Essentials of Microbiology for Nurses, 1st Edition - Ebook

I DR. KANNAN

BOOK

Essentials of Microbiology for Nurses, 1st Edition - Ebook

I DR. KANNAN

(2016)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-81-312-4488-3
Edition
Language: English
Pages: 296
Subjects: Oncology
Nursing fundamentals & skills
Materials science

Abstract

This book primarily fulfils the content needs of first-year B.Sc. nursing students but also helps the nurses in profession to hone their microbiology knowledge. Containing all the vital aspects of infection control practices and the details of various microorganisms suggested by the WHO, it serves as the best content resource for the nurses who need information on infection control.

Entire microbiology syllabus of the Indian Nursing Council covered.

All microbiology information needed for the undergraduate nursing students put in a systematic manner.

Concepts explained in lucid language for easy understanding by nursing students.

Content presented as bulleted lists for quick grasp of the subject matter.

Appropriate WHO guidelines and recommendations on infection control included.

Multicolor photographs, illustrations are used to explain complex microbiology concepts.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Front cover	Cover
Front matter	iii
Essentials of microbiology for nurses	iii
Copyright page	iv
Dedication	v
Preface	vi
Reviewers	vii
Table of contents	viii
1 General microbiology	1
Nursing interventions	2
1 Introduction to microbiology	3
Learning objectives	3
Key terms	3
Introduction	3
Five-kingdom classification of living organisms	3
Types of microbes	3
Viruses	3
Prions	3
Bacteria	3
Fungi	4
Protozoans	4
Helminths	4
History of microbiology	4
Microbiology and nurses	5
Collection and transport of specimen to laboratory	5
Interpretation of laboratory results	5
Prevention of hospital-acquired infections	5
Hospital waste disposal	5
Review questions	5
Further reading	5
2 Morphology and physiology of bacteria	6
Learning objectives	6
Key terms	6
Introduction	6
Typical features of a prokaryotic cell	6
Microscopy	6
Bright-field microscope	6
Dark-field microscope	7
Phase-contrast microscope	7
Electron microscope	7
Staining of bacteria	7
Simple staining	7
Negative staining	8
Silver impregnation method	8
Differential staining	8
Shape and arrangement of the bacteria	8
Bacterial anatomy	8
Cell wall	8
Gram-positive cell wall	9
Gram-negative cell wall	10
Difference between the cell wall of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria	10
Functions of cell wall	11
Cytoplasmic membrane	11
Functions of plasma membrane	11
Ribosomes	11
Nucleoid	11
Plasmid	11
Capsule	12
Bacterial appendages	12
Flagellum	12
Functions of flagellum	12
Demonstration of flagella in the bacteria	13
Pili	13
Bacterial spores	13
Bacterial growth	13
Bacterial nutrition	13
Oxygen requirement	14
Obligate aerobes	14
Facultative anaerobes	14
Obligate anaerobes	14
Microaerophilic bacteria	14
Temperature requirements	14
Bacterial growth curve	14
Lag phase	14
Log phase or exponential phase	14
Stationary phase	14
Death phase	14
Synchronous growth	14
Review questions	15
Further reading	15
3 Culture media	16
Learning objectives	16
Key terms	16
Introduction	16
Definitions	16
Colony	16
Culture	16
Pure culture	16
Culture medium	16
Fastidious bacteria	16
History	16
Agar	16
Types of culture media	16
Based on consistency	17
Solid media	17
Liquid media	17
Semisolid medium	17
Based on ingredients	17
Simple or basal medium	17
Complex medium	17
Synthetic or defined media	17
Special media	17
Enriched media	17
Enrichment media	17
Selective media	17
Differential medium	17
Some important bacteriological culture media	17
Macconkey agar (fig. 3.1)	17
Blood agar (fig. 3.2)	18
Chocolate agar	18
Anaerobic culture media	19
Robertson’s cooked meat medium (fig. 3.3)	19
Review questions	19
Further reading	19
4 Culture methods	20
Learning objectives	20
Key terms	20
Introduction	20
Types of culture methods	20
Streak method	20
Lawn culture	21
Stroke culture	21
