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Book Details
Abstract
Many key aspects of life are based on naturally occurring polymers, such as polysaccharides, proteins and DNA. Unsurprisingly, their molecular functionalities, macromolecular structures and material properties are providing inspiration for designing new polymeric materials with specific functions, for example, responsive, adaptive and self-healing materials.
Bio-inspired Polymers covers all aspects of the subject, ranging from the synthesis of novel polymers, to structure-property relationships, materials with advanced properties and applications of bio-inspired polymers in such diverse fields as drug delivery, tissue engineering, optical materials and lightweight structural materials.
Written and edited by leading experts on the topic, the book provides a comprehensive review and essential graduate level text on bio-inspired polymers for biochemists, materials scientists and chemists working in both industry and academia.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 Synthetic Aspects of Peptide– and Protein–Polymer Conjugates in the Post-click Era | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 General Concepts for Bioconjugation | 3 | ||
| 1.3 Chemical Synthesis of Peptide– and Protein–Polymer Conjugates | 6 | ||
| 1.3.1 Coupling with Amines | 6 | ||
| 1.3.2 Coupling with Thiols | 7 | ||
| 1.3.3 Chemical Ligation by Oxime/Hydrazone Formation | 9 | ||
| 1.3.4 Staudinger Ligation | 11 | ||
| 1.3.5 Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition | 13 | ||
| 1.3.6 Diels–Alder (DA) Cycloaddition Reactions | 15 | ||
| 1.3.7 Chemistry with 1,2,4-Triazoline-3,5-diones (TAD) | 17 | ||
| 1.4 Chemoenzymatic Approaches | 19 | ||
| 1.4.1 Transglutaminase (TGase) Catalyzed Ligation | 19 | ||
| 1.4.2 Sortase (Srt)-mediated Ligation | 20 | ||
| 1.4.3 Enzyme-induced Functional Group Modifications | 20 | ||
| 1.5 Biotransformations | 21 | ||
| 1.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives | 23 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| Chapter 2 Glycopolymers | 31 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 31 | ||
| 2.2 Synthesis of Glycopolymers | 32 | ||
| 2.2.1 Synthesis of Glycopolymers via Glycomonomers | 35 | ||
| 2.2.2 Synthesis of Glycopolymers via Post-polymerization Strategies | 40 | ||
| 2.2.3 Synthesis of Glyco- and Block Copolymers | 43 | ||
| 2.3 Analyzing Glycopolymers | 53 | ||
| 2.3.1 Multivalent Binding of Glycopolymers | 53 | ||
| 2.3.2 Binding Studies of Glycopolymers Targeting Lectins | 55 | ||
| 2.4 Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications of Glycopolymers | 58 | ||
| 2.5 Conclusions | 60 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 62 | ||
| References | 62 | ||
| Chapter 3 Synthesis of Non-natural Polymers with Controlled Primary Structures | 66 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 66 | ||
| 3.2 Sequence-controlled Polymers Prepared by Chain-growth Polymerization | 68 | ||
| 3.2.1 Anionic Polymerization | 68 | ||
| 3.2.2 Cationic Polymerization | 70 | ||
| 3.2.3 Controlled Radical Polymerization | 72 | ||
| 3.2.4 Ring-opening Polymerization | 77 | ||
| 3.2.5 Ring-opening Metathesis Polymerization | 78 | ||
| 3.3 Sequence-controlled Polymers Prepared by Step-growth Polymerization | 79 | ||
| 3.3.1 Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization | 79 | ||
| 3.3.2 Click Step-growth Polymerization | 81 | ||
| 3.3.3 Other Step-growth Approaches | 81 | ||
| 3.3.4 Multicomponent Reactions | 83 | ||
| 3.4 Sequence-controlled Polymers Prepared by Multi-step-growth Polymerization | 86 | ||
| 3.4.1 Conventional Iterative Synthesis | 86 | ||
| 3.4.2 Protecting-group-free Iterative Synthesis | 87 | ||
| 3.4.3 Successive Radical Insertion | 91 | ||
| 3.4.4 Convergent and Divergent Strategies | 92 | ||
