Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Develop the skills you need to safely and effectively produce high-quality medical images with Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and Protection, 11th Edition. Reorganized and updated with the latest advances in the field, this new edition aligns with the ASRT curriculum to strengthen your understanding of key concepts, and prepare you for success on the ARRT certification exam and in clinical practice. Firmly established as a core resource for medical imaging technology courses, this text gives you a strong foundation in the study and practice of radiologic physics, imaging and exposure, radiobiology, radiation protection, and more.
- Expanded coverage of radiologic science topics, including radiologic physics, imaging, radiobiology, radiation protection, and more, allows this text to be used over several semesters.
- Chapter introductions, summaries, outlines, objectives, and key terms help you to organize and pinpoint the most important information.
- Formulas, conversion tables, and abbreviations are highlighted for easy access to frequently used information.
- "Penguin" boxes recap the most vital chapter information.
- End-of-chapter questions include definition exercises, matching, short answer, and calculations to help you review material.
- Key terms and expanded glossary enable you to easily reference and study content.
- Highlighted math formulas call attention to key mathematical information for special focus.
- NEW! Chapters on Radiography/Fluoroscopy Patient Radiation Dose and Computed Tomography Patient Radiation Dose equip you to use the most current patient dosing technology.
- NEW! Streamlined physics and math sections ensure you’re prepared to take the ARRT exam and succeed in the clinical setting.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Evolve Ad | IFC4 | ||
| Radiologic Science for Technologists | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Reviewers | v | ||
| Dedication | vii | ||
| This Book is also Dedicated to My Friends Here and Gone: | xi | ||
| Dedication – Saintly Stitchers | xii | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Purpose and Content | xiii | ||
| Historical Perspective | xiii | ||
| New to This Edition | xiii | ||
| Ancillaries | xiii | ||
| Student Workbook | xiii | ||
| Evolve Resources | xiv | ||
| A Note on the Text | xiv | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiv | ||
| Table Of Contents | xv | ||
| I Radiologic Physics | 1 | ||
| 1 Essential Concepts of Radiologic Science | 2 | ||
| Outline | 2 | ||
| Objectives | 2 | ||
| Nature of Our Surroundings | 3 | ||
| Matter and Energy | 3 | ||
| Sources of Ionizing Radiation | 5 | ||
| Discovery of X-Rays | 7 | ||
| Development of Medical Imaging | 8 | ||
| Reports of Radiation Injury | 10 | ||
| Basic Radiation Protection | 10 | ||
| Filtration | 12 | ||
| Collimation | 12 | ||
| Protective Apparel | 12 | ||
| Gonadal Shielding | 12 | ||
| Protective Barriers | 12 | ||
| Standard Units of Measurement | 12 | ||
| Length | 14 | ||
| Mass | 14 | ||
| Time | 14 | ||
| Units | 14 | ||
| Mechanics | 15 | ||
| Velocity | 15 | ||
| Acceleration | 16 | ||
| Newton’s Laws of Motion | 16 | ||
| Weight | 17 | ||
| Momentum | 17 | ||
| Work | 18 | ||
| Power | 18 | ||
| Energy | 18 | ||
| Heat | 19 | ||
| Terminology for Radiologic Science | 21 | ||
| Numeric Prefixes | 21 | ||
| Radiologic Units | 21 | ||
| Air Kerma (Kinetic Energy Released in Matter) (Gya). | 21 | ||
| Absorbed Dose (Gyt). | 22 | ||
| Effective Dose, Sievert (Sv). | 22 | ||
| Radioactivity, Becquerel (Bq). | 23 | ||
| The Medical Imaging Team | 23 | ||
| Summary | 25 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 25 | ||
| 2 The Structure of Matter | 26 | ||
| Outline | 26 | ||
| Objectives | 26 | ||
| Centuries of Discovery | 27 | ||
| Greek Atom | 27 | ||
| Dalton Atom | 27 | ||
