BOOK
SPEC - The Retinal Atlas, 12-Month Access, Ebook
K. Bailey Freund | David Sarraf | William F. Mieler | Lawrence A. Yannuzzi
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
With more than 5,000 images and comprehensive illustrations of the entire spectrum of vitreous, retina, and macula disorders, The Retinal Atlas, 2nd Edition, is an indispensable reference for retina specialists and comprehensive ophthalmologists as well as residents and fellows in training. For this edition, an expanded author team made up of Drs. K. Bailey Freund, David Sarraf, William F. Mieler, and Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, each an expert in retinal research and imaging, provide definitive up-to-date perspectives in this rapidly advancing field. This award-winning title has been thoroughly updated with new images with multimodal illustrations, new coverage and insight into key topics, and new disorders and classifications making it the most useful and most complete atlas of its kind.
- Provides a complete visual guide to advanced retinal imaging and diagnosis of the full spectrum of retinal diseases, including early and later stages of disease.
- Enhances understanding by presenting comparison imaging modalities, composite layouts, high-power views, panoramic disease visuals, and selected magnified areas to hone in on key findings and disease patterns.
- Features color coding for different imaging techniques, as well as user-friendly arrows, labels, and magnified images that point to key lesions and intricacies.
- Covers all current retinal imaging methods including: optical coherence tomography (OCT), indocyanine green angiography, fluorescein angiography, and fundus autofluorescence.
- Depicts and explains expanding OCT uses, including spectral domain and en face OCT, and evolving retinal imaging modalities such as ultra-wide-field fundus photography, angiography and autofluorescence.
- Presents a select team of experts, all of whom are true international leaders in retinal imaging, and have assisted in contributing to the diverse library of common and rare case illustrations.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Expert Consult PIN page | IFC2 | ||
| The Retinal Atlas | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Color Coding—How to use this book | v | ||
| Dedication | vi | ||
| Table Of Contents | vii | ||
| Contributors to the First Edition | viii | ||
| Preface to the Second Edition | ix | ||
| Contributors to the Second Edition | x | ||
| Preface to the First Edition | xii | ||
| References | xv | ||
| Image References | xvi | ||
| 1 Normal | 1 | ||
| Retinal Histology | 2 | ||
| The Fundus | 4 | ||
| Vitreous | 4 | ||
| Retina | 5 | ||
| Macula | 5 | ||
| Fluorescein Angiography (FA) | 6 | ||
| Indocyanine Green (ICG) | 7 | ||
| Fundus Autofluorescence (FAF) | 7 | ||
| Ultra Widefield Imaging | 8 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) | 9 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) | 10 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 12 | ||
| 2 Hereditary Chorioretinal Dystrophies | 13 | ||
| Vitreoretinopathies | 17 | ||
| Stickler Syndrome | 17 | ||
| Wagner Syndrome (Wagner Vitreoretinal Degeneration) | 21 | ||
| Marfan Syndrome | 23 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy | 25 | ||
| Snowflake Vitreoretinodegeneration | 26 | ||
| Idiopathic Vitreoretinal Degeneration | 27 | ||
| Inner Retinal Dystrophies | 28 | ||
| Familial Internal Limiting Membrane Dystrophy (Dominantly Inherited Müller Cell Sheen Dystrophy) | 28 | ||
| X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis | 29 | ||
| Stellate Nonhereditary Idiopathic Foveomacular Retinoschisis | 37 | ||
| Degenerative Retinal Schisis | 39 | ||
| Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome (Goldmann–Favre Syndrome) | 40 | ||
| Retinal Vascular Dystrophies | 46 | ||
| Hereditary or Familial Retinal Artery Tortuosity | 46 | ||
| Fabry Disease | 51 | ||
| Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy | 53 | ||
| FEVR with Norrie’s Gene | 60 | ||
| Incontinentia Pigmenti | 61 | ||
| Norrie Disease | 63 | ||
| Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy | 65 | ||
| Parry–Rhomberg Syndrome | 69 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 72 | ||
| Dyskeratosis Congenita | 75 | ||
| Cohen Syndrome | 76 | ||
| Macular Dystrophies | 77 | ||
| Stargardt Disease (Stargardt Macular Dystrophy, Fundus Flavimaculatus) | 77 | ||
| The Spectrum of Stargardt Disease | 79 | ||
| Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy | 86 | ||
| Fluorescein Angiography | 88 | ||
| Fundus Autofluoresence | 89 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) | 90 | ||
| Choroidal Neovascularization | 92 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy | 94 | ||
| Pattern Dystrophy of the RPE | 97 | ||
| Adult-Onset Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (Adult-Onset Foveomacular Dystrophy, Pseudovitelliform Macular Degeneration) | 97 | ||
| Butterfly-Shaped Pattern Dystrophy | 99 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy 1 (Dystrophia Myotonica, Steinert Disease, DM1) | 99 | ||
| Sjögren Reticular Dystrophy (Reticular Pigmentary Retinal Dystrophy of the Posterior Pole) | 101 | ||
| Fundus Pulverulentus | 104 | ||
| Multifocal Pattern Dystrophy Simulating Fundus Flavimaculatus | 105 | ||
| Pattern Dystrophy and Choroidal Neovascularization | 107 | ||
| Malattia Leventinese (Doyne Honeycomb Retinal Dystrophy, Autosomal Dominant Radial Drusen) | 108 | ||
| Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis) | 110 | ||
| Alport Syndrome | 113 | ||
| Sorsby Pseudoinflammatory Fundus Dystrophy | 116 | ||
| North Carolina Macular Dystrophy (Macular Dystrophy of the Retina Locus 1) | 119 | ||
| Benign Concentric Annular Macular Dystrophy (BCAMD) | 122 | ||
| Fenestrated Sheen Macular Dystrophy | 125 | ||
| White Dot Fovea | 126 | ||
| Martinique Crinkled Retinal Pigment Epitheliopathy (West Indies Crinkled Retinal Pigment Epitheliopathy) | 126 | ||
| Cone Dystrophies | 127 | ||
| Cone Dystrophy | 127 | ||
| Rod Monochromatism (Complete Achromatopsia) | 132 | ||
| Occult Macular Dystrophy | 134 | ||
| Cone–Rod Dystrophies | 135 | ||
| Jalili Syndrome | 136 | ||
| Retinitis Pigmentosa (Generalized Rod-Cone Dystrophies | 137 | ||
| Non-Syndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa | 137 | ||
| Female Carriers of X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa | 142 | ||
| Macular Abnormalities in Retinitis Pigmentosa | 143 | ||
| Hole | 143 | ||
| Atrophy | 143 | ||
| Edema | 144 | ||
| Ring Autofluorescence | 145 | ||
| Epiretinal Membrane | 145 | ||
| Angiomatous Proliferation in Retinitis Pigmentosa | 146 | ||
| Sector Retinitis Pigmentosa | 147 | ||
| Pigmented Paravenous Retinochoroidal Atrophy (PPRCA) | 149 | ||
| Preserved Para-arteriolar Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Retinitis Pigmentosa | 152 | ||
| Syndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa | 154 | ||
| Mitochondrial Disorders | 154 | ||
| Kearns–Sayre Syndrome | 154 | ||
| MELAS and MIDD Syndromes (Retinopathy due to A3243G Mutation) | 155 | ||
| Neurogenic Weakness Ataxia and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP) Syndrome | 160 | ||
| Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fiber (MERRF) Syndrome | 161 | ||
| Ciliopathy Disorders | 161 | ||
| Alström Syndrome | 161 | ||
| Bardet–Biedl Syndrome (Laurence–Moon–Biedl–Bardet Syndrome) | 163 | ||
| Senior–Loken Syndrome | 166 | ||
| Joubert Syndrome | 168 | ||
| Jeune Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy | 169 | ||
| Usher Syndrome | 169 | ||
| Neurological Disorders | 170 | ||
| Adult Refsum Disease | 170 | ||
| Alagille Syndrome (Arteriohepatic Dysplasia) | 171 | ||
| Bassen–Kornzweig Syndrome (Abetalipoproteinemia) | 172 | ||
| Cockayne Syndrome | 173 | ||
| Hallervorden–Spatz Disease (Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation 1 (NBIA1), Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration, Juvenile-Onset PKAN Neuroaxonal Dystrophy) | 174 | ||
| Kjellin Syndrome (Spastic Paraplegia 15, Spastic Paraplegia 11, Spastic Paraplegia and Retinal Degeneration) | 175 | ||
| Spinocerebellar Ataxia (Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia) | 177 | ||
| Pseudo Retinitis Pigmentosa | 179 | ||
| Albinism | 180 | ||
| Oculocutaneous Albinism | 180 | ||
| Ocular Albinism Type I (Nettleship–Falls-Type Albinism) | 181 | ||
| Albinism — Female Carrier | 184 | ||
| Female Carrier of X-Linked Ocular Albinism | 185 | ||
| Choroidal Dystrophies | 186 | ||
| Choroideremia | 186 | ||
| Choroideremia—Female Carrier | 195 | ||
| Gyrate Atrophy (Ornithine Aminotransferase Deficiency) | 196 | ||
| Late-Onset Retinal Dystrophy (LORD) | 202 | ||
| Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy (CACD) | 204 | ||
| Posterior Polar Central Choroidal Dystrophy | 205 | ||
| Posterior Polar Annular Choroidal Dystrophy | 206 | ||
| Posterior Polar Hemispheric Choroidal Dystrophy | 209 | ||
| Central and Peripheral Annular Choroidal Dystrophy | 210 | ||
| Crystalline Retinopathies | 211 | ||
| Bietti Crystalline Corneoretinal Dystrophy (BCD, Bietti Crystalline Retinopathy, Bietti Crystalline Tapetoretinal Dystrophy) | 211 | ||
| Primary Hyperoxaluria | 215 | ||
| Cystinosis | 216 | ||
| Sjögren–Larsson Syndrome | 217 | ||
| Flecked Retinal Syndromes | 218 | ||
| Benign Flecked Retina Syndrome (Benign Familial Flecked Retina) | 218 | ||
| Flecked Retina of Kandori | 219 | ||
| Fundus Albipunctatus | 220 | ||
| Oguchi Disease | 223 | ||
| Mizuo–Nakamura Phenomenon | 225 | ||
| Retinitis Punctata Albescens | 226 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 228 | ||
| Stickler Syndrome | 228 | ||
| Wagner Syndrome | 228 | ||
| Marfan Syndrome | 228 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy | 228 | ||
| Snowflake Vitreoretinodegeneration | 228 | ||
| Familial Internal Limiting Membrane Dystrophy | 228 | ||
| X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis | 228 | ||
| Stellate Nonheriditary Idiopathic Foveomacular Retinoschisis | 228 | ||
| Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome (Goldmann–Favre Syndrome) | 228 | ||
| Hereditary or Familial Retinal Artery Tortuosity | 228 | ||
| Fabry Disease | 228 | ||
| Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy | 228 | ||
| Incontinentia Pigmenti | 228 | ||
| Norrie Disease | 228 | ||
| Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy | 228 | ||
| Parry–Rhomberg Syndrome | 228 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 228 | ||
| Dyskeratosis Congenita | 228 | ||
| Cohen Syndrome | 229 | ||
| Stargardt Disease | 229 | ||
| Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy | 229 | ||
| Pattern Dystrophy of the RPE | 229 | ||
| Adult-Onset Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| Butterfly-Shaped Pattern Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy 1 | 229 | ||
| Sjögren Reticular Pattern Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| Malattia Leventinese | 229 | ||
| Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 229 | ||
| Alport Syndrome | 229 | ||
| Sorsby Pseudoinflammatory Fundus Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| North Carolina Macular Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| Benign Concentric Annular Macular Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| Fenestrated Sheen Macular Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| Martinique Crinkled Retinal Pigment Epitheliopathy | 229 | ||
| Cone Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| Occult Macular Dystrophy | 229 | ||
| Cone-Rod Dystrophies | 229 | ||
| Jalili Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Non-Syndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa | 230 | ||
| Pigmented Paravenous Retinochoroidal Atrophy | 230 | ||
| Kearns-Sayre Syndrome | 230 | ||
| MELAS and MIDD Syndromes | 230 | ||
| Neurogenic Weakness Ataxia and Retinitis Pigmentosa Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Alström Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Bardet–Biedl Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Senior–Loken Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Joubert Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Jeune Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy | 230 | ||
| Usher Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Adult Refsum Disease | 230 | ||
| Alagille Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Bassen–Korenzweig Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Cockayne Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Hallervorden–Spatz Disease | 230 | ||
| Kjellin Syndrome | 231 | ||
| Spinocerebellar Ataxia | 231 | ||
| Albinism | 231 | ||
| Choroideremia | 231 | ||
| Gyrate Atrophy | 231 | ||
| Late-Onset Retinal Dystrophy | 231 | ||
| Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy | 231 | ||
| Posterior Polar Choroidal Dystrophy | 231 | ||
| Bietti Crystalline Corneoretinal Dystrophy | 231 | ||
| Primary Hyperoxaluria | 231 | ||
| Cystinosis | 231 | ||
| Sjögren–Larsson Syndrome | 231 | ||
| Benign Flecked Retina Syndrome | 231 | ||
| Flecked Retina of Kandori | 231 | ||
| Fundus Albipunctatus | 231 | ||
| Oguchi Disease | 231 | ||
| Retinitis Puntacta Albescens | 231 | ||
| 3 Pediatrics | 233 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 234 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity | 234 | ||
| Stage I | 234 | ||
| Stage II | 234 | ||
| Stage III | 235 | ||
| Stage IV-A | 235 | ||
| Stage IV-B | 235 | ||
| Stage V | 235 | ||
| Plus Disease | 236 | ||
| Spectrum of ROP | 237 | ||
| ROP “Popcorn Lesions” | 238 | ||
| ROP and Fibrous Scarring | 239 | ||
| Persistent Fetal Vasculature Syndrome (Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous) | 240 | ||
| Chorioretinal Coloboma | 243 | ||
| Congenital Folds | 246 | ||
| Congenital Systemic Disorders | 247 | ||
| Phakomatoses | 247 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type I | 247 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 2 | 248 | ||
| Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and RPE | 249 | ||
| Arterial–Venous Malformations (Wyburn Mason Syndrome) | 249 | ||
| Congenital Retinal Macrovessel | 250 | ||
| von Hippel–Lindau Syndrome (VHL) | 251 | ||
| Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma | 253 | ||
| Leber Congenital Amaurosis | 255 | ||