Stab culture	21
Pour-plate method	21
Spread-plate method	22
Anaerobic culture methods	22
Production of vacuum	22
Displacement of oxygen with other gases	23
Chemical method	23
Pyrogallic acid	23
Rosenthal method	23
Mcintosh–fildes’ jar	23
Gaspak	23
Biological method	23
Reduction of medium	23
Review questions	24
Further reading	24
5 Laboratory methods in identification of microorganisms	25
Learning objectives	25
Key terms	25
Introduction	25
Collection and transport of specimen	25
Sputum	25
Urine	25
Blood	25
Venous blood	25
Cerebrospinal fluid	25
Faeces	25
Throat swab	25
Transport medium	26
Storage of specimen	26
Identification of bacteria	26
Phenotypic characteristics	26
Morphology	26
Gram staining	26
Principle of gram staining	26
Acid fast staining	26
Principle of acid fast staining	27
Culture characteristics	27
Motility	27
Biochemical characteristics	27
Sugar fermentation	27
2 Infection control	33
Nursing interventions	34
6 Infection	35
Learning objectives	35
Key terms	35
Introduction	35
Saprophyte	35
Parasite	35
Pathogen	35
Primary pathogens	35
Opportunistic pathogens	35
Commensals	35
Infection	35
Infectious disease	35
Classification of infection	35
Source of infection	36
Human being	36
Carrier	36
Animals	36
Insects	36
Soil and water	36
Food	36
Mode of transmission	36
Contact	37
Inhalation	37
Ingestion	37
Inoculation	37
Insects	37
Congenital	37
Pathogenicity and virulence	37
Pathogenicity	37
Virulence	37
Virulence factors	37
Determinants of virulence	37
Transmissibility	37
Adhesion	38
Invasiveness	38
Toxigenicity	38
Exotoxins	38
Endotoxins	38
Evasion of host defence mechanisms	38
Enzymes	38
Plasmids	38
Bacteriophages	38
Communicability	39
Infecting dose	39
Route of entry	39
Review questions	39
Further reading	39
7 Sterilization and disinfection	40
Learning objectives	40
Key terms	40
Introduction	40
Definitions	40
Difference between sterilization and disinfection	40
Factors that influence the degree of sterilization and disinfection	40
Methods of sterilization and disinfection	41
Physical methods of sterilization	41
Sunlight	41
Heat	41
Dry heat	41
Mode of action	41
Red hot	42
Flaming	42
Incineration	42
Hot air	42
Application	42
Sterilization control	42
Moist heat	42
Types of moist heat sterilization	42
Temperature below 100°c	42
Pasteurization	42
Application	42
Inspissation	43
Temperature at 100°c	43
Boiling	43
Steam at atmospheric pressure	43
Steam under atmospheric pressure	43
Sterilization controls	44
Filtration	44
Candle filters	44
Asbestos filters	44
Sintered glass filters	44
Membrane filters	44
Uses	44
Hepa filters	44
Radiation	44
Ionizing radiation	44
Particulate	44
Electromagnetic rays	44
Nonionizing radiation	44
Infrared rays	44
UV radiation	44
Ultrasonic and sonic vibration	45
Chemical methods of sterilization	45
Alcohols	45
Aldehydes	45
Phenol	45
Halogens	45
Heavy metals	46
Surface-active agents	46
Dyes	46
Oxidizing agents	46
Gases	46
Ethylene oxide	46
Formaldehyde gas	46
Beta-propiolactone	46
Testing of disinfectants	46
Koch’s method	47
Rideal–walker test	47
Chick–martin test	47
Kelsey–sykes test	47
In-use test	47
CSSD	47
Review questions	47
Further reading	47
8 Hospital-acquired infection and its control	48
Learning objectives	48
Key terms	48
Introduction	48
Sources of hospital-acquired infections	48
Exogenous	48
Endogenous	48
Factors influencing hospital-acquired infections	48
Microorganisms causing hospital infection	48
Routes of transmission	49
Airborne spread	49
Common hospital-acquired infections	49
Urinary tract infection	49
Respiratory infections	49
Wound and skin sepsis	49
Gastrointestinal infections	49
Burns	49
Bacteraemia and septicaemia	49
Infection control committee	49
Scope of ICC	49
Organization of the committee	49
Aim of ICC	49
Responsibility of ICC	49
Role of nurses in prevention and control of infections	50
Standard precautions	50
Hand hygiene	50
Method of handwashing	50
Gloves	51
Facial protection (eyes, nose and mouth)	51
Gown	51
Prevention of needle stick and injuries from other sharp instruments	51