| Thomson Atom | 28 | ||
| Bohr Atom | 29 | ||
| Fundamental Particles | 29 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 30 | ||
| Electron Arrangement | 32 | ||
| Electron Binding Energy | 33 | ||
| Atomic Nomenclature | 34 | ||
| Combinations of Atoms | 36 | ||
| Radioactivity | 37 | ||
| Radioisotopes | 37 | ||
| Radioactive Half-life | 38 | ||
| Types of Ionizing Radiation | 41 | ||
| Particulate Radiation | 41 | ||
| Electromagnetic Radiation | 42 | ||
| Summary | 42 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 43 | ||
| 3 Electromagnetic Energy | 44 | ||
| Outline | 44 | ||
| Objectives | 44 | ||
| Photons | 45 | ||
| Velocity and Amplitude | 45 | ||
| Frequency and Wavelength | 46 | ||
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | 48 | ||
| Measurement of the Electromagnetic Spectrum | 49 | ||
| Visible Light | 50 | ||
| Radiofrequency | 50 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation | 50 | ||
| Waves and Particles | 51 | ||
| Wave Model: Visible Light | 52 | ||
| Inverse Square Law | 54 | ||
| Particle Model: Quantum Theory | 56 | ||
| Matter and Energy | 57 | ||
| Summary | 58 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 58 | ||
| 4 Electricity, Magnetism, and Electromagnetism | 60 | ||
| Outline | 60 | ||
| Objectives | 60 | ||
| Electrostatics | 61 | ||
| Electrostatic Laws | 63 | ||
| Coulomb’s Law. | 64 | ||
| Electric Potential | 65 | ||
| Electrodynamics | 65 | ||
| Electric Circuits | 67 | ||
| Electric Power | 69 | ||
| Magnetism | 70 | ||
| Magnetic Laws | 72 | ||
| Magnetic Induction | 73 | ||
| Electromagnetism | 75 | ||
| Electromagnetic Induction | 77 | ||
| Electromechanical Devices | 78 | ||
| The Transformer | 79 | ||
| Summary | 81 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 81 | ||
| II X-Radiation | 83 | ||
| 5 The X-ray Imaging System | 84 | ||
| Outline | 84 | ||
| Objectives | 84 | ||
| Operating Console | 86 | ||
| Autotransformer | 88 | ||
| Adjustment of Kilovolt Peak (kVp) | 88 | ||
| Control of Milliamperage (mA) | 89 | ||
| Filament Transformer | 90 | ||
| Exposure Timers | 90 | ||
| Synchronous Timers | 91 | ||
| Electronic Timers | 91 | ||
| mAs Timers | 91 | ||
| Automatic Exposure Control | 91 | ||
| High-Voltage Generator | 92 | ||
| High-Voltage Transformer | 92 | ||
| Voltage Rectification | 93 | ||
| Single-Phase Power | 96 | ||
| Three-Phase Power | 96 | ||
| High-Frequency Generator | 97 | ||
| Capacitor Discharge Generator | 98 | ||
| Falling Load Generator | 98 | ||
| Voltage Ripple | 98 | ||
| Power Rating | 100 | ||
| X-ray Circuit | 101 | ||
| Summary | 101 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 102 | ||
| 6 The X-ray Tube | 104 | ||
| Outline | 104 | ||
| Objectives | 104 | ||
| External Components | 105 | ||
| Ceiling Support System | 105 | ||
| Floor-to-Ceiling Support System | 105 | ||
| C-Arm Support System | 105 | ||
| Protective Housing | 106 | ||
| Glass or Metal Enclosure | 106 | ||
| Internal Components | 107 | ||
| Cathode | 107 | ||
| Anode | 109 | ||
| X-ray Tube Failure | 116 | ||
| Rating Charts | 118 | ||
| Radiographic Rating Chart | 118 | ||
| Anode Cooling Chart | 119 | ||
| Housing Cooling Chart | 120 | ||
| Summary | 120 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 121 | ||
| 7 X-ray Production | 122 | ||
| Outline | 122 | ||
| Objectives | 122 | ||
| Electron Target Interactions | 123 | ||
| Anode Heat | 124 | ||
| Characteristic Radiation | 124 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung Radiation | 126 | ||
| X-Ray Emission Spectrum | 127 | ||
| Characteristic X-ray Spectrum | 128 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung X-ray Spectrum | 128 | ||
| Factors Affecing the X-ray Emission Spectrum | 129 | ||
| Effect of mA and mAs | 129 | ||
| Effect of kVp | 130 | ||
| Effect of Added Filtration | 131 | ||
| Effect of Target Material | 131 | ||
| Effect of Voltage Waveform | 132 | ||