| Pigmented Paravenous Chorioretinal Atrophy | 260 | ||
| Aicardi Syndrome | 261 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism | 262 | ||
| Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses | 262 | ||
| Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 1 (CLN1, Santavuori–Haltia Disease, Hagberg–Santavuori Disease) | 262 | ||
| Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 2 (CLN2, Jansky–Bielschowsky Disease) | 263 | ||
| Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 3 (CLN3, Batten Disease, Vogt–Spielmeyer Disease, Spielmeyer–Sjögren Disease) | 263 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 264 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (Hurler, Scheie, and Hurler–Scheie Syndrome; MPS IH, IS, IHS) | 264 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (Hunter Syndrome A, B; MPS IIA, IIB) | 264 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III (Sanfilippo Syndrome A, B, C, D; MPS IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, IIID) | 264 | ||
| Mucolipidoses | 266 | ||
| Mucolipidosis Type I (ML I, Sialidosis Type I, Sialidosis Type II, Neuraminidase Deficiency, Cherry-Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome) | 266 | ||
| Mucolipidosis Type II (ML II, Inclusion-cell (I-cell) Disease) and Mucolipidosis Type III (ML III, Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy) | 268 | ||
| Mucolipidosis Type II, Also Referred to as I-Cell Disease | 268 | ||
| Mucolipidosis Type III (Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy) | 268 | ||
| Mucolipidosis Type IV (ML IV, Sialolipidosis) | 268 | ||
| Niemann–Pick Disease (Sphingomyelin Lipidosis) | 269 | ||
| Tay–Sachs Disease (GM2 Gangliosidosis, Type I) | 270 | ||
| Sandhoff Disease (GM2 Gangliosidosis, Type II) | 271 | ||
| Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency | 271 | ||
| Gaucher Disease | 272 | ||
| Female Carrier of Gaucher Disease | 273 | ||
| Acquired Pediatric Conditions | 275 | ||
| Shaken Baby Syndrome | 275 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 277 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity | 277 | ||
| Persistent Fetal Vasculature Syndrome | 277 | ||
| Congenital Folds | 277 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type I | 277 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 2 | 277 | ||
| Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and RPE | 277 | ||
| Wyburn Mason Syndrome | 277 | ||
| Congenital Retinal Macrovessel | 277 | ||
| von Hippel–Lindau Syndrome | 277 | ||
| Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma | 277 | ||
| Leber Congenital Amaurosis | 277 | ||
| Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses | 277 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 277 | ||
| Mucolipidoses | 277 | ||
| Niemann–Pick Disease | 277 | ||
| Tay–Sachs Disease | 277 | ||
| Sandhoff Disease | 277 | ||
| Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency | 278 | ||
| Gaucher Disease | 278 | ||
| Shaken Baby Syndrome | 278 | ||
| 4 Inflammation | 279 | ||
| White Dot Syndromes | 280 | ||
| Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) | 280 | ||
| Multifocal Choroiditis (MFC) (Punctate Inner Choroidopathy (PIC), Multifocal Choroiditis and Panuveitis (MCP), Idiopathic Progressive Subretinal Fibrosis Syndrome) | 290 | ||
| Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR) | 300 | ||
| Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) | 309 | ||
| Serpiginous Choroiditis | 321 | ||
| Relentless Placoid Chorioretinitis (Ampiginous Choroiditis) | 326 | ||
| Persistent Placoid Maculopathy | 328 | ||
| Birdshot Chorioretinopathy | 332 | ||
| Macular Manifestations in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy | 335 | ||
| Diseases Simulating Birdshot Chorioretinopathy | 335 | ||
| Birdshot Chorioretinopathy and Chorioretinal Atrophy | 336 | ||
| Overlapping “White Dot” Syndromes | 340 | ||
| Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) and Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy (AMN) | 340 | ||
| MEWDS and AZOOR | 341 | ||
| MFC and MEWDS | 342 | ||
| AZOOR and MFC | 344 | ||
| APMPPE and MEWDS | 346 | ||
| Lymphoma Simulating a “White Dot” Syndrome | 347 | ||
| Systemic Disease with Retinal Vasculitis | 348 | ||
| Pars Planitis | 348 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 350 | ||
| Behçet Disease | 351 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 354 | ||
| Crohn’s Disease | 354 | ||
| Ulcerative Colitis | 355 | ||
| Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies | 356 | ||
| Rheumatological Diseases | 357 | ||
| Scleroderma | 357 | ||
| Churg–Strauss Syndrome (Allergic Granulomatosis and Angiitis) | 358 | ||
| Relapsing Polychondritis | 359 | ||
| Adult-Onset Still’s Disease | 359 | ||
| Idiopathic Retinal Vasculitis, Aneurysms, and Neuroretinitis (IRVAN) | 360 | ||
| Idiopathic Frosted-Branch Angiitis | 362 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 367 | ||
| Systemic Disease with Choroidopathy | 373 | ||
| Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome | 373 | ||
| Sympathetic Ophthalmia | 385 | ||
| Systemic Disease with Scleritis | 390 | ||
| Scleritis | 390 | ||
| Idiopathic Uveal Scleral Granuloma | 396 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 397 | ||
| Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome | 397 | ||
| Multifocal Choroiditis (MFC) (Punctate Inner Choroidopathy (PIC), Multifocal Choroiditis and Panuveitis (MCP), Idiopathic Progressive Subretinal Fibrosis Syndrome) | 397 | ||
| Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy | 397 | ||
| Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy | 397 | ||
| Serpiginous Choroiditis | 397 | ||
| Relentless Placoid Chorioretinitis (Ampiginous Choroiditis) | 397 | ||
| Persistent Placoid Maculopathy | 397 | ||
| Birdshot Chorioretinopathy | 397 | ||
| Pars Planitis | 397 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 398 | ||
| Behçet Disease | 398 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease/Crohn’s Disease/Ulcerative Colitis | 398 | ||
| Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies | 398 | ||
| Scleroderma | 398 | ||
| Churg-Strauss Syndrome (Allergic Granulomatosis and Angiitis) | 398 | ||
| Relapsing Polychondritis | 398 | ||
| Adult-Onset Still’s Disease | 398 | ||
| Idiopathic Retinal Vasculitis, Aneurysms, and Neuroretinitis | 398 | ||
| Idiopathic Frosted-Branch Angiitis | 398 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 398 | ||
| Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome | 398 | ||
| Scleritis | 398 | ||
| Idiopathic Uveal Scleral Granuloma | 398 | ||
| 5 Infection | 399 | ||
| Viruses | 400 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Associated Retinopathy | 400 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Retinitis | 401 | ||
| Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome | 406 | ||
| Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome: Herpes Simplex Type 1 | 408 | ||
| Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome: Herpes Simplex Type 2 | 408 | ||
| Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis | 411 | ||
| Epstein–Barr Virus Retinitis | 415 | ||