| 3.5 Use of Templates and Catalytic Molecular Machines | 94 | ||
| 3.5.1 Template-assisted Sequence-controlled Polymerization | 94 | ||
| 3.5.2 Rotaxane-based Catalytic Machines | 96 | ||
| 3.6 Outlook | 96 | ||
| References | 98 | ||
| Chapter 4 Single-chain Nanoparticles | 107 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 107 | ||
| 4.2 Synthesis of SCNPs | 108 | ||
| 4.2.1 Covalent Cross-linking Reactions | 116 | ||
| 4.2.2 Dynamic Covalent Chemistry | 118 | ||
| 4.2.3 Non-covalent Chemistry | 120 | ||
| 4.2.4 Multiple Intra-chain Interactions | 121 | ||
| 4.2.5 Outlook | 123 | ||
| 4.3 Characterization of SCNPs | 123 | ||
| 4.3.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography | 123 | ||
| 4.3.2 Light Scattering | 124 | ||
| 4.3.3 Viscometry | 124 | ||
| 4.3.4 NMR Spectroscopy | 125 | ||
| 4.3.5 Characterizing the Morphology of SCNPs | 126 | ||
| 4.4 Potential Applications | 130 | ||
| 4.4.1 Catalysis | 131 | ||
| 4.4.2 Nano-medicine | 132 | ||
| 4.4.3 Chemical Sensors | 133 | ||
| 4.4.4 Self-assembly | 133 | ||
| 4.5 Summary and Outlook | 135 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 135 | ||
| References | 135 | ||
| Chapter 5 Polymeric Tubular Structures | 141 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction - Bio-inspiration | 141 | ||
| 5.2 Tubes Based on Single Polymer Chains | 143 | ||
| 5.2.1 Polyaramides | 143 | ||
| 5.2.2 Phenylene Helices | 150 | ||
| 5.2.3 Other Helical Polymers | 159 | ||
| 5.2.4 Helical Polymers with Host-Guest Interactions | 167 | ||
| 5.3 Engineered Polymer Nanotubes | 171 | ||
| 5.3.1 Block Copolymer Self-assembly | 171 | ||
| 5.3.2 DNA Origami | 185 | ||
| 5.3.3 Metal-organic Nanotubes (MONTs) | 189 | ||
| 5.3.4 Templated Synthesis of Polymeric Tubes | 198 | ||
| 5.3.5 Other Methods to Form Polymeric Tubes | 209 | ||
| 5.4 Summary | 209 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 210 | ||
| References | 210 | ||
| Chapter 6 Bio-inspired Polymer Membranes | 221 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 221 | ||
| 6.2 Properties of Copolymers that Form Bio-inspired Membranes | 223 | ||
| 6.3 Bio-inspired Polymersomes (3D Membranes) | 224 | ||
| 6.3.1 Biomolecule Surface-functionalized Vesicles | 225 | ||
| 6.3.2 Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Polymer Membranes | 229 | ||
| 6.3.3 Bio-inspired Block Copolymer/Lipid Hybrid Vesicles | 232 | ||
| 6.3.4 Protein-polymer Nanoreactors | 233 | ||
| 6.4 Bio-inspired Planar Polymer Membranes (2D Membranes) | 235 | ||
| 6.4.1 Monolayer at the Water-Air Interface and Free-standing Membranes | 236 | ||
| 6.4.2 Solid Supported Membranes | 236 | ||
| 6.4.3 Combination of 2D Membranes with Biomolecules | 240 | ||
| 6.4.4 Hybrid Polymer-Lipid Membranes | 241 | ||
| 6.5 Immobilized Vesicles | 244 | ||
| 6.6 Applications of Bio-inspired Polymer Membranes | 246 | ||
| 6.6.1 Polymersomes | 246 | ||
| 6.6.2 Planar Membranes | 249 | ||
| 6.7 Conclusions and Perspectives | 250 | ||
| Abbreviations | 250 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 252 | ||
| References | 252 | ||
| Chapter 7 Polymeric Ionic Liquids with Micelle-like Topologies and Functions | 259 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 259 | ||
| 7.2 From Supramolecular Assemblies to Micelle-like Macromolecules | 260 | ||
| 7.3 Nanostructured and Micelle-like Polymeric Ionic Liquids | 265 | ||
| 7.4 Compartmentalized Onion-like Polymeric Ionic Liquids | 270 | ||
| 7.5 Conclusions | 278 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 280 | ||
| References | 280 | ||
| Chapter 8 Biological and Bio-inspired Heterogeneous Composites: From Resilient Palm Trees to Stretchable Electronics | 286 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 286 | ||
| 8.2 The Natural Building Blocks of Plants | 288 | ||
| 8.3 Palms as Role Models for Biological Heterogeneous Composites | 289 | ||