| Summary | 133 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 134 | ||
| 8 X-ray Emission | 135 | ||
| Outline | 135 | ||
| Objectives | 135 | ||
| X-ray Quantity | 136 | ||
| X-ray Intensity | 136 | ||
| Factors That Affect X-ray Quantity | 136 | ||
| X-ray Quality | 139 | ||
| Penetrability | 139 | ||
| Half-Value Layer | 139 | ||
| Factors That Affect X-ray Quality | 141 | ||
| Types of Filtration | 141 | ||
| Summary | 144 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 144 | ||
| 9 X-ray Interaction With Matter | 146 | ||
| Outline | 146 | ||
| Objectives | 146 | ||
| Five X-ray Interactions With Matter | 147 | ||
| Coherent Scattering | 147 | ||
| Compton Scattering | 148 | ||
| Photoelectric Effect | 149 | ||
| Pair Production | 152 | ||
| Photodisintegration | 153 | ||
| Differential Absorption | 153 | ||
| Dependence on Atomic Number | 154 | ||
| Dependence on Mass Density | 155 | ||
| Contrast Examinations | 157 | ||
| Exponential Attenuation | 157 | ||
| Summary | 158 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 159 | ||
| III The Radiographic Image | 161 | ||
| 10 Radiographic Image Quality | 162 | ||
| Outline | 162 | ||
| Objectives | 162 | ||
| Definitions | 163 | ||
| Radiographic Image Quality | 163 | ||
| Resolution | 163 | ||
| Noise | 163 | ||
| Speed | 164 | ||
| Film Factors | 164 | ||
| Characteristic Curve | 164 | ||
| Optical Density | 166 | ||
| Film Processing | 172 | ||
| Geometric Factors | 173 | ||
| Magnification | 174 | ||
| Distortion | 175 | ||
| Focal-Spot Blur | 177 | ||
| Heel Effect | 178 | ||
| Subject Factors | 179 | ||
| Subject Contrast | 179 | ||
| Patient Thickness. | 179 | ||
| Tissue Mass Density. | 180 | ||
| Effective Atomic Number. | 180 | ||
| Object Shape. | 180 | ||
| Kilovolt Peak. | 181 | ||
| Motion Blur | 181 | ||
| Tools for Improved Radiographic Image Quality | 182 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 182 | ||
| Image Receptors | 182 | ||
| Selection of Technique Factors | 182 | ||
| Summary | 183 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 184 | ||
| 11 Scatter Radiation | 186 | ||
| Outline | 186 | ||
| Objectives | 186 | ||
| Production of Scatter Radiation | 187 | ||
| kVp | 187 | ||
| Field Size | 189 | ||
| Patient Thickness | 189 | ||
| Control of Scatter Radiation | 190 | ||
| Effect of Scatter Radiation on Image Contrast | 190 | ||
| Beam Restrictors | 191 | ||
| Radiographic Grids | 194 | ||
| Grid Performance | 197 | ||
| Contrast Improvement Factor | 197 | ||
| Bucky Factor | 197 | ||
| Grid Types | 198 | ||
| Parallel Grid | 198 | ||
| Crossed Grid | 199 | ||
| Focused Grid | 200 | ||
| Moving Grid | 200 | ||
| Grid Problems | 200 | ||
| Off-Level Grid | 201 | ||
| Off-Center Grid | 201 | ||
| Off-Focus Grid | 201 | ||
| Upside-Down Grid | 202 | ||
| Grid Selection | 202 | ||
| Patient Radiation Dose | 203 | ||
| Air-Gap Technique | 204 | ||
| Summary | 205 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 205 | ||
| 12 Screen-Film Radiography | 207 | ||
| Outline | 207 | ||
| Objectives | 207 | ||
| Radiographic Film | 208 | ||
| Base | 208 | ||
| Emulsion | 209 | ||
| Types of Film | 210 | ||
| Screen Film | 211 | ||
| Direct-Exposure Film | 213 | ||
| Mammography Film | 213 | ||
| Handling and Storage of Film | 213 | ||
| Heat and Humidity | 213 | ||
| Light | 214 | ||
| Radiation | 214 | ||
| Formation of the Latent Image | 214 | ||
| Silver Halide Crystal | 214 | ||
| Photon Interaction With Silver Halide Crystal | 214 | ||
| Latent Image | 216 | ||
| Radiographic Intensifying Screens | 216 | ||
| Protective Coating | 216 | ||
| Phosphor | 216 | ||
| Reflective Layer | 217 | ||
| Base | 217 | ||
| Screen Characteristics | 217 | ||
| Screen Speed | 218 | ||
| Image Noise | 219 | ||
| Spatial Resolution | 220 | ||
| Screen-Film Combinations | 221 | ||
| Cassette | 222 | ||
| Carbon Fiber | 222 | ||