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette	51
Environmental cleaning	51
Linens	51
Waste disposal	51
Patient care equipment	51
Review questions	51
Further reading	51
9 Chemotherapy and antibiotics	52
Learning objectives	52
Key terms	52
Introduction	52
Antibiotic	52
Mechanisms of action of antibiotics	52
Inhibition of bacterial cell-wall synthesis	52
Mechanisms of action	52
Location of action	52
Penicillins	52
Cephalosporins	52
Carbapenems	53
Monobactams	53
Vancomycin	53
Cycloserine	53
Bacitracin	53
Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis	53
Aminoglycosides	53
Tetracyclines	53
Chloramphenicol	53
Macrolides and lincomycins	53
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors	53
Examples	53
Cytoplasmic membrane inhibitors	53
Drug resistance	54
Genetic mechanisms of drug resistance	54
Chromosomal	54
Extrachromosomal	54
Nongenetic mechanisms	54
Antibiotic sensitivity test	54
Agar diffusion (kirby–bauer disc diffusion) test (fig. 9.1)	54
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)	54
Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)	55
Review questions	55
Further reading	56
10 Hospital waste disposal	57
Learning objectives	57
Key terms	57
Introduction	57
Universal precautions	57
Definition of biomedical waste (BMW)	57
Types of biomedical waste	57
Categories of biomedical waste	58
Waste segregation	58
Treatment and disposal technologies for health care wastes	58
Waste treatment	58
Incineration	58
Autoclaving	59
Hydroclave	59
Chemical disinfection	59
Wet and dry thermal treatment	59
Microwave irradiation	59
Inertization	59
Waste disposal	59
Review questions	59
Further reading	59
3 Medical Bacteriology	61
Nursing interventions	62
11 Staphylococcus	63
Learning objectives	63
Key terms	63
Introduction	63
Classification	63
Staphylococcus aureus	63
Morphology	63
Cultural characteristics	63
Nutrient agar	63
Blood agar	63
Macconkey agar	63
Mannitol salt agar	64
Biochemical characteristics	64
Virulence factors of S. aureus	64
Toxins	64
Enzymes	64
Pathogenesis	64
Laboratory diagnosis	65
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus	65
Other staphylococcus	65
Staphylococcus epidermidis	65
Staphylococcus saprophyticus	65
Review questions	65
Further reading	66
12 Streptococcus	67
Learning objectives	67
Key terms	67
Introduction	67
Classification of streptococci	67
Haemolytic activity	67
Alpha (α)-haemolytic streptococci	67
Beta (β)-haemolytic streptococci	67
Gamma (γ) or nonhaemolytic streptococci	67
Serological properties	67
Lancefield grouping	67
Griffith typing	67
Biochemical (physiologic) properties	67
Streptococcus pyogenes	68
Morphology	68
Cultural characteristics	68
Biochemical reactions	68
Antigenic structure	68
M protein	68
T protein	68
R protein	68
Capsule	68
Virulence factors of S. pyogenes	68
Toxins	68
Haemolysins	68
Streptolysin O	68
Streptolysin S	69
Pyrogenic exotoxins (erythrogenic, dick or scarlatinal toxin)	69
Enzymes	69
Deoxyribonucleases (streptodornase DNase)	69
Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)	69
Hyaluronidase	69
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase (NADase)	69
Other enzymes	69
Pathogenesis	69
Suppurative streptococcal disease	69
Respiratory infections	69
Skin and soft tissue infections	69
Erysipelas	69
Pyoderma (impetigo)	69
Cellulitis	70
Necrotizing fasciitis (streptococcal gangrene)	70
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome	70
Other suppurative infections	70
Nonsuppurative complications	70
Acute rheumatic fever	70
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis	70
Laboratory diagnosis	70
Microscopy	70
Culture	70
Identification	70
Antigen detection	70
Serological tests	71
Treatment	71
Other pathogenic streptococci	71
Group B streptococci: streptococcus agalactiae	71
Diseases	71
Infection in the neonate	71
Early-onset disease	71
Late-onset disease	71
Infections in the adult	71
Laboratory diagnosis	71
Group D streptococci	72
Enterococcus	72
Characteristics of enterococci	72
Distinctive features of enterococci	72