| Rubeola Virus: Subacute Sclerosing Pancencephalitis (SSPE) | 416 | ||
| Congenital Rubella Syndrome | 417 | ||
| Coxsackievirus | 417 | ||
| Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis | 417 | ||
| Acute Idiopathic Maculopathy | 418 | ||
| Rift Valley Virus | 421 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 421 | ||
| Dengue Virus Maculopathy | 424 | ||
| Protozoa | 425 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 425 | ||
| Congenital Toxoplasmosis Scars | 425 | ||
| Acute Toxoplasmic Lesions | 426 | ||
| Miliary Toxoplasmosis | 428 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis with Kyrieleis Plaques | 429 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis and Choroidal Neovascularization | 430 | ||
| Giardiasis | 431 | ||
| Bacteria | 431 | ||
| Leprosy | 431 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 432 | ||
| Nocardiosis | 439 | ||
| Whipple Disease | 441 | ||
| Bartonella: Cat-Scratch Disease | 442 | ||
| Spirochetes | 452 | ||
| Syphilis | 452 | ||
| Acute Syphilitic Posterior Placoid Chorioretinitis | 453 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 454 | ||
| Chorioretinitis | 454 | ||
| Vasculitis | 455 | ||
| Vitritis | 458 | ||
| Frosted Angiitis | 460 | ||
| Resolved Chorioretinitis | 461 | ||
| Leptospirosis | 462 | ||
| Fungi | 463 | ||
| Candida albicans Chorioretinitis | 463 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 464 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 465 | ||
| Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (POHS) | 467 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 469 | ||
| Ocular Coccidioidomycosis | 470 | ||
| Fusarium Keratitis, Vitritis, and Retinal Papillitis | 472 | ||
| Pneumocystis carinii | 472 | ||
| Nematodes | 473 | ||
| Cysticercosis | 473 | ||
| Subretinal Cysticercosis | 474 | ||
| Neural Cysticercosis | 474 | ||
| Diffuse or Disseminated Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis | 475 | ||
| Toxocariasis | 478 | ||
| Filariasis | 480 | ||
| Alaria Mesocercariae | 482 | ||
| Ophthalmomyiasis | 484 | ||
| Gnathostomiasis | 486 | ||
| Angiostrongyliasis | 487 | ||
| Ascariasis | 487 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 488 | ||
| HIV Associated Retinopathy | 488 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Retinitis | 488 | ||
| Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome | 488 | ||
| Dengue Virus Maculopathy | 489 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 489 | ||
| Giardiasis | 489 | ||
| Leprosy | 489 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 489 | ||
| Nocardiosis | 489 | ||
| Whipple Disease | 489 | ||
| Bartonella: Cat-Scratch Disease | 489 | ||
| Syphilis | 490 | ||
| Pneumocystis carinii | 490 | ||
| Candida albicans Chorioretinitis | 490 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 490 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 490 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 491 | ||
| Ocular Coccidioidomycosis | 491 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 491 | ||
| Fusarium Keratitis, Vitritis, and Retinal Papillitis | 491 | ||
| Cysticercosis | 491 | ||
| Diffuse or Disseminated Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis | 491 | ||
| Toxocariasis | 491 | ||
| Filariasis | 491 | ||
| Myiasis (Ophthalmomyiasis/Gnathostomiasis/Angiostrongyliasis/Alaria Mesocercariae) | 492 | ||
| 6 Retinal Vascular Disease | 493 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 495 | ||
| Macrovessel | 495 | ||
| Prepapillary Vascular Loop | 495 | ||
| Familial Retinal Arterial Tortuosity | 496 | ||
| Retinal Arterial Occlusions | 497 | ||
| Ophthalmic Artery Occlusion | 497 | ||
| Central Retinal Artery Occlusion | 498 | ||
| Central Retinal Artery Occlusion with Sparing of the Ciliary Artery | 500 | ||
| Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion | 501 | ||
| Multiple Branch Artery Occlusions | 502 | ||
| Recurrent Retinal Artery Occlusions | 503 | ||
| Embolus Distalization | 503 | ||
| PAMM (Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy) | 504 | ||
| PAMM versus CWS | 504 | ||
| PAMM Associated with BRAO | 505 | ||
| Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion | 507 | ||
| Plaques | 508 | ||
| Retinal Venous Occlusions | 509 | ||
| Central Retinal Vein Occlusion | 509 | ||
| Wyburn–Mason Syndrome and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion | 512 | ||
| CRVO and Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion | 512 | ||
| CRVO and PAMM | 513 | ||
| Collateralization | 514 | ||
| Carotid Cavernous Fistula and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion | 515 | ||
| Natural Course | 516 | ||
| Treatment: Laser Photocoagulation | 516 | ||
| Treatment: Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy | 517 | ||
| Branch Retinal Vein Occlusions | 518 | ||
| Compensatory Collateralization | 520 | ||
| Treatment: Laser Photocoagulation | 522 | ||
| Treatment: Intravitreal Pharmacotherapy | 522 | ||
| Retinal Arteriolar Macroaneurysm | 524 | ||
| Treatment: Laser | 526 | ||
| Treatment: Anti-VEGF Therapy | 527 | ||
| Coats Disease and Macular Telangiectasia Type I (Congenital Telangiectasia, Leber Miliary Aneurysms) | 527 | ||
| Treatment: Laser | 534 | ||
| Treatment: Anti-VEGF Therapy | 539 | ||
| Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (Idiopathic Perifoveal Telangiectasia, Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Telangiectasis Type 2) | 540 | ||
| Pigment Hyperplasia | 546 | ||
| Crystals | 547 | ||
| Subretinal Neovascularization | 549 | ||
| Treatment | 551 | ||
| Radiation Retinopathy | 553 | ||
| Eales Disease (Idiopathic Peripheral Vascular Occlusive Disease) | 557 | ||
| Retinal Vascular Manifestations of Systemic Disease | 562 | ||
| Hypertensive Retinopathy | 562 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | 566 | ||
| Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | 566 | ||
| Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | 569 | ||
| Peripheral Ischemia and Neovascularization | 569 | ||
| Disc Neovascularization | 572 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage | 573 | ||
| Fibrous Proliferation | 574 | ||
| Diabetic Papillopathy | 577 | ||
| Macular Manifestations of Diabetic Retinopathy | 578 | ||
| Macular Edema | 578 | ||
| Macular Ischemia | 579 | ||
| Macular Hole | 579 | ||
| Choroidal Neovascularization | 580 | ||
| Retinal Hemorrhage | 580 | ||
| Exudative Lipid Maculopathy | 581 | ||
| Macular Scar | 581 | ||
| Exudative Detachment | 581 | ||
| Pre-Retinal Fibrosis | 582 | ||
| Tractional Retinal Detachment | 583 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy and Systemic Disease | 583 | ||
| Hypertension | 583 | ||
| Diabetes and Blood Dyscrasia | 584 | ||
| Diabetes and Waldenström Macroglobulinemia | 584 | ||
| Lipemia Retinitis | 585 | ||
| Treatment: Laser Photocoagulation | 586 | ||
| Macular Lipid and Edema | 586 | ||
| Retinal Break | 587 | ||
| Neovascularization | 588 | ||
| Treatment: Vitreoretinal Surgery | 591 | ||
| Treatment: Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy | 592 | ||
| Rubeosis Iridis | 594 | ||
| Sickle-Cell Retinopathy | 595 | ||
| Macular Manifestations | 599 | ||