| Screen-Film Radiographic Exposure | 222 | ||
| Rare Earth Screens | 223 | ||
| Care of Screens | 225 | ||
| Film Processing | 226 | ||
| Processing Chemistry | 228 | ||
| Wetting | 228 | ||
| Development | 228 | ||
| Fixing | 230 | ||
| Washing | 231 | ||
| Drying | 231 | ||
| Automatic Processing | 231 | ||
| Transport System | 231 | ||
| Temperature Control System | 233 | ||
| Circulation System | 233 | ||
| Replenishment System | 234 | ||
| Dryer System | 234 | ||
| Summary | 234 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 235 | ||
| 13 Screen-Film Radiographic Technique | 236 | ||
| Outline | 236 | ||
| Objectives | 236 | ||
| Exposure Factors | 237 | ||
| Kilovolt Peak | 237 | ||
| Milliamperes | 237 | ||
| Exposure Time | 238 | ||
| Distance | 240 | ||
| Imaging System Characteristics | 240 | ||
| Focal-Spot Size | 240 | ||
| Filtration | 241 | ||
| High-Voltage Generation | 242 | ||
| Patient Factors | 243 | ||
| Thickness | 243 | ||
| Composition | 243 | ||
| Pathology | 244 | ||
| Image-Quality Factors | 245 | ||
| Optical Density | 245 | ||
| Image Contrast | 248 | ||
| Image Detail | 251 | ||
| Distortion | 252 | ||
| Radiographic Technique Charts | 252 | ||
| Automatic Exposure Techniques | 256 | ||
| Tomography | 258 | ||
| Magnification Radiography | 262 | ||
| Summary | 263 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 264 | ||
| IV The Digital Radiographic Image | 265 | ||
| 14 Medical Imaging Computer Science | 266 | ||
| Outline | 266 | ||
| Objectives | 266 | ||
| History of Computers | 267 | ||
| Computer Architecture | 268 | ||
| Computer Language | 268 | ||
| Components | 274 | ||
| Applications to Medical Imaging | 280 | ||
| Summary | 280 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 281 | ||
| 15 Computed Radiography | 283 | ||
| Outline | 283 | ||
| Objectives | 283 | ||
| The Computed Radiography Image Receptor | 285 | ||
| Photostimulable Luminescence | 285 | ||
| Imaging Plate | 286 | ||
| Light Stimulation–Emission | 286 | ||
| The Computed Radiography Reader | 289 | ||
| Mechanical Features | 289 | ||
| Optical Features | 289 | ||
| Computer Control | 291 | ||
| Imaging Characteristics | 291 | ||
| Image Receptor Response Function | 292 | ||
| Image Noise | 292 | ||
| Patient Characteristics | 293 | ||
| Patient Radiation Dose | 293 | ||
| Workload | 293 | ||
| Summary | 294 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 294 | ||
| 16 Digital Radiography | 296 | ||
| Outline | 296 | ||
| Objectives | 296 | ||
| Scanned Projection Radiography | 297 | ||
| Charge-Coupled Device | 298 | ||
| Cesium Iodide/Charge- Coupled Device | 299 | ||
| Cesium Iodide/Amorphous Silicon | 300 | ||
| Amorphous Selenium | 301 | ||
| Digital Mammography | 301 | ||
| Summary | 303 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 304 | ||
| 17 Digital Radiographic Technique | 306 | ||
| Outline | 306 | ||
| Objectives | 306 | ||
| Spatial Resolution | 307 | ||
| Spatial Frequency | 307 | ||
| Modulation Transfer Function | 309 | ||
| Contrast Resolution | 311 | ||
| Dynamic Range | 311 | ||
| Postprocessing | 312 | ||
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | 313 | ||
| Contrast-Detail Curve | 313 | ||
| Patient Radiation Dose Considerations | 316 | ||
| Image Receptor Response | 316 | ||
| Detective Quantum Efficiency | 317 | ||
| Summary | 320 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 320 | ||
| 18 Viewing the Digital Image | 321 | ||
| Outline | 321 | ||
| Objectives | 321 | ||
| Photometric Quantities | 322 | ||
| Response of the Eye | 322 | ||
| Photometric Units | 322 | ||
| Cosine Law | 323 | ||
| Hard Copy–Soft Copy | 323 | ||
| Liquid Crystal Display | 323 | ||
| Display Characteristics | 324 | ||
| Image Luminance | 324 | ||
| Light-Emitting Diode Display | 325 | ||
| Backlight | 326 | ||
| Ambient Light | 326 | ||
| Preprocessing the Digital Radiographic Image | 326 | ||