Identification	72
Diseases	72
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci	72
Treatment	72
Viridans streptococci	72
Streptococcus pneumoniae	72
Morphology	72
Cultural characteristics	72
Biochemical reactions	73
Antigenic structure	73
Capsular antigens	73
Somatic antigens	73
C polysaccharide	73
F antigen	73
M protein	73
Virulence factors	73
Capsule	73
IgA1 protease	73
Pneumolysin	73
Pathogenesis	73
Pneumonia	74
Meningitis	74
Acute exacerbations in chronic bronchitis	74
Other infections	74
Laboratory diagnosis	74
Specimen collection	74
Collection and transport	74
Microscopy	74
Antigen detection	74
Capsular swelling tests (quellung reaction)	74
Culture	74
Identification	74
Blood culture	74
Antibiotic sensitivity test	74
Treatment	74
Review questions	75
Further reading	75
13 Neisseria	76
Learning objectives	76
Key terms	76
Introduction	76
Species	76
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)	76
Morphology	76
Cultural characteristics	76
Biochemical reactions	76
Antigenic classification	76
Pathogenicity	76
Stages of meningococcal infections	76
Laboratory diagnosis	77
Specimens collected	77
Examination of CSF	77
Microscopy	77
Antigen detection	77
Culture	77
Biochemical reactions	77
Antibiotic sensitivity tests	77
Serogrouping	77
Blood cultures	77
Pus, aspirates and swabs	77
Serological diagnosis	77
Polymerase chain reaction	77
Treatment	77
Chemoprophylaxis	77
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus)	77
Morphology	77
Cultural characteristics	78
Biochemical reactions	78
Antigenic structure	78
Pili	78
Por proteins (protein I)	78
Opa proteins (protein II)	78
Rmp (protein iii)	78
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)	78
Other proteins	78
Pathogenesis	78
Gonorrhoea	78
Diseases in men	78
Diseases in women	78
Disseminated gonococcal disease	78
Diseases in children	78
Ophthalmic neonatorum	78
Vulvovaginitis	79
Laboratory diagnosis	79
Specimens	79
Specimens in men	79
Specimens in women	79
Specimens in both sexes	79
Transport of specimen	79
Direct microscopy	79
Culture	79
Identification	79
Serological diagnosis	79
Other methods	79
Treatment	79
Review questions	79
Further reading	79
14 Corynebacterium	80
Learning objectives	80
Key term	80
Introduction	80
Corynebacterium diphtheriae	80
Morphology	80
Procedure	81
Cultural characteristics	81
Löffler’s serum slope	81
Tellurite blood agar	81
Biochemical reactions	81
Toxin	81
Pathogenesis	82
Clinical diseases	82
Respiratory diphtheria	82
Systemic effects	82
Complications	82
Cutaneous diphtheria	82
Laboratory diagnosis	82
Specimens	82
Microscopy	82
Culture	82
Identification tests	82
Virulence tests/toxigenicity test	82
In vivo tests	83
Subcutaneous test	83
Intracutaneous (intradermal) test	83
In vitro test	83
Elek’s gel precipitation test	83
Tissue culture test	83
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa)	83
Polymerase chain reaction (pcr)	83
Schick test	83
Prophylaxis	83
Active immunization	83
DPT vaccine	83
Passive immunization	84
Combined immunization	84
Review questions	84
Further reading	84
15 Clostridium	85
Learning objectives	85
Key terms	85
Introduction	85
Clostridium perfringens	85
Morphology	85
Culture characteristics	85
Robertson’s cooked meat	85
Glucose blood agar	85
Reverse CAMP test	85
Biochemical reactions	85
Toxins	85
Alpha toxin	86
Nagler’s reaction	86
Other major toxins	86
Enterotoxin	86
Classification	87
Pathogenesis	87
Soft tissue infections	87
Clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene	87
Septicaemia	87
Food poisoning	87
Laboratory diagnosis	87
Gas gangrene	87
Specimens	87
Microscopy	87
Culture	87
Identification	87
Prophylaxis and therapy	87
Antibiotics	87
Clostridium tetani	87
Morphology	87
Culture characteristics	88
Biochemical reactions	88
Antigenic structure	88
Tetanus toxin	88
Pathogenicity and disease	88
Laboratory diagnosis	88
Specimen	88
Microscopy	88
Culture	88
Prophylaxis	88
Treatment of wound	88
Antibiotic prophylaxis	89
Immunoprophylaxis	89
Active immunization	89
Combined vaccine	89