| 8.3.1 Hierarchical Structure and Mechanics of Palms | 290 | ||
| 8.3.2 Controlled Local Composition and Reinforcement Orientation | 291 | ||
| 8.4 Bio-inspired Heterogeneous Composites | 292 | ||
| 8.4.1 The Synthetic Building Blocks | 293 | ||
| 8.4.2 Controlled Local Composition | 293 | ||
| 8.4.3 Controlled Reinforcement Orientation | 294 | ||
| 8.4.4 Functional Devices Based on Bio-inspired Heterogeneous Composites | 297 | ||
| 8.5 Discussion | 299 | ||
| 8.6 Remaining Challenges and Outlook | 302 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 302 | ||
| References | 302 | ||
| Chapter 9 Translating Mussel Adhesion: Four Uncertainties about the Interface | 305 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 305 | ||
| 9.2 Are Interfacial Films Cleared Away? | 306 | ||
| 9.3 Do Mussels Displace Surface Water? | 309 | ||
| 9.4 Is the pH of Adhesive Deposition the Same as Seawater pH? | 313 | ||
| 9.5 Is Interfacial Redox the Same as Seawater Redox? | 316 | ||
| 9.6 Summary | 319 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 320 | ||
| References | 320 | ||
| Chapter 10 Mussel Adhesive-inspired Polymers | 322 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 322 | ||
| 10.2 Catechol Side Chain Chemistry | 323 | ||
| 10.2.1 Reversible Catechol Interactions | 323 | ||
| 10.2.2 Oxidation-induced Covalent Crosslinking | 325 | ||
| 10.2.3 Chemical Modification of Catechol | 327 | ||
| 10.3 Preparation of Catechol Functionalized Polymers | 329 | ||
| 10.3.1 Catechol Side Chain Protection | 329 | ||
| 10.3.2 Direct Functionalization of Catechol | 331 | ||
| 10.3.3 Polymerization of Catechol-modified Monomers | 332 | ||
| 10.3.4 Catechol-functionalized Initiator | 333 | ||
| 10.4 Application of Catechol Functionalized Polymers | 334 | ||
| 10.4.1 Biomedical Adhesives | 334 | ||
| 10.4.2 Drug Delivery | 338 | ||
| 10.4.3 Coatings for Reducing Biofouling | 338 | ||
| 10.4.4 Delivery of Therapeutic Cells | 341 | ||
| 10.4.5 Hydrogel Actuators | 341 | ||
| 10.4.6 Smart Adhesives | 342 | ||
| 10.5 Future Outlook | 344 | ||
| 10.6 Summary | 344 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 345 | ||
| References | 345 | ||
| Chapter 11 Self-reporting Polymeric Materials with Mechanochromic Properties | 354 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 354 | ||
| 11.2 Learning from Nature | 355 | ||
| 11.3 Mechano-responsiveness | 358 | ||
| 11.3.1 Mechanical Input and Methods to Measure Mechanically-induced Changes in Polymers | 359 | ||
| 11.3.2 Mechano-responsiveness at the Molecular Level | 361 | ||
| 11.3.3 Mechano-responsiveness at the Supramolecular Level | 369 | ||
| 11.3.4 Mechanobiochemistry | 377 | ||
| 11.3.5 Mechano-responsiveness at the Microscopic Level | 385 | ||
| 11.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives | 393 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 395 | ||
| References | 395 | ||
| Chapter 12 Mechanically Adaptive Nanocomposites Inspired by Sea Cucumbers | 402 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 402 | ||
| 12.2 Mechanical Morphing of the Sea Cucumber Dermis | 403 | ||
| 12.3 Water-responsive Sea Cucumber-mimicking Nanocomposites | 406 | ||
| 12.3.1 Stress Transfer in Mechanically Adaptive Materials | 411 | ||
| 12.4 Mechanically Adaptive Sea Cucumber Mimics with Specific Responsiveness | 413 | ||
| 12.4.1 pH-responsive Composites | 413 | ||
| 12.4.2 Light-responsive Composites | 414 | ||
| 12.5 Application of Mechanically Adaptive Nanocomposites in Cortical Implants | 415 | ||
| 12.6 Mechanically Adaptive Nanocomposites with Other Functions | 417 | ||
| 12.6.1 Healable Materials | 417 | ||
| 12.6.2 Shape Memory | 418 | ||
| 12.6.3 Actuators | 420 | ||
| 12.7 Related Examples of Mechanically Adaptive Materials | 421 | ||
| 12.8 Summary and Outlook | 422 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 422 | ||