| Postprocessing the Digital Radiographic Image | 328 | ||
| Picture Archiving and Communication System | 329 | ||
| Network | 330 | ||
| Storage System | 331 | ||
| Summary | 332 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 332 | ||
| V Image Artifacts and Quality Control | 335 | ||
| 19 Screen-Film Radiographic Artifacts | 336 | ||
| Outline | 336 | ||
| Objectives | 336 | ||
| Exposure Artifacts | 337 | ||
| Processing Artifacts | 338 | ||
| Roller Marks | 339 | ||
| Dirty Rollers | 339 | ||
| Chemical Fog | 339 | ||
| Wet-Pressure Sensitization | 340 | ||
| Handling and Storage Artifacts | 340 | ||
| Light or Radiation Fog | 341 | ||
| Pressure or Kink Marks | 341 | ||
| Static | 341 | ||
| Hypo Retention | 341 | ||
| Summary | 341 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 342 | ||
| 20 Screen-Film Radiographic Quality Control | 343 | ||
| Outline | 343 | ||
| Objectives | 343 | ||
| Quality Assurance | 344 | ||
| Quality Control | 344 | ||
| Screen-Film Radiographic Quality Control | 345 | ||
| Filtration | 346 | ||
| Collimation | 346 | ||
| Focal-Spot Size | 347 | ||
| Kilovolt Peak Calibration | 347 | ||
| Exposure Timer Accuracy | 347 | ||
| Exposure Linearity | 348 | ||
| Exposure Reproducibility | 349 | ||
| Radiographic Intensifying Screens | 349 | ||
| Protective Apparel | 349 | ||
| Film Illuminators | 349 | ||
| Tomography Quality Control | 349 | ||
| Processor Quality Control | 349 | ||
| Processor Cleaning | 350 | ||
| Processor Maintenance | 352 | ||
| Processor Monitoring | 352 | ||
| Summary | 352 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 353 | ||
| 21 Digital Radiographic Artifacts | 354 | ||
| Outline | 354 | ||
| Objectives | 354 | ||
| Image Receptor Artifacts | 355 | ||
| Software Artifacts | 356 | ||
| Preprocessing | 356 | ||
| Image Compression | 357 | ||
| Object Artifacts | 359 | ||
| Image Histogram | 359 | ||
| Collimation and Partition | 360 | ||
| Alignment | 362 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 362 | ||
| 22 Digital Radiographic Quality Control | 365 | ||
| Outline | 365 | ||
| Objectives | 365 | ||
| Performance Assessment Standards | 366 | ||
| SMPTE | 366 | ||
| NEMA-DICOM | 366 | ||
| DIN 2001 | 366 | ||
| VESA | 366 | ||
| AAPM TG 18 | 367 | ||
| Luminance Meter | 367 | ||
| Digital Display Device Quality Control | 368 | ||
| Geometric Distortion | 368 | ||
| Reflection | 368 | ||
| Luminance Response | 368 | ||
| Display Resolution | 371 | ||
| Display Noise | 371 | ||
| Quality Control by the Radiologic Technologist | 371 | ||
| Summary | 372 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 372 | ||
| VI Advanced X-Ray Imaging | 373 | ||
| 23 Mammography | 374 | ||
| Outline | 374 | ||
| Objectives | 374 | ||
| Soft Tissue Radiography | 375 | ||
| Basis for Mammography | 375 | ||
| Risk of Breast Cancer | 375 | ||
| Types of Mammography | 376 | ||
| Breast Anatomy | 376 | ||
| The Mammographic Imaging System | 377 | ||
| High-Voltage Generation | 377 | ||
| Target Composition | 378 | ||
| Focal-Spot Size | 379 | ||
| Filtration | 380 | ||
| Heel Effect | 382 | ||
| Compression | 382 | ||
| Grids | 383 | ||
| Automatic Exposure Control | 383 | ||
| Magnification Mammography | 384 | ||
| Screen-Film Mammography | 384 | ||
| Digital Mammography | 385 | ||
| Summary | 386 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 387 | ||
| 24 Mammography Quality Control | 388 | ||
| Outline | 388 | ||
| Objectives | 388 | ||
| Quality Control Team | 389 | ||
| Radiologist | 389 | ||
| Medical Physicist | 389 | ||
| Mammographer | 390 | ||
| Screen-Film Quality Control | 390 | ||
| Daily Tasks | 390 | ||
| Darkroom Cleanliness. | 390 | ||
| Weekly Tasks | 392 | ||
| Monthly Tasks | 396 | ||
| Quarterly Tasks | 396 | ||
| Semiannual Tasks | 397 | ||
| Nonroutine Tasks | 400 | ||
| Digital Quality Control | 401 | ||
| Summary | 402 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 402 | ||