Monovalent vaccine	89
Passive immunization	89
Antitetanus serum	89
Human antitetanus immunoglobulin	89
Combined immunization	89
Treatment	89
Clostridium botulinum	89
Morphology	89
Cultural characteristics	89
Classification	89
Botulinum toxin	89
Pathogenicity	90
Food-borne botulism	90
Wound botulism	90
Infant botulism	90
4 Medical Virology	131
Nursing interventions	132
26 General properties of viruses	133
Learning objectives	133
Key terms	133
Introduction	133
Important properties of viruses	133
Structure of viruses	133
Symmetry of virus	134
Icosahedral symmetry	134
Helical symmetry	134
Complex symmetry	134
Viral replication	134
Epidemiological aspects of virus	134
Types of viral infection	135
Viral tropism	135
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infection	135
Direct detection – microscopic identification	136
Isolation of virus (virus cultivation)	136
Serologic procedures	137
The baltimore classification of viruses	137
Review questions	137
Further reading	137
27 DNA-enveloped viruses	138
Learning objectives	138
Key terms	138
Introduction	138
Poxviridae	138
Morphology	138
Pathogenesis	138
Variola viruses	138
Vaccinia virus	138
Other poxviruses	138
5 Medical Mycology	175
Nursing interventions	176
37 Basic mycology	177
Learning objectives	177
Key terms	177
Introduction	177
Morphology	177
Mycotic diseases	177
Mycotic infections	178
Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections	178
Wet mount	178
Serology	178
Immunofluorescence technique	178
Biopsy and histopathology	178
Fungal culture	178
Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)	178
Other media	178
Staining of fungi	178
Other staining methods	178
DNA hybridization technique using DNA probes	178
Antifungal agents	178
Review questions	179
Further reading	179
38 Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses	180
Learning objectives	180
Key terms	180
Introduction	180
Types of cutaneous mycoses	180
Other cutaneous mycoses	180
Pityriasis (tinea) versicolour	180
Black piedra	180
White piedra	180
Fungal keratitis	180
Dermatophytosis	180
Candidiasis	181
Types of candidiasis	181
Laboratory diagnosis	181
Subcutaneous mycoses	182
Chromoblastomycosis	182
Phaeohyphomycosis	182
Entomophthoromycosis	182
Rhinosporidiosis	183
Sporotrichosis	183
Mycetoma	183
Review questions	183
Further reading	183
39 Systemic mycoses	184
Learning objectives	184
Key terms	184
Introduction	184
Histoplasmosis	184
Coccidioidomycosis	184
Blastomycosis	184
Paracoccidioidomycosis	185
Review questions	185
Further reading	185
40 Opportunistic mycoses	186
Learning objectives	186
Key terms	186
Introduction	186
Important risk factors	186
Candidiasis	186
Cryptococcosis	186
Aspergillosis	186
Zygomycetes	187
Review questions	187
Further reading	187
6 Medical parasitology	189
Nursing interventions	190
41 Intestinal protozoa	191
Learning objectives	191
Key terms	191
Introduction	191
Entamoeba histolytica	191
Life cycle (fig. 41.2)	191
Pathogenesis	192
Laboratory diagnosis	192
Treatment	192
Giardia lamblia	192
Disease	192
Laboratory diagnosis	193
Treatment	193
Cryptosporidium	194
Review questions	194
Further reading	194
42 Blood and tissue protozoa	195
Learning objectives	195
Key terms	195
Introduction	195
Plasmodium	195
Life cycle (fig. 42.1)	195
Schizogony	195
Sporogony	195
Pathogenesis	195
Laboratory diagnosis	196
Treatment	197
Leishmaniasis	200
7 Laboratory diagnosis of systemic infections	231
Nursing interventions	232
48 Respiratory tract infections	233
Learning objectives	233
Key terms	233
Introduction	233
Laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections	233
Aetiological agents	233
Bacteria	233
Fungi	233
Viruses	233
Specimen collected	233
Direct microscopy	233
8 Immunology	249
Nursing interventions	250
55 Immunity	251
Learning objectives	251
Key terms	251
Introduction	251
Types of immunity	251
Innate immunity	251
Types of innate immunity	251
Anatomical barrier	251
Physiological barrier	252
Cellular components in innate immunity	252
Soluble components in innate immunity	252
