The future of health informatics | 618 | ||
| Person-Centered Health and Informatics | 618 | ||
| Care Anywhere | 619 | ||
| Personal Data Integration | 619 | ||
| Technical Trends | 619 | ||
| The Internet of Things | 619 | ||
| Cybersecurity Threats and Mitigation | 620 | ||
| Clinical informatics | 620 | ||
| Beyond EHRs 1.0 | 620 | ||
| Improving the user experience for health information technology | 621 | ||
| Analytics (big data) and data visualization | 621 | ||
| Predictive analytics | 622 | ||
| Data visualization | 623 | ||
| Nanotechnology | 624 | ||
| History of Nanotechnology | 624 | ||
| Nanofabrication and Nanomedicine | 624 | ||
| Nanofabrication | 624 | ||
| Nanomedicine | 625 | ||
| Cautions About Nanotechnology | 625 | ||
| Nanoinformatics | 625 | ||
| Issues in Regulation and Ethics | 626 | ||
| Conclusion and future directions | 626 | ||
| References | 626 | ||
| Glossary | 630 | ||
| Index | 638 | ||
| Back Cover | ES3 |