| Detachment | 601 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 602 | ||
| Ocular Ischemic Syndrome | 603 | ||
| Takayasu Arteritis (Takayasu Disease) | 606 | ||
| Polycythemia Vera | 609 | ||
| Essential Thrombocytosis | 610 | ||
| Hyperviscosity Syndrome from Leukemia | 610 | ||
| Waldenström Macroglobulinemia | 611 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | 612 | ||
| Hypereosinophilic Syndrome | 615 | ||
| Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal Gammopathy, Skin Changes (POEMS Syndrome) | 615 | ||
| Hyperhomocysteinemia | 616 | ||
| Protein C and Protein S Deficiency | 616 | ||
| Antithrombin III Deficiency | 618 | ||
| Factor V Leiden | 618 | ||
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 619 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 620 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 621 | ||
| Lupus Choroidopathy | 626 | ||
| Lupus and Malignant Hypertension | 628 | ||
| Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | 628 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | 630 | ||
| Churg–Strauss Syndrome | 630 | ||
| Dermatomyositis | 631 | ||
| Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis) | 631 | ||
| Weber–Christian Disease (Nodular Panniculitis) | 633 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis | 633 | ||
| Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (Hughes Syndrome) | 634 | ||
| Cardiac Myxomas | 635 | ||
| Susac Syndrome | 636 | ||
| Purtscher Retinopathy | 637 | ||
| Pregnancy | 638 | ||
| Central Serous Chorioretinopathy | 638 | ||
| Preeclampsia | 640 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus | 642 | ||
| Protein S Deficiency | 642 | ||
| Iatrogenic Embolization | 643 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 646 | ||
| Macrovessel | 646 | ||
| Retinal Tortuosity | 646 | ||
| Prepapillary Vascular Loop | 646 | ||
| Retinal Artery Occlusions | 646 | ||
| PAMM versus CWS | 646 | ||
| Retinal Venous Occlusions | 646 | ||
| Retinal Arteriolar Macroaneurysm | 646 | ||
| Coats Disease and Macular Telangiectasia Type I (Congenital Telangiectasia, Leber Miliary Aneurysms) | 647 | ||
| Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (Idiopathic Perifoveal Telangiectasia, Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Telangiectasis Type 2) | 647 | ||
| Radiation Retinopathy | 647 | ||
| Eales Disease (Idiopathic Peripheral Vascular Occlusive Disease) | 647 | ||
| Hypertensive Retinopathy | 647 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | 647 | ||
| Sickle-Cell Retinopathy | 648 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 648 | ||
| Ocular Ischemic Syndrome | 648 | ||
| Takayasu Arteritis (Takayasu Disease) | 648 | ||
| Polycythemia Vera | 648 | ||
| Essential Thrombocythemia | 648 | ||
| Hyperviscosity Syndrome from Leukemia | 648 | ||
| Waldenström Macroglobulinemia | 648 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | 649 | ||
| Hypereosinophilic Syndrome | 649 | ||
| Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal Gamnopathy (POEMS Syndrome) | 649 | ||
| Hyperhomocysteinemia | 649 | ||
| Protein C and Protein S Deficiency | 649 | ||
| Antithrombin III Deficiency | 649 | ||
| Factor V Leiden | 649 | ||
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 649 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy | 649 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 649 | ||
| Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | 649 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | 649 | ||
| Churg–Strauss Syndrome | 649 | ||
| Dermatomyocytis | 650 | ||
| Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegner’s Granulomatosis) | 650 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis | 650 | ||
| Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (Hughes Syndrome) | 650 | ||
| Cardiac Myxomas and Chorioretinal Occlusions | 650 | ||
| Susac Syndrome | 650 | ||
| Purtscher Retinopathy | 650 | ||
| 7 Degeneration | 651 | ||
| Vitreous | 653 | ||
| Vitreous Synchisis and Syneresis | 653 | ||
| Posterior Vitreous Detachment | 654 | ||
| Asteroid Hyalosis | 656 | ||
| Vitreous Amyloidosis | 659 | ||
| Vitreous Cyst | 661 | ||
| Angioid Streaks | 662 | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum | 663 | ||
| Pattern Dystrophy | 667 | ||
| Subretinal Fluid and Acquired Vitelliform Lesions | 669 | ||
| Choroidal Neovascularization | 670 | ||
| Trauma | 671 | ||
| Fibrous Scarring | 672 | ||
| Pathologic Myopia | 674 | ||
| Staphyloma | 676 | ||
| Radial Tracts and Myopic Staphyloma | 681 | ||
| Dome-Shaped Macula | 682 | ||
| Myopic Macular Degeneration | 683 | ||
| Myopic Retinoschisis | 685 | ||
| Lacquer Cracks | 686 | ||
| Myopic Stretch Lines | 688 | ||
| Subretinal Hemorrhages | 689 | ||
| Choroidal Neovascularization | 690 | ||
| Multifocal Choroiditis | 692 | ||
| Peripapillary Choroidal Thickening and Cavitation | 695 | ||
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration | 696 | ||
| Non-neovascular AMD | 697 | ||
| Drusen | 697 | ||
| Drusen with Pigmentary Abnormalities | 701 | ||
| Drusen with Refractile Deposits | 702 | ||
| Unilateral Drusen | 703 | ||
| Peripheral Drusen | 703 | ||
| Spontaneous Resolution of Drusen | 704 | ||
| Cuticular Drusen | 705 | ||
| Large Colloid Drusen | 708 | ||
| Reticular Pseudodrusen | 709 | ||
| Pigment Epithelial Detachment | 711 | ||
| Drusenoid PED | 711 | ||
| Drusenoid PED Variants | 712 | ||
| Mixed Drusenoid and Serous PED | 712 | ||
| Serous PED | 713 | ||
| Serous PED Variants | 714 | ||
| Acquired Vitelliform Lesions | 715 | ||
| Acquired Vitelliform Lesions in Drusen and PED | 716 | ||
| Acquired Vitelliform Lesions in Cuticular Drusen | 717 | ||
| Acquired Vitelliform Lesions in Reticular Pseudodrusen | 718 | ||
| Acquired Vitelliform Lesions in Non-AMD Entities | 718 | ||
| Natural Course of Acquired Vitelliform Lesions | 719 | ||
| Geographic Atrophy | 722 | ||
| Outer Retinal Tubulation | 724 | ||
| Age-Related Choroidal Atrophy | 725 | ||
| Outer Retinal Corrugations | 726 | ||
| Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration | 727 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Neovascularization | 728 | ||
| Type 1 Neovascularization | 729 | ||
| Vascularized PED variants | 734 | ||
| Multilayered PED | 734 | ||
| The “onion sign” | 735 | ||
| Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tears | 736 | ||
| Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy | 739 | ||
| Natural Course | 743 | ||
| Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy and Polypoidal Neovascularization | 750 | ||
| Peripheral Exudative Hemorrhagic Chorioretinopathy | 752 | ||
| Type 2 Neovascularization | 753 | ||
| Type 3 Neovascularization | 754 | ||
| Vasogenic sequence (left) | 754 | ||
| Alternative hypothesis (below) | 754 | ||
| Disciform Scarring | 758 | ||
| Idiopathic Choroidal Neovascularization | 759 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 760 | ||
| 8 Oncology | 763 | ||
| Pediatric Mass Lesions of the Fundus | 764 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 765 | ||
| Retinoblastoma Classification | 766 | ||
| International Classification of Retinoblastoma | 767 | ||
| Group A Retinoblastoma | 767 | ||
| Group B Retinoblastoma | 767 | ||