Acquired immunity	252
Types of acquired immunity	252
Active immunity	252
Passive immunity	252
Review questions	253
Further reading	253
56 Antigens and antibodies	254
Learning objectives	254
Key terms	254
Introduction	254
Antigens	254
Types of antigen	254
Exogenous antigens	254
Endogenous antigens	254
Antigens of microorganisms	254
Bacterial antigens	254
Autoantigens	254
Tumour antigens	255
Characteristics of antigens	255
Immunogenicity	255
Antigenicity	255
Haptens or incomplete antigens	255
Factors influencing immunogenicity	255
Epitopes	255
Superantigens	255
Heterophilic antigens	255
Sequestered antigens	255
Antibody	255
Structure of immunoglobulin	255
Enzymatic digestion of immunoglobulin	256
Immunoglobulin isotypes: Classes of antibodies	256
Immunoglobulin G, IgG	256
Immunoglobulin A, IgA	256
Immunoglobulin M, IgM	256
Immunoglobulin D, IgD	256
Immunoglobulin E, IgE	256
Functions of antibodies	257
Review questions	257
Further reading	257
57 Antigenantibody reaction	258
Learning objectives	258
Key terms	258
Introduction	258
Types of antigen–antibody reactions	258
Precipitation reactions	258
Precipitation in gel	258
Single radial immunodiffusion – srid (mancini technique)	258
Double immunodiffusion (ouchterlony technique)	259
Immunoelectrophoresis	259
Counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP)	259
Rocket immunoelectrophoresis	259
Flocculation test	260
Agglutination	260
Types of agglutination tests	260
Slide agglutination test	260
Tube agglutination test	260
Passive agglutination	261
Reverse passive agglutination	261
Viral haemagglutination	261
Coagglutination	261
Labelled immunoassay techniques	261
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique	261
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)	261
Basic principle	261
Types of elisa (fig. 57.6)	261
Competitive ELISA	261
Indirect elisa	261
Direct elisa	261
Sandwich elisa	261
Advantages of ELISA	262
Limitations	262
Applications of ELISA	262
Immunofluorescence assay (IFA)	262
Review questions	263
Further reading	263
58 Serological tests	264
Learning objectives	264
Key terms	264
Introduction	264
Sensitivity	264
Specificity	264
Affinity	264
Avidity	264
Titre	264
Seroconversion	264
Seroreversion	264
Antiserum	264
Important serological tests	264
Coombs test	264
Direct coombs test (fig. 58.1)	264
Indirect coombs test (fig. 58.2)	265
Application of coombs test	266
Indirect haemagglutination test (IHA test) or haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI assay) (fig. 58.3)	266
Complement fixation test (CFT) (fig. 58.4)	266
Other important serological tests	266
Review questions	267
Further reading	267
59 Hypersensitivity reactions	268
Learning objectives	268
Key terms	268
Introduction	268
Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity	268
Mechanism of reaction (fig. 59.1)	268
Sensitization	268
Shocking dose	268
Chemical mediators	268
Effects of type I reactions	268
Systemic anaphylaxis	268
Localized anaphylaxis	269
Diagnosis	269
Therapies	269
Type II: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity	269
Type III: Immune complex hypersensitivity	270
Type IV: Hypersensitivity reaction	270
Review questions	271
Further reading	271
60 Vaccines	272
Learning objectives	272
Key terms	272
Introduction	272
Types of vaccines	272
Live vaccines	272
Live attenuated organisms	272
Heterologous vaccines	272
Recombinant DNA avirulent vector vaccines	272
Toxoids	273
Killed or inactivated whole cell vaccines	273
Subunit vaccines	273
Conjugate vaccines	273
Recombinant dna-derived antigen vaccines	273
Synthetic peptide vaccines	273
Anti-idiotypic vaccines	273
Immunization schedule	273
Herd immunity	273
Vaccine storage or cold chain	273
Review question	274
Further reading	275
Glossary	276
Index	279
A	279
B	279
C	279
D	280
E	280
F	280
G	280
H	281
I	281
J	281
K	281
L	281
M	282
N	282
O	282
P	282
Q	283
R	283
S	283
T	283
U	284
V	284
W	284
Y	284
Z	284

Essentials of Microbiology for Nurses, 1st Edition - Ebook

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