| References | 423 | ||
| Chapter 13 Bio-inspired Polymer Artificial Muscles | 429 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 429 | ||
| 13.2 Natural Muscle | 431 | ||
| 13.3 Types of Polymer Artificial Muscles | 434 | ||
| 13.3.1 Polymer Coil Muscles | 436 | ||
| 13.3.2 Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs) | 444 | ||
| 13.3.3 Bending Type Polymer Artificial Muscles | 448 | ||
| 13.4 Bio-inspired Applications for Polymer Artificial Muscles | 452 | ||
| 13.5 Conclusions | 454 | ||
| References | 455 | ||
| Chapter 14 Materials for Tissue Engineering and 3D Cell Culture | 460 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 460 | ||
| 14.2 Electrospinning | 461 | ||
| 14.3 Thermally Induced Phase Separation | 466 | ||
| 14.4 Emulsion Templated Porous Polymers (PolyHIPEs) | 471 | ||
| 14.5 Breath Figure Method | 476 | ||
| 14.6 Conclusions | 480 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 480 | ||
| References | 480 | ||
| Chapter 15 Antimicrobial Polymers and Surfaces – Natural Mimics or Surpassing Nature? | 490 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 490 | ||
| 15.2 Classification of Antimicrobial Polymers | 492 | ||
| 15.2.1 Considerations on the Comparability of Biological Testing of Antimicrobial Polymers | 493 | ||
| 15.2.2 Biocide-releasing Polymers | 494 | ||
| 15.2.3 Polymeric Biocides | 495 | ||
| 15.2.4 Biocidal Polymers | 497 | ||
| 15.3 Antimicrobial Surfaces | 509 | ||
| 15.4 Anti-fouling Polymers | 511 | ||
| 15.5 Conclusions | 513 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 514 | ||
| References | 514 | ||
| Chapter 16 Superwettability of Polymer Surfaces | 523 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 523 | ||
| 16.2 Self-cleaning Polymer Surfaces | 525 | ||
| 16.2.1 Polymer Surfaces in Air | 525 | ||
| 16.2.2 Polymer Surfaces under Water | 528 | ||
| 16.3 Special Adhesion | 530 | ||
| 16.3.1 Cell-adhesion | 530 | ||
| 16.3.2 Liquid-adhesion | 532 | ||
| 16.3.3 Air-adhesion | 532 | ||
| 16.4 Oil/water Separation | 532 | ||
| 16.4.1 Oil/water Separation based on Superhydrophobic Materials | 533 | ||
| 16.4.2 Oil/water Separation based on Superhydrophilic Materials | 534 | ||
| 16.5 Liquid Collection and Transport | 535 | ||
| 16.5.1 Spider-silk-inspired Fog Collection System | 535 | ||
| 16.5.2 Cactus-inspired Fog Collection System | 538 | ||
| 16.5.3 Water Strider Legs and Extended Systems | 540 | ||
| 16.5.4 Water Transport on SLIPS and Organogels | 543 | ||
| 16.6 Superwetting Polymers in Functional Nanochannels and Nanopores | 546 | ||
| 16.6.1 Superwetting Polymers in Nanochannels to Control Ion Transport | 546 | ||
| 16.6.2 Superwetting Polymers in Nanochannels for Energy Conversion | 549 | ||
| 16.7 Concluding Remarks | 551 | ||
| References | 551 | ||
| Chapter 17 Bio-mimetic Structural Colour using Biopolymers | 555 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 555 | ||
| 17.2 Helicoidal Structures and their Optical Response | 556 | ||
| 17.2.1 An Intuitive Explanation of the Optical Effect | 556 | ||
| 17.2.2 Mathematical Description | 558 | ||
| 17.2.3 Examples | 562 | ||
| 17.3 Helicoidal Structures in Nature | 562 | ||
| 17.3.1 Cellulose-based Helicoidal Structures for Structural Colour | 564 | ||
| 17.3.2 Chitin-based Helicoidal Structures for Structural Colour | 566 | ||
| 17.4 Liquid Crystals as Helicoidal Structures | 568 | ||
| 17.5 Helicoidal Architectures in Biomimetic Photonics | 570 | ||
| 17.5.1 Artificial Helicoidal Cellulose Films | 571 | ||
| 17.5.2 Cellulose as a Template - Extending Functionality | 575 | ||
| 17.5.3 Sensors | 576 | ||
| 17.5.4 Hydrogels and Cellulose Derivatives | 576 | ||
| 17.5.5 Chitin | 578 | ||
| 17.6 Conclusions | 579 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 579 | ||
| References | 580 | ||
| Subject Index | 586 |