| 25 Fluoroscopy | 404 | ||
| Outline | 404 | ||
| Objectives | 404 | ||
| An Overview | 405 | ||
| Special Demands of Fluoroscopy | 405 | ||
| Illumination | 405 | ||
| Visual Physiology | 405 | ||
| Fluoroscopic Technique | 406 | ||
| Image Intensification | 407 | ||
| Image-Intensifier Tube | 407 | ||
| Multifield Image Intensification | 410 | ||
| Fluoroscopic Image Monitoring | 411 | ||
| Television Monitoring | 411 | ||
| Image Recording | 415 | ||
| Fluoroscopy Quality Control | 416 | ||
| Exposure Rate | 417 | ||
| Spot-Film Exposures | 417 | ||
| Automatic Exposure Systems | 417 | ||
| Summary | 418 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 418 | ||
| 26 Digital Fluoroscopy | 420 | ||
| Outline | 420 | ||
| Objectives | 420 | ||
| Digital Fluoroscopy Imaging System | 421 | ||
| Image Receptor | 423 | ||
| Charge-Coupled Device | 423 | ||
| Flat Panel Image Receptor | 425 | ||
| Image Display | 425 | ||
| Video System | 426 | ||
| Flat Panel Image Display | 427 | ||
| Digital Subtraction Angiography | 427 | ||
| Image Formation | 427 | ||
| Roadmapping | 431 | ||
| Patient Radiation Dose | 432 | ||
| Summary | 432 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 432 | ||
| 27 Interventional Radiology | 434 | ||
| Outline | 434 | ||
| Objectives | 434 | ||
| Types of Interventional Procedures | 435 | ||
| Basic Principles | 435 | ||
| Arterial Access | 435 | ||
| Guidewires | 436 | ||
| Catheters | 436 | ||
| Contrast Media | 436 | ||
| Patient Preparation and Monitoring | 436 | ||
| Risks of Arteriography | 437 | ||
| Interventional Radiology Suite | 437 | ||
| Personnel | 438 | ||
| Equipment | 438 | ||
| Summary | 440 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 440 | ||
| 28 Computed Tomography | 441 | ||
| Outline | 441 | ||
| Objectives | 441 | ||
| Principles of Operation | 442 | ||
| Generations of Computed Tomography | 443 | ||
| Multislice Helical Computed Tomography | 446 | ||
| Interpolation Algorithms | 446 | ||
| Pitch | 447 | ||
| Sensitivity Profile | 449 | ||
| Imaging System Design | 449 | ||
| Operating Console | 449 | ||
| Computer | 451 | ||
| Gantry | 451 | ||
| Slip-Ring Technology | 452 | ||
| Image Characteristics | 453 | ||
| Image Matrix | 453 | ||
| Computed Tomography Numbers | 454 | ||
| Image Reconstruction | 455 | ||
| Multiplanar Reformation | 455 | ||
| Image Quality | 456 | ||
| Spatial Resolution | 457 | ||
| Contrast Resolution | 459 | ||
| Noise | 459 | ||
| Linearity | 461 | ||
| Uniformity | 461 | ||
| Imaging Technique | 462 | ||
| Multislice Detector Array | 462 | ||
| Data Acquisition Rate | 463 | ||
| Computed Tomography Quality Control | 463 | ||
| Noise and Uniformity | 464 | ||
| Linearity | 464 | ||
| Spatial Resolution | 465 | ||
| Contrast Resolution | 465 | ||
| Slice Thickness | 465 | ||
| Couch Incrementation | 466 | ||
| Laser Localizer | 466 | ||
| Summary | 466 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 466 | ||
| VII Radiobiology | 469 | ||
| 29 Human Biology | 470 | ||
| Outline | 470 | ||
| Objectives | 470 | ||
| Human Radiation Response | 471 | ||
| Composition of the Human Body | 472 | ||
| Cell Theory | 473 | ||
| Molecular Composition | 473 | ||
| The Human Cell | 476 | ||
| Cell Function | 477 | ||
| Cell Proliferation | 477 | ||
| Mitosis | 478 | ||
| Meiosis | 478 | ||
| Tissues and Organs | 480 | ||
| Summary | 481 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 481 | ||
| 30 Fundamental Principles of Radiobiology | 483 | ||
| Outline | 483 | ||
| Objectives | 483 | ||
| Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau | 484 | ||
| Physical Factors That Affect Radiosensitivity | 484 | ||
| Linear Energy Transfer | 484 | ||
| Relative Biologic Effectiveness | 484 | ||
| Protraction and Fractionation | 485 | ||
| Biologic Factors That Affect Radiosensitivity | 485 | ||
| Oxygen Effect | 485 | ||