| Group C Retinoblastoma | 767 | ||
| Group D Retinoblastoma | 767 | ||
| Group E Retinoblastoma | 767 | ||
| Retinoblastoma Growth Patterns | 768 | ||
| Retinoblastoma Variations | 769 | ||
| Retinoblastoma Diagnostic Testing | 770 | ||
| Retinoblastoma Features | 771 | ||
| Regression of Retinoblastoma Following Plaque Radiotherapy | 772 | ||
| Regression of Retinoblastoma Following Intravenous Chemotherapy | 773 | ||
| Regression of Retinoblastoma Following Intra-arterial Chemotherapy | 774 | ||
| Management of Retinoblastoma with Enucleation | 775 | ||
| Retinoblastoma Pathology | 776 | ||
| Retinoblastoma Pathology—High Risk for Metastasis | 777 | ||
| Teratoma | 778 | ||
| Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber Syndrome | 779 | ||
| Medulloepithelioma | 780 | ||
| Retinal Astrocytic Hamartoma | 782 | ||
| Acquired Retinal Astrocytoma | 785 | ||
| Retinal Acquired Astrocytoma with Exudative Retinopathy | 786 | ||
| Retinal Hemangioblastoma (Capillary Hemangioma) | 787 | ||
| Obvious Endophytic Juxtapapillary Retinal Hemangioblastoma | 790 | ||
| Subtle Intraretinal Juxtapapillary Retinal Hemangioblastoma | 790 | ||
| Retinal Hemangioblastoma Management | 792 | ||
| Endophytic Juxtapapillary Retinal Hemangioblastoma | 794 | ||
| Hemangioblastoma with Extensive Fibrosis | 795 | ||
| Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma | 796 | ||
| Variations in Presentation | 797 | ||
| Retinal Racemose Hemangioma | 799 | ||
| Retinal Vasoproliferative Tumor | 804 | ||
| Retinal Vasoproliferative Tumor in Retinitis Pigmentosa | 807 | ||
| Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 808 | ||
| Diffuse Retinal Hamartoma in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 | 808 | ||
| Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography of Combined Hamartoma | 814 | ||
| Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE) | 815 | ||
| CHRPE in the Macula | 816 | ||
| Spectrum of CHRPE | 817 | ||
| Multifocal CHRPE (Bear Tracks) | 818 | ||
| Polar Bear Tracks | 819 | ||
| CHRPE with Nodular Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma (Epithelioma) | 820 | ||
| Pigmented Ocular Fundus Lesions with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis | 821 | ||
| Congenital Simple Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 822 | ||
| Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma (Epithelioma) of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 823 | ||
| Torpedo Maculopathy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 824 | ||
| Unilateral Dysgenesis of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 825 | ||
| Choroidal Nevus | 826 | ||
| The Clinical Spectrum of Choroidal Nevus | 827 | ||
| Ocular Melanocytosis | 828 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Abnormalities Overlying Choroidal Nevus | 829 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Abnormalities Overlying Choroidal Nevus | 830 | ||
| Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography of Choroidal Nevus | 831 | ||
| Suspicious Giant Choroidal Nevus | 832 | ||
| Growth of Choroidal Nevus into Choroidal Melanoma | 833 | ||
| Choroidal Melanoma | 834 | ||
| Choroidal Melanoma: Morphological Variations | 834 | ||
| American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) Clinical Classification of Posterior Uveal Melanoma (7th edition) | 835 | ||
| Choroidal Melanoma Size Variations | 837 | ||
| Choroidal Melanoma with Pigmentary Variations | 838 | ||
| Factors for Early Detection of Choroidal Melanoma | 841 | ||
| Early Detection of Choroidal Melanoma | 843 | ||
| Early Detection of Small Choroidal Melanoma Using Mnemonic “To Find Small Ocular Melanoma Using Helpful Hints Daily” | 844 | ||
| Choroidal Melanoma Before and After Plaque Radiotherapy | 846 | ||
| Choroidal Metastasis | 847 | ||
| Solitary Choroidal Metastasis in Patients with Carcinoma | 849 | ||
| Bilateral Choroidal Metastasis | 852 | ||
| Management of Choroidal Metastasis | 853 | ||
| Bilateral Diffuse Uveal Melanocytic Proliferation | 854 | ||
| Choroidal Hemangioma | 858 | ||
| Choroidal Hemangioma in the Macular Region | 859 | ||
| Choroidal Hemangioma Treated with Photodynamic Therapy | 861 | ||
| Diffuse Choroidal Hemangioma | 862 | ||
| Choroidal Osteoma | 864 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography of Choroidal Osteoma | 868 | ||
| Idiopathic Sclerochoroidal Calcification | 870 | ||
| Bartter Syndrome and Sclerochoroidal Calcification | 871 | ||
| Choroidal Leiomyoma | 872 | ||
| Intraocular Lymphoma | 873 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Cloudy Vitelliform Maculopathy | 875 | ||
| Choroidal Lymphoma Masquerading as Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a 59-year-old Man | 876 | ||
| Benign Uveal Lymphoid Hyperplasia | 877 | ||
| Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tumor (MALT Syndrome) | 880 | ||
| Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography of Choroidal Lymphoma | 881 | ||
| Variations in Lymphoma Presentations | 882 | ||
| Large-Cell Lymphoma Infiltrating in the Retina and Optic Nerve | 884 | ||
| Vitreous, Retinal, Choroidal, and Optic Nerve Involvement in Ocular CNS Lymphoma | 885 | ||
| Intraocular Metastatic Testicular Lymphoma | 886 | ||
| Treatment of Choroidal Lymphoma with External-Beam Radiotherapy | 887 | ||
| Tumors of the Optic Disc | 889 | ||
| Melanocytoma of the Optic Disc | 889 | ||
| Growth of Astrocytic Hamartomas of the Optic Nerve in Tuberous Sclerosis | 892 | ||
| Lymphoma of the Optic Nerve | 894 | ||
| Hemangioblastoma (Capillary Hemangioma) of the Optic Disc | 896 | ||
| Optic Disc Hemangioblastoma with Macular Schisis | 897 | ||
| Optic Disc Hemangioblastoma with Macular Hole | 898 | ||
| Cavernous Hemangioma | 898 | ||
| Metastasis to the Optic Disc | 899 | ||
| Optic Disc Metastasis in Breast Cancer | 899 | ||
| Optic Disc Metastasis in Lung Cancer | 899 | ||
| Optic Disc Metastasis from Gastric Carcinoma | 899 | ||
| Leukemia | 900 | ||
| Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography of Intraocular Leukemia | 903 | ||
| Perifoveal Ischemia with Leukemia | 904 | ||
| Scattered Hemorrhages and Leukemia | 904 | ||
| Exudative Detachment in Leukemia | 906 | ||
| Disc Infiltration and Leukemia | 906 | ||
| Pre-retinal Infiltration in Leukemia | 906 | ||
| Infection and Leukemia | 906 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage and Leukemia | 907 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy and Leukemia | 908 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 909 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 909 | ||
| Retinal Astrocytic Hamartoma/Acquired Retinal Astrocytoma | 909 | ||
| Retinal Hemangioblastoma/Capillary Hemangioma | 909 | ||
| Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma | 909 | ||
| Retinal Racemose Hemangioma | 909 | ||
| Retinal Vasoproliferative Tumor | 909 | ||
| Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE) | 910 | ||
| Pigmented Ocular Fundus Lesions with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis | 910 | ||
| Congenital Simple Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 910 | ||
| Torpedo Maculopathy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 910 | ||
| Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 910 | ||
| Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma (Epithelioma) of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 910 | ||
| Ciliary Body Pigment Epithelium Epithelioma (Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma) | 910 | ||
| Medulloepithelioma | 910 | ||
| Choroidal Nevus | 910 | ||
| Choroidal Melanoma | 911 | ||
| Choroidal Metastasis | 911 | ||
| Choroidal Hemangioma | 911 | ||
| Choroidal Osteoma | 911 | ||
| Idiopathic Sclerochoroidal Calcification | 911 | ||
| Choroidal Leiomyoma | 912 | ||
| Intraocular Lymphoma | 912 | ||
| Melanocytoma of the Optic Disc | 912 | ||
| Hemangioblastoma (Capillary Hemangioma) of the Optic Disc | 912 | ||
| 9 Vitreomacular Traction, Epiretinal Membranes, and Macular Holes | 913 | ||
| Epiretinal Membrane | 914 | ||
| Spontaneous Release of Epiretinal Membrane | 919 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 920 | ||
| 10 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Other Exudative Detachments | 937 | ||
| Central Serous Chorioretinopathy | 938 | ||
| Fluorescein Angiography in CSC | 938 | ||
| Smokestack Leak | 938 | ||
| Mushroom or Umbrella Leak | 939 | ||
| Inkblot Leak | 940 | ||
| Indocyanine Green Angiography in CSC | 940 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in CSC | 942 | ||
| Pigment Epithelial Detachment (PED) | 942 | ||
| Cystoid Macular Degeneration | 943 | ||
| Fundus Autofluorescence (FAF) in CSC | 943 | ||
| CSC Simulating Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | 946 | ||
| Asymptomatic Eye | 946 | ||
| Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy | 947 | ||
| Fibrin in CSC | 948 | ||
| PED Microrip (Blow-Out) in CSC | 950 | ||
| RPE Rip in CSC | 950 | ||
| Bullous-Dependent Detachment in CSC | 951 | ||
| Treatment | 952 | ||
| Photodynamic Therapy and CSC | 952 | ||
| Unusual CSC Cases | 955 | ||
| Pachychoroid Disease | 958 | ||
| Pachychoroid Pigment Epitheliopathy | 958 | ||
| Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy | 960 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy | 961 | ||
| Acute Exudative Polymorphous Vitelliform Maculopathy | 962 | ||
| Idiopathic Uveal Effusion Syndrome | 964 | ||
| Isolated Posterior Uveal Effusion | 966 | ||
| Idiopathic Organ Transplant Chorioretinopathy | 967 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 968 | ||
| 11 Peripheral Retinal Degenerations and Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment | 969 | ||
| Peripheral Retinal Abnormalities | 970 | ||
| Retinal Holes | 970 | ||
| Lattice Degeneration | 971 | ||
| Retinal Tears and Localized Detachments | 973 | ||
| Retinal Detachments | 974 | ||
| Chronic Retinal Detachment With Demarcation Lines | 976 | ||
| Chronic Retinal Detachment with Retinal Macrocyst | 977 | ||
| Retinal Dialysis and Giant Retinal Tear (GRT) | 978 | ||
| Retinal Detachment and Macular Hole | 980 | ||
| Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR) | 981 | ||
| Retinoschisis | 983 | ||
| Juvenile X-Linked Retinoschisis | 987 | ||
| Optic Nerve Pit with Macular Schisis Detachment | 988 | ||
| Treatment of Retinal Detachment | 990 | ||
| Retinal Detachment: Postsurgery | 992 | ||
| Macular Translocation Surgery | 999 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 1000 | ||
| Peripheral Retinal Abnormalities | 1000 | ||
| Lattice Degeneration | 1000 | ||
| Retinal Tears and Localized Detachments | 1000 | ||
| Retinal Detachments | 1000 | ||
| Retinal Detachments Following Cataract Surgery | 1000 | ||
| Retinal Dialysis and Giant Retinal Tear (GRT) | 1000 | ||
| Retinoschisis | 1001 | ||
| Optic Nerve Pit with Macular Schisis Detachment | 1001 | ||
| Treatment of Retinal Detachment | 1001 | ||
| 12 Traumatic Chorioretinopathy | 1003 | ||
| Direct Ocular Injury (Nonpenetrating and/or Nonperforating) | 1004 | ||
| Berlin’s Edema (Commotio Retinae) | 1004 | ||
| Traumatic Retinal Pigment Epitheliopathy | 1006 | ||
| Traumatic Macular Hole | 1008 | ||
| Choroidal Rupture | 1011 | ||
| Traumatic Retinal Breaks and Detachments | 1014 | ||
| Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria | 1016 | ||
| Optic Nerve Avulsion | 1018 | ||
| Open-Globe Injury | 1019 | ||
| Intraocular Foreign Body (IOFB) | 1019 | ||
| Penetrating and/or Perforating Ocular Injury | 1020 | ||
| Indirect Ocular Injury | 1022 | ||
| Valsalva Retinopathy | 1022 | ||
| Purtscher Retinopathy | 1024 | ||
| Terson Syndrome | 1025 | ||
| Shaken Baby Syndrome | 1025 | ||
| Solar and/or Laser-Induced Retinopathy | 1026 | ||
| Altitude Retinopathy | 1028 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 1029 | ||
| Berlin’s Edema (Commotio Retinae) | 1029 | ||
| Traumatic Retinal Pigment Epitheliopathy | 1029 | ||
| Traumatic Macular Hole | 1029 | ||
| Choroidal Rupture | 1029 | ||
| Traumatic Retinal Breaks and Detachments | 1029 | ||
| Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria | 1030 | ||
| Optic Nerve Avulsion | 1030 | ||
| Intraocular Foreign Body | 1030 | ||
| Penetrating and/or Perforating Injury | 1030 | ||
| Valsalva Retinopathy | 1031 | ||
| Purtscher Retinopathy | 1031 | ||
| Terson Syndrome | 1031 | ||
| Shaken Baby Syndrome | 1031 | ||
| Solar Retinopathy and/or Laser-Induced Retinopathy | 1032 | ||
| Altitude Retinopathy | 1032 | ||
| 13 Complications of Ocular Surgery | 1033 | ||
| Injections | 1034 | ||
| Retrobulbar Anesthetic | 1034 | ||
| Nasopharynx Injection | 1035 | ||
| Intravitreal Triamcinolone Injection | 1036 | ||
| Intravitreal Vancomycin Injection | 1036 | ||
| Mechanical Retinal Vascular Obstruction (from Injections) | 1037 | ||
| Optic Nerve Sheath Injection | 1037 | ||
| Retrobulbar Hemorrhage | 1039 | ||
| Choroidal Ischemia (Outer Retinal Infarction) | 1040 | ||
| Antibiotic Toxicity During Intraocular Surgery | 1042 | ||
| Intraocular Aminoglycosides | 1042 | ||
| Intracameral Vancomycin | 1045 | ||
| Decompression Retinopathy | 1046 | ||
| Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy | 1047 | ||
| Phototoxicity | 1048 | ||
| Hypotony | 1050 | ||
| Choroidal Hemorrhage | 1051 | ||
| Spontaneous Choroidal Hemorrhage with Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV) after Cataract Surgery | 1055 | ||
| Surgical Materials and Devices | 1056 | ||
| Titanium Tack | 1056 | ||
| Silicone Oil | 1056 | ||
| Intraocular Gas | 1056 | ||
| Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Liquid | 1057 | ||
| Dislocated Implant | 1057 | ||
| Lens Fragment | 1057 | ||
| Retinal Prosthesis | 1058 | ||
| Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT) | 1058 | ||
| Cryodemarcation | 1059 | ||
| Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) | 1059 | ||
| Retinal Cyst on Buckle | 1060 | ||
| Macular Folds Status Post Scleral Buckling Surgery | 1060 | ||
| Giant Retinal Pigment Epithelial Tear | 1061 | ||
| Extrusion of Buckle | 1061 | ||
| Laser of Calcific Plaque Arteriole Occlusion | 1061 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 1062 | ||
| Injections | 1062 | ||
| Outer Retinal Infarction | 1062 | ||
| Cryodemarcation | 1062 | ||
| Aminoglycoside Toxicity | 1062 | ||
| Intracameral Vancomycin | 1062 | ||
| Dislocated Intraocular Lens/ Retained Lens Fragment | 1062 | ||
| Extrusion of Scleral Buckle | 1062 | ||
| Decompression Retinopathy | 1062 | ||
| Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy/Ischemia | 1063 | ||
| Phototoxicity | 1063 | ||
| Hypotony | 1063 | ||
| Choroidal Hemorrhage | 1063 | ||
| Silicone Oil/Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Liquid | 1063 | ||
| Retinal Tacks | 1063 | ||
| Diamond/Steel Particles | 1063 | ||
| Retinal Prosthesis | 1063 | ||
| Transpupillary Thermotherapy | 1063 | ||
| Photodynamic Therapy | 1064 | ||
| 14 Chorioretinal Toxicities | 1065 | ||
| Introduction | 1067 | ||
| Disruption of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 1067 | ||
| Chloroquine Derivatives | 1067 | ||
| Chloroquine | 1067 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 1070 | ||
| Phenothiazines | 1072 | ||
| Thioridazine | 1072 | ||
| Chlorpromazine | 1076 | ||
| Dideoxyinosine (DDI) | 1077 | ||
| Clofazimine | 1078 | ||
| Deferoxamine | 1078 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic Agents | 1079 | ||
| Denileukin Diftitox | 1079 | ||
| MEK Inhibitors | 1080 | ||
| Vascular Damage or Occlusion | 1081 | ||
| Quinine Sulfate | 1081 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 1082 | ||
| Ergot Alkaloids | 1082 | ||
| Procainamide | 1083 | ||
| Cocaine Abuse | 1083 | ||
| Heparin | 1086 | ||
| Interferon | 1086 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic Agents | 1088 | ||
| Gemcitabine | 1088 | ||
| Cystoid Macular Edema and/or Retinal Edema/Folds | 1089 | ||
| Nicotinic Acid | 1089 | ||
| Drug-Induced Myopia | 1090 | ||
| Sulfa Antibiotics, Hydrochlorothiazine, Acetazolamide, Topiramate | 1090 | ||
| Imatinib Mesylate | 1091 | ||
| Glitazones | 1092 | ||
| Pioglitazone | 1092 | ||
| Ritonavir | 1092 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic Agents | 1093 | ||
| Paclitaxel, Docetaxel | 1093 | ||
| Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel | 1093 | ||
| Crystalline Retinopathy | 1094 | ||
| Tamoxifen | 1094 | ||
| Methoxyflurane | 1096 | ||
| Canthaxanthin | 1098 | ||
| Nitrofurantoin | 1100 | ||
| West African Crystalline Maculopathy | 1100 | ||
| Talc Retinopathy | 1101 | ||
| Uveitis | 1103 | ||
| Cidofovir | 1103 | ||
| Rifabutin | 1103 | ||
| Optic Neuropathy | 1104 | ||
| Carbon Monoxide | 1104 | ||
| Fludarabine | 1104 | ||
| Methanol | 1105 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 1105 | ||
| Vitamin A Deficiency | 1105 | ||
| Celiac Disease | 1106 | ||
| Digoxin | 1106 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 1107 | ||
| Chloroquine | 1107 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 1107 | ||
| Thioridazine | 1107 | ||
| Chlorpromazine | 1107 | ||
| Deferoxamine | 1108 | ||
| MEK Inhibitors | 1108 | ||
| Quinine Sulfate | 1108 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 1108 | ||
| Ergot Alkaloids | 1108 | ||
| Nicotinic Acid | 1108 | ||
| Drug-Induced Myopia | 1108 | ||
| Tamoxifen | 1108 | ||
| Methoxyflurane | 1109 | ||
| Canthaxanthine | 1109 | ||
| Nitrofurantoin | 1109 | ||
| Talc Retinopathy | 1109 | ||
| Cidofovir | 1109 | ||
| Rifabutin | 1109 | ||
| Cardiac Glycosides | 1109 | ||
| Methanol | 1109 | ||
| 15 Congenital and Developmental Anomalies of the Optic Nerve | 1111 | ||
| Abnormalities of Optic Nerve Size | 1113 | ||
| Optic Nerve Hypoplasia | 1113 | ||
| Megalopapilla | 1114 | ||
| Optic Nerve Aplasia | 1114 | ||
| Vascular Abnormalities | 1115 | ||
| Congenital Prepapillary Vascular Loops | 1115 | ||
| Persistent Fetal Vasculature (PFV) | 1116 | ||
| Bergmeister Papilla | 1117 | ||
| Congenital Retinal Macrovessel | 1117 | ||
| Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion | 1118 | ||
| Excavated and Colobomatous Defects | 1119 | ||
| Optic Nerve, Retinochoroidal, and Iris Colobomas | 1119 | ||
| Morning Glory Disc Anomaly | 1122 | ||
| Optic Nerve Pit | 1123 | ||
| Situs Inversus | 1126 | ||
| Tilted Disc Syndrome | 1126 | ||
| Peripapillary Staphyloma | 1128 | ||
| Optic Nerve Head Drusen | 1129 | ||
| Optic Nerve Head Drusen with Juxtapapillary Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) | 1133 | ||
| Optic Nerve Trauma | 1135 | ||
| Select Optic Nerve Ischemic, Inflammatory, and Infectious Processes | 1137 | ||
| Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) | 1137 | ||
| Optic Nerve Papillitis | 1138 | ||
| Acute Neuroretinitis (Bartonella henselae) | 1138 | ||
| Leber Idiopathic Stellate Neuroretinitis | 1139 | ||
| Chronic Papillitis | 1139 | ||
| Ocular Syphilis | 1140 | ||
| Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) | 1140 | ||
| Optic Nerve Tumors | 1141 | ||
| Optic Nerve Glioma | 1141 | ||
| Meningioma of the Optic Nerve | 1141 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors of the Optic Nerve | 1142 | ||
| Optic Nerve Melanocytoma | 1142 | ||
| Retinal Capillary Hemangioma | 1143 | ||
| Retinal Capillary Hemangioma of the Optic Nerve Head | 1144 | ||
| Racemose Hemangioma | 1144 | ||
| Astrocytic Hamartoma | 1146 | ||
| Combined Hamartoma of Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) | 1147 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 1149 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Disorders | 1150 | ||
| Other Anomalies of the Optic Nerve | 1151 | ||
| Myelinated Nerve Fibers (MNF) | 1151 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 1153 | ||
| General References | 1153 | ||
| Optic Nerve Hypoplasia | 1153 | ||
| Megalopapilla | 1153 | ||
| Optic Nerve Aplasia | 1153 | ||
| Congenital Prepapillary Vascular Loops | 1153 | ||
| Persistent Fetal Vasculature | 1153 | ||
| Bergmeister Papilla | 1154 | ||
| Congenital Retinal Macrovessel | 1154 | ||
| Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion | 1154 | ||
| Optic Nerve, Retinochoroidal, and Iris Colobomas | 1155 | ||
| Morning Glory Disc Anomaly | 1155 | ||
| Optic Nerve Pit | 1156 | ||
| Tilted Disc Syndrome | 1156 | ||
| Peripapillary Staphyloma | 1156 | ||
| Optic Nerve Head Drusen | 1157 | ||
| Optic Nerve Trauma | 1157 | ||
| Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) | 1157 | ||
| Optic Nerve Papillitis | 1158 | ||
| Acute Neuroretinitis (Bartonella henselae) | 1158 | ||
| Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) | 1158 | ||
| Ocular Syphilis | 1159 | ||
| Optic Nerve Glioma | 1159 | ||
| Meningioma of the Optic Nerve | 1159 | ||
| Retinal Capillary Hemangioma and Hemangioma of the Optic Nerve Head | 1160 | ||
| Racemose Hemangioma | 1160 | ||
| Optic Nerve Melanocytoma | 1160 | ||
| Astrocytic Hamartoma | 1161 | ||
| Combined Hamartoma of Retina and RPE | 1161 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 1162 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Disorders | 1162 | ||
| Myelinated Nerve Fibers (MNF) | 1162 | ||
| Index | 1163 | ||
| A | 1163 | ||
| B | 1163 | ||
| C | 1164 | ||
| D | 1165 | ||
| E | 1166 | ||
| F | 1166 | ||
| G | 1166 | ||
| H | 1167 | ||
| I | 1167 | ||
| J | 1167 | ||
| K | 1168 | ||
| L | 1168 | ||
| M | 1168 | ||
| N | 1169 | ||
| O | 1169 | ||
| P | 1170 | ||
| Q | 1171 | ||
| R | 1171 | ||
| S | 1172 | ||
| T | 1172 | ||
| U | 1173 | ||
| V | 1173 | ||
| W | 1173 | ||
| X | 1173 | ||
| Z | 1173 | ||
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