| Age | 486 | ||
| Recovery | 486 | ||
| Chemical Agents | 487 | ||
| Hormesis | 487 | ||
| Radiation Dose-Response Relationships | 487 | ||
| Linear Dose-Response Relationships | 487 | ||
| Nonlinear Dose-Response Relationships | 488 | ||
| Constructing a Dose-Response Relationship | 488 | ||
| Summary | 489 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 490 | ||
| 31 Molecular Radiobiology | 491 | ||
| Outline | 491 | ||
| Objectives | 491 | ||
| Irradiation of Macromolecules | 492 | ||
| Main-Chain Scission | 492 | ||
| Cross-Linking | 492 | ||
| Point Lesions | 492 | ||
| Macromolecular Synthesis | 492 | ||
| Radiation Effects on DNA | 493 | ||
| Radiolysis of Water | 494 | ||
| Direct and Indirect Effects | 496 | ||
| Summary | 496 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 496 | ||
| 32 Cellular Radiobiology | 498 | ||
| Outline | 498 | ||
| Objectives | 498 | ||
| Target Theory | 499 | ||
| Cell-Survival Kinetics | 500 | ||
| Single-Target, Single-Hit Model | 500 | ||
| Multi-Target, Single-Hit Model | 501 | ||
| Recovery | 504 | ||
| Cell-Cycle Effects | 504 | ||
| Radiation Effect Modification | 505 | ||
| Summary | 506 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 506 | ||
| 33 Deterministic Effects of Radiation | 507 | ||
| Outline | 507 | ||
| Objectives | 507 | ||
| Acute Radiation Lethality | 508 | ||
| Prodromal Period | 509 | ||
| Latent Period | 509 | ||
| Manifest Illness | 509 | ||
| LD50/60 | 510 | ||
| Mean Survival Time | 511 | ||
| Local Tissue Damage | 512 | ||
| Effects on the Skin | 512 | ||
| Effects on the Gonads | 513 | ||
| Hematologic Effects | 515 | ||
| Hemopoietic System | 515 | ||
| Hemopoietic Cell Survival | 516 | ||
| Cytogenetic Effects | 516 | ||
| Normal Karyotype | 518 | ||
| Single-Hit Chromosome Aberrations | 518 | ||
| Multi-Hit Chromosome Aberrations | 519 | ||
| Kinetics of Chromosome Aberration | 519 | ||
| The Human Genome | 520 | ||
| Summary | 520 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 521 | ||
| 34 Stochastic Effects of Radiation | 522 | ||
| Outline | 522 | ||
| Objectives | 522 | ||
| Local Tissue Effects | 523 | ||
| Skin | 523 | ||
| Chromosomes | 524 | ||
| Cataracts | 524 | ||
| Life Span Shortening | 524 | ||
| Risk Estimates | 526 | ||
| Relative Risk | 526 | ||
| Excess Risk | 527 | ||
| Absolute Risk | 527 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Malignancy | 528 | ||
| Leukemia | 528 | ||
| Cancer | 530 | ||
| Total Risk of Malignancy | 533 | ||
| Nuclear Reactor Incidents | 533 | ||
| BEIR Committee | 533 | ||
| Radiation and Pregnancy | 534 | ||
| Effects on Fertility | 535 | ||
| Irradiation in Utero | 535 | ||
| Genetic Effects | 538 | ||
| Summary | 539 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 539 | ||
| VIII Radiation Protection | 541 | ||
| 35 Health Physics | 542 | ||
| Outline | 542 | ||
| Objectives | 542 | ||
| Radiation and Health | 543 | ||
| Cardinal Principles of Radiation Protection | 543 | ||
| Minimize Time | 543 | ||
| Maximize Distance | 545 | ||
| Use Shielding | 546 | ||
| Effective Dose | 547 | ||
| Radiologic Terrorism | 549 | ||
| Radiologic Device | 549 | ||
| Radiation Protection Guidance | 549 | ||
| Radiation Detection and Measurement Equipment | 549 | ||
| Summary | 550 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 550 | ||
| 36 Designing for Radiation Protection | 551 | ||
| Outline | 551 | ||
| Objectives | 551 | ||
| Radiographic Protection Features | 552 | ||
| Protective X-ray Tube Housing | 552 | ||
| Control Panel | 552 | ||
| Source-to-Image Receptor Distance Indicator | 552 | ||
| Collimation | 552 | ||
| Positive-Beam Limitation | 552 | ||
| Beam Alignment | 552 | ||
| Filtration | 552 | ||
| Reproducibility | 553 | ||
| Linearity | 553 | ||
| Operator Shield | 553 | ||
| Mobile X-ray Imaging System | 553 | ||
| Fluoroscopic Protection Features | 553 | ||
| Source-to-Skin Distance | 553 | ||
| Primary Protective Barrier | 554 | ||
| Filtration | 554 | ||
| Collimation | 554 | ||
| Exposure Control | 555 | ||
| Bucky Slot Cover | 555 | ||
| Protective Curtain | 555 | ||
| Cumulative Timer | 555 | ||
| Dose Area Product | 555 | ||
| Design of Protective Barriers | 556 | ||
| Type of Radiation | 556 | ||
| Factors That Affect Barrier Thickness | 557 | ||
| Radiation Detection and Measurement | 559 | ||
| Gas-Filled Detectors | 560 | ||
| Scintillation Detectors | 562 | ||
| Thermoluminescence Dosimetry | 564 | ||
| Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry | 565 | ||
| Summary | 566 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 566 | ||
| 37 Radiography/Fluoroscopy Patient Radiation Dose | 567 | ||
| Outline | 567 | ||
| Objectives | 567 | ||
| Characteristics of Projection Imaging | 568 | ||
| Patient Radiation Dose Descriptions | 569 | ||
| Entrance Skin Exposure | 570 | ||
| Mean Marrow Dose | 572 | ||
| Genetically Significant Dose | 572 | ||
| Tissue Dose | 573 | ||
| Digital Radiographic Tomosynthesis | 573 | ||
| Fluoroscopic Patient Radiation Dose | 574 | ||
| Effective Dose | 574 | ||
| Summary | 575 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 575 | ||
| 38 Computed Tomography Patient Radiation Dose | 577 | ||
| Outline | 577 | ||
| Objectives | 577 | ||
| Computed Tomography Dose Delivery | 579 | ||
| Patient Radiation Dose Distribution | 579 | ||
| Radiation Dose Profile | 579 | ||
| Computed Tomography Output Intensity | 580 | ||
| Computed Tomography Dose Index | 582 | ||
| Dose Length Product | 583 | ||
| Size-Specific Dose Estimates | 583 | ||
| Effective Dose | 584 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 585 | ||
| 39 Patient Radiation Dose Management | 587 | ||
| Outline | 587 | ||
| Objectives | 587 | ||
| Patient Radiation Dose in Special Examinations | 588 | ||
| Reduction of Unnecessary Patient Radiation Dose | 589 | ||
| Unnecessary Examinations | 589 | ||
| Repeat Examinations | 590 | ||
| Radiographic Technique | 590 | ||
| Image Receptor | 590 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 591 | ||
| Specific Area Shielding | 591 | ||
| The Pregnant Patient | 591 | ||
| Radiobiologic Considerations | 592 | ||
| Patient Information | 593 | ||
| Patient Radiation Dose Trends | 594 | ||
| Appropriateness | 595 | ||
| Summary | 597 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 597 | ||
| 40 Occupational Radiation Dose Management | 598 | ||
| Outline | 598 | ||
| Objectives | 598 | ||
| Occupational Radiation Exposure | 599 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 599 | ||
| Interventional Radiology | 599 | ||
| Mammography | 600 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 600 | ||
| Surgery | 600 | ||
| Mobile Radiology | 601 | ||
| Radiation Dose Limits | 601 | ||
| Whole-Body Dose Limits | 601 | ||
| Dose Limits for Tissues and Organs | 604 | ||
| Public Exposure | 604 | ||
| Educational Considerations | 604 | ||
| Reduction of Occupational Radiation Exposure | 605 | ||
| Occupational Radiation Monitoring | 605 | ||
| Where to Wear the Occupational Radiation Monitor | 607 | ||
| Occupational Radiation Monitoring Report | 608 | ||
| Protective Apparel | 609 | ||
| Position | 609 | ||
| Patient Holding | 609 | ||
| Pregnant Technologist/Radiologist | 610 | ||
| Management Principles | 610 | ||
| Summary | 613 | ||
| Challenge Questions | 614 | ||
| Glossary | 615 | ||
| Index | 635 | ||
| A | 635 | ||
| B | 637 | ||
| C | 638 | ||
| D | 641 | ||
| E | 643 | ||
| F | 644 | ||
| G | 646 | ||
| H | 647 | ||
| I | 648 | ||
| J | 649 | ||
| K | 649 | ||
| L | 650 | ||
| M | 651 | ||
| N | 653 | ||
| O | 653 | ||
| P | 654 | ||
| Q | 657 | ||
| R | 657 | ||
| S | 659 | ||
| T | 662 | ||
| U | 663 | ||
| V | 663 | ||
| W | 664 | ||
| X | 664 | ||
| Y | 665 | ||
| Z | 665 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |