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Book Details
Abstract
Biosensors are increasingly being used to replace traditional methods of analyte detection in the food industry. They offer a much quicker, more reliable and more versatile method for the detection of toxins, allergens, hormones, microorganisms, pesticides and other related compounds. This book, therefore, showcases the latest biosensor development in a single resource.
Edited by Minhaz Uddin Ahmed, Mohammed Zourob and Eiichi Tamilya and with contributors from a list of world renowned scientists, this book covers the fabrication of biosensors, the development of miniatursied devices as well as the latest applications in the food industry. Several case studies of recent European food scandals emphasise the need for the development of reliable and affordable food monitoring devices.
Up to date information on the current issues facing food biosensor development is presented in this key resource for food biotechnologists, food chemists and biosensor related students and researchers all over the world.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Food Biosensors | i | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Chapter 1 - Introduction to Food Biosensors | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Overview | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Receptors for Biosensing | 5 | ||
| 1.2.1 Natural Receptors | 5 | ||
| 1.2.1.1 Enzyme-Based Bioreceptors | 5 | ||
| 1.2.1.2 Antibodies as Bioreceptors | 6 | ||
| 1.2.1.3 Nucleic Acids | 7 | ||
| 1.2.1.4 Whole Cells as Receptors | 7 | ||
| 1.2.2 Engineered Receptors | 8 | ||
| 1.2.2.1 Aptamers | 9 | ||
| 1.2.2.2 Synthetic Peptides as Sensing Receptors | 10 | ||
| 1.2.2.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers | 11 | ||
| 1.3 Transducers | 11 | ||
| 1.3.1 Electrochemical Techniques | 11 | ||
| 1.3.1.1 Amperometry | 11 | ||
| 1.3.1.2 Voltammetry | 11 | ||
| 1.3.1.3 Potentiometry | 12 | ||
| 1.3.1.4 Impedance Detection | 12 | ||
| 1.3.2 Optical Techniques | 12 | ||
| 1.3.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance | 13 | ||
| 1.3.3 Mass-Sensitive Techniques | 14 | ||
| 1.3.3.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance | 14 | ||
| 1.3.3.2 Surface Wave Acoustic Sensing | 15 | ||
| 1.3.4 Thermal Techniques | 15 | ||
| 1.4 Biosensors as Food Analytical Tool: An Emerging Trend | 15 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 17 | ||
| References | 17 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Innovative Tools with Miniaturized Devices for Food Biosensing | 22 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 22 | ||
| 2.2 Innovative Tools for the Analysis of Foodstuffs | 23 | ||
| 2.2.1 Pesticides | 24 | ||
| 2.2.1.1 Inhibition Assays | 24 | ||
| 2.2.1.2 Organophosphorus Hydrolase Assays | 25 | ||
| 2.2.1.3 Aptamers | 25 | ||
| 2.2.2 Heavy Metals | 26 | ||
| 2.2.3 Pathogens | 27 | ||
| 2.2.4 Toxins | 28 | ||
| 2.2.5 Adulteration and Freshness of Foodstuffs | 29 | ||
| 2.3 Miniaturization in Food Sensing | 31 | ||
| 2.3.1 Miniaturized Systems for Food Quality Control | 32 | ||
| 2.3.2 Food Biosensing in Developing Regions | 35 | ||
| 2.4 Perspectives | 37 | ||
| References | 38 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Glucose, Glutamate, and Lactate Sensors for Measuring Food Components | 44 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 44 | ||
| 3.2 Production and Performance of Microplanar Biosensors | 45 | ||
| 3.2.1 Fabrication of Microplanar Electrodes | 45 | ||
| 3.2.2 Pretreatment of Electrode, and Preparation of Adhesive Layer and Selectively Permeable Layer | 46 | ||
| 3.2.3 Preparation of Enzyme Layer | 48 | ||
| 3.2.4 Preparation of Diffusion-Restricting Layer | 48 | ||
| 3.2.5 Sensor Structure | 48 | ||
| 3.3 Glucose Sensor for Brewing of Sake and Other Beverages | 49 | ||
| 3.3.1 Purpose | 49 | ||
| 3.3.2 Measurement Method | 50 | ||
| 3.3.3 Results and Discussion | 50 | ||
| 3.3.4 Summary | 53 | ||
| 3.4 Glutamate Sensor for Soup Stocks and Other Foods | 55 | ||
| 3.4.1 Purpose | 55 | ||
| 3.4.2 Measurement Method | 55 | ||
| 3.4.3 Results and Discussion | 55 | ||
| 3.4.4 Summary | 58 | ||
| 3.5 Lactate Sensor for Beverages and Foods | 59 | ||
| 3.5.1 Purpose | 59 | ||
| 3.5.2 Measurement Method | 60 | ||
| 3.5.3 Results and Discussion | 60 | ||
| 3.5.4 Summary | 64 | ||
| 3.6 Conclusion | 66 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 66 | ||
| References | 66 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Biosensor Platforms for Detecting Target Species in Milk Samples | 71 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 71 | ||
| 4.2 Milk as a Sample | 72 | ||
| 4.2.1 Components of Milk | 72 | ||
| 4.2.2 Categories and Storage of Milk | 73 | ||
| 4.2.3 Common Analytes Targeted in Milk Samples | 73 | ||
| 4.2.3.1 Detecting Hormones in Milk Samples | 73 | ||
| 4.2.3.2 Detecting Antibiotics in Milk Samples | 75 | ||
| 4.2.3.3 Detecting Lactose in Milk Samples | 76 | ||
| 4.2.3.4 Detecting Pathogens in Milk Samples | 77 | ||
| 4.2.3.5 Detecting Other Contaminants in Milk Samples | 77 | ||
| 4.3 Biosensor Platforms for Milk Analysis | 78 | ||
| 4.3.1 Optical Biosensors | 79 | ||
| 4.3.1.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors | 79 | ||
| 4.3.2 Electrochemical Biosensors | 88 | ||
| 4.3.3 Other Biosensor Platforms | 92 | ||
| 4.4 The Milk Matrix | 93 | ||
| 4.4.1 Common Sample Pretreatment Methods | 93 | ||
| 4.4.1.1 Sample Dilution | 94 | ||
| 4.4.1.2 Centrifugation | 94 | ||
| 4.4.1.3 Thermal Treatment | 95 | ||
| 4.4.1.4 Dialysis and Filtration | 95 | ||
| 4.4.1.5 Blocking Compounds | 95 | ||
| 4.4.1.6 Addition of Other Compounds | 96 | ||
| 4.4.1.7 Inclusion of a Reference Sensor | 96 | ||
| 4.4.2 Differences in Observed Matrix Effects | 96 | ||
| 4.4.2.1 Matrix Effects for Different Biosensor Platforms | 96 | ||
| 4.4.2.2 Different Matrix Effects in Different Samples | 97 | ||
| 4.4.3 Comments About Milk Matrix Effects | 97 | ||
| 4.5 Discussion and Conclusions | 98 | ||
| 4.5.1 Discussion and Future Outlook | 98 | ||
| 4.5.2 Summary Points | 99 | ||
| References | 100 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Bionanotechnology-Based Colorimetric Sensors for Food Analysis | 104 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction and General Background | 104 | ||
| 5.1.1 Nanotechnology | 104 | ||
| 5.2 Working Principles Behind Colorimetric Biosensing | 105 | ||
| 5.2.1 Absorbance and the Beer–Lambert Law | 106 | ||
| 5.2.2 Color Changes and Pixel Data | 107 | ||
| 5.3 Nanomaterials in Colorimetric Biosensing | 108 | ||
| 5.3.1 Nanomaterials as Colorimetric Probes | 108 | ||
| 5.3.1.1 Aggregation | 110 | ||
| 5.3.1.2 Leaching | 111 | ||
| 5.3.2 Nanomaterials as Carriers | 112 | ||
| 5.3.3 Nanomaterials as Enzyme Mimetics | 112 | ||
| 5.4 Applications in Food Safety | 115 | ||
| 5.4.1 Detection of Heavy Metals | 115 | ||
| 5.4.1.1 Mercury, Hg(ii) | 116 | ||
| 5.4.1.2 Lead, Pb(ii) | 122 | ||
| 5.4.1.3 Cadmium, Cd(ii) | 122 | ||
| 5.4.2 Detection of Antibiotics | 122 | ||
| 5.4.2.1 Oxytetracycline | 123 | ||
| 5.4.2.2 Sulfadimethoxine, Kanamycin, and Adenosine | 123 | ||
| 5.4.3 Detection of DNA | 123 | ||
| 5.4.4 Detection of Toxins and Toxicants | 123 | ||
| 5.4.4.1 Domoic Acid | 124 | ||
| 5.4.4.2 Melamine | 125 | ||
| 5.4.4.3 Bisphenol A | 126 | ||
| 5.5 Future Trends and Conclusions | 126 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 127 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| Chapter 6 - An Evanescent Wave Fluorescent Immunosensor for Milk Quality Monitoring | 131 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 131 | ||
| 6.1.1 Potential Milk Contaminants | 131 | ||
| 6.1.2 Conventional Methods Used to Monitor Milk Contaminants | 134 | ||
| 6.1.3 Applications of Biosensors in Monitoring Milk Contaminants | 135 | ||
| 6.2 Evanescent Wave Fluorescent Immunosensor Technology | 136 | ||
| 6.2.1 Introduction | 136 | ||
| 6.2.2 Principle of Evanescent Waves | 136 | ||
| 6.2.3 Transducer Configuration | 137 | ||
| 6.2.3.1 Planar Waveguide | 137 | ||
| 6.2.3.2 Optical Fiber | 140 | ||
| 6.2.3.3 Other Configurations | 141 | ||
| 6.2.4 Fluorescence-Based Immunoassay | 142 | ||
| 6.3 Instrumentation | 144 | ||
| 6.3.1 Planar Waveguide-Based Evanescent Wave Biosensor | 145 | ||
| 6.3.2 Fiber-Based Evanescent Wave Biosensor | 147 | ||
| 6.4 Chemical Modification and Regeneration of Transducer | 150 | ||
| 6.5 Applications of Evanescent Wave Fluorescent Immunosensor in Monitoring Milk Contaminants | 151 | ||
| 6.5.1 Optimization of Immunosensor Performance | 151 | ||
| 6.5.2 Applications | 152 | ||
| 6.6 Conclusions | 155 | ||
| 6.7 Future Perspectives | 156 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 156 | ||
| References | 157 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence Optical Biosensor for the Detection of Aflatoxins in Food | 161 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 161 | ||
| 7.2 Optical Biosensors | 162 | ||
| 7.2.1 Principle of Chemiluminescence-Based Immunosensors | 164 | ||
| 7.2.2 Principle of Fluorescence-Based Immunosensors | 165 | ||
| 7.3 Application in Aflatoxin M1 Analysis | 166 | ||
| 7.3.1 Conventional Techniques for Aflatoxin Detection | 167 | ||
| 7.3.2 Current Developments in Aflatoxin Detection | 167 | ||
| 7.3.2.1 Detection of Aflatoxins Using a Chemiluminescence Technique | 168 | ||
| 7.3.2.2 Detection of Aflatoxins Using Fluorescence Technique | 172 | ||
| 7.4 Integration of Nanoparticles in Aflatoxin Analysis | 173 | ||
| 7.4.1 Integrated Nanoparticle-Based Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence Biosensors | 176 | ||
| 7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective | 178 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 178 | ||
| References | 178 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Colorimetric Biosensors for Bacterial Detection | 182 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 182 | ||
| 8.2 Detection Methods | 183 | ||
| 8.2.1 Conventional Methods | 183 | ||
| 8.2.2 Rapid Methods | 183 | ||
| 8.2.2.1 Colorimetric Biosensor Based on Detection of Methyl Parathion | 184 | ||
| 8.2.2.2 Colorimetric Biosensors for Rapid Microorganism Toxicity Assessment in Water | 187 | ||
| 8.2.2.3 Colorimetric Biosensor Using Surfactant-Functionalized Polydiacetylene Vesicles | 187 | ||
| 8.2.2.4 Colorimetric Biosensors Using Nanomaterials | 189 | ||
| 8.2.2.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles.In recent years, the unique properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)38 support their use as novel reporters i... | 189 | ||
| 8.2.2.4.2\rMagnetic Nanoparticles.A breakthrough in the development of rapid, facile and cost-effective colorimetric detection methods has ... | 193 | ||
| 8.3 Use of Colorimetric Biosensors in Other Fields | 197 | ||
| 8.4 Future Directions | 198 | ||
| References | 198 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Highly Sensitive Detection of Foodborne Pathogens | 203 | ||
| 9.1 Common Foodborne Pathogens | 203 | ||
| 9.1.1 Salmonella spp | 204 | ||
| 9.1.2 Campylobacter spp | 205 | ||
| 9.1.3 Escherichia coli O157:H7 | 205 | ||
| 9.1.4 Vibrio cholerae | 205 | ||
| 9.1.5 Listeria monocytogenes | 206 | ||
| 9.1.6 Shigella spp | 206 | ||
| 9.2 Bacterial Detection Methods | 206 | ||
| 9.2.1 Conventional Methods | 206 | ||
| 9.2.2 Immunology-Based Methods | 207 | ||
| 9.2.3 Nucleic Acid-Based Methods | 207 | ||
| 9.3 Biosensors | 207 | ||
| 9.3.1 Electrochemical Detection Techniques | 208 | ||
| 9.3.2 Measurement Using a Fixed Potential | 208 | ||
| 9.3.3 Measurement Using a Ramped Potential | 208 | ||
| 9.3.4 Measurement Using a Pulsed Potential | 209 | ||
| 9.3.5 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry | 209 | ||
| 9.4 Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Pathogen Detection | 209 | ||
| 9.4.1 Electrochemical DNA Sensors for Food Pathogen Detection | 209 | ||
| 9.4.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors for Food Pathogen Detection | 210 | ||
| 9.5 Modification of Electrode by Nanoparticles | 211 | ||
| 9.5.1 Metal Nanoparticles | 212 | ||
| 9.5.2 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials | 212 | ||
| 9.6 Use of Nanomaterials as Electrochemical Labels | 213 | ||
| 9.6.1 Metallic Nanoparticles | 214 | ||
| 9.6.2 Nanocrystals | 216 | ||
| 9.6.3 Nanocarriers | 217 | ||
| 9.6.4 Other Nanomaterials | 220 | ||
| 9.7 Future Prospects | 220 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 221 | ||
| References | 221 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Development of Rapid Electrobiochemical Assays for Food Toxins | 226 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 226 | ||
| 10.2 Simulations and Optimization of Sensor Design | 227 | ||
| 10.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy | 231 | ||
| 10.4 Real-Time Label-Free Electrochemical Assay for Chemotoxins in Food | 232 | ||
| 10.4.1 Materials | 234 | ||
| 10.4.2 Label-Free Analyte Selective Coating | 234 | ||
| 10.4.3 Results and Discussion | 235 | ||
| 10.4.4 Adsorption Studies of Phthalates to MIP | 235 | ||
| 10.5 Rapid Electrochemical Assay for Food Endotoxins | 240 | ||
| 10.5.1 Conventional Methods of Endotoxin Detection | 241 | ||
| 10.5.2 Materials and Methods | 242 | ||
| 10.5.3 Principal Component Analysis | 246 | ||
| 10.5.4 Validation of Sensor Measurement using Standard Chromogenic LAL Endotoxin Test Kit | 248 | ||
| 10.6 Rapid Electrochemical Assay for the Detection of Marine Biotoxins | 252 | ||
| 10.6.1 Existing Methods | 252 | ||
| 10.6.2 Materials and Methods | 253 | ||
| 10.6.3 Experiments with Seafood Products | 253 | ||
| 10.7 Conclusions | 255 | ||
| References | 257 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Food Biosensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers | 264 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 264 | ||
| 11.2 Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers | 267 | ||
| 11.2.1 Templates | 267 | ||
| 11.2.2 Functional Monomers | 268 | ||
| 11.2.3 Crosslinkers | 268 | ||
| 11.3 MIPs as Food Biosensors | 269 | ||
| 11.3.1 Optical-based Sensors | 270 | ||
| 11.3.2 Electrochemical Sensors | 272 | ||
| 11.3.3 Piezoelectric Sensors | 273 | ||
| 11.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives | 277 | ||
| 11.5 Conclusion | 277 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Electrochemical Monitoring of Antioxidant Capacity in Food | 282 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 282 | ||
| 12.2 Monitoring of Antioxidant Capacity | 283 | ||
| 12.2.1 Electron Transfer-Based Assay | 284 | ||
| 12.2.2 Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reaction-Based Assay | 284 | ||
| 12.3 Electrochemical Monitoring of Antioxidant Capacity | 287 | ||
| 12.3.1 Electrochemical Monitoring of Easily Oxidizable Food Constituents | 287 | ||
| 12.3.2 Electrochemical Monitoring of Radical Absorbance Capacity in Food | 291 | ||
| 12.4 Conclusion | 294 | ||
| References | 295 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Nanostructure-Modified Electrodes for Food Sensors | 299 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 299 | ||
| 13.2 Nanomaterials and the Modification of Electrodes | 300 | ||
| 13.2.1 Pollutant Contaminants (Heavy Metal/Nitrite) in Foodstuffs | 302 | ||
| 13.2.2 Banned Sudan Dyes in Foodstuffs | 305 | ||
| 13.2.3 Formalin/Formaldehyde | 308 | ||
| 13.2.4 Trace Colorants and Azo Dyes | 308 | ||
| 13.2.5 Sensing of Carbendazim | 311 | ||
| 13.2.6 Ascorbic Acid Levels in Food Samples | 315 | ||
| 13.2.7 Food Toxins | 316 | ||
| 13.2.8 Catechol | 319 | ||
| 13.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives | 322 | ||
| References | 323 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Graphene-Based Biosensors for Food Analysis | 327 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 327 | ||
| 14.2 Graphene Materials: Preparation, Characterization, and Properties | 329 | ||
| 14.2.1 Preparation of Graphene | 329 | ||
| 14.2.1.1 Dry Mechanical Exfoliation | 329 | ||
| 14.2.1.2 Wet Chemical Exfoliation of Graphite | 329 | ||
| 14.2.1.3 Thermal Decomposition of SiC Wafer | 330 | ||
| 14.2.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition | 330 | ||
| 14.2.1.5 Unzipping Carbon Nanotubes or Graphite | 330 | ||
| 14.2.1.6 Chemical Synthesis | 331 | ||
| 14.2.2 Characterization of Graphene | 332 | ||
| 14.2.3 Properties of Graphene | 332 | ||
| 14.2.3.1 Electrochemical Properties | 332 | ||
| 14.2.3.2 Electrical Properties | 334 | ||
| 14.2.3.3 Optical Properties | 334 | ||
| 14.3 Functionalization of Graphene for Biosensing Applications | 334 | ||
| 14.4 Graphene in Biosensors for Food Safety | 335 | ||
| 14.4.1 Detection of Allergens | 335 | ||
| 14.4.1.1 Allergenic Proteins | 338 | ||
| 14.4.1.2 Sequence-Specific DNA for Allergens | 341 | ||
| 14.4.2 Detection of Small Molecules | 341 | ||
| 14.4.2.1 Toxins | 342 | ||
| 14.4.2.2 Pesticides | 345 | ||
| 14.4.3 Detection of Pathogens | 346 | ||
| 14.4.3.1 Bacterial Cells | 346 | ||
| 14.4.3.2 Sequence-specific DNA for Pathogens | 347 | ||
| 14.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives | 347 | ||
| References | 348 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Rapid Detection of Food Pathogens by Portable and On-Site Electrochemical DNA Sensors | 354 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 354 | ||
| 15.2 Electrochemical DNA Sensors | 357 | ||
| 15.3 Detection of DNA Amplification by Portable Electrochemical DNA Sensor | 358 | ||
| 15.3.1 E. coli Detection Using a Portable Electrochemical Sensor | 359 | ||
| 15.3.1.1 Electrochemical PCR Measurement for E. coli Detection | 359 | ||
| 15.3.2 Semi-Real-Time Electrochemical LAMP Measurement for Salmonella Detection | 361 | ||
| 15.4 Conclusion | 365 | ||
| References | 365 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Isothermal DNA Amplification Strategies for Food Biosensors | 367 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 367 | ||
| 16.2 General Aspects of Foodborne Pathogens | 368 | ||
| 16.3 Unconventional Techniques for Pathogen Detection in Food | 372 | ||
| 16.3.1 Isothermal Amplification | 372 | ||
| 16.3.2 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) | 372 | ||
| 16.3.3 Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) | 374 | ||
| 16.3.4 Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA) | 374 | ||
| 16.3.5 Signal-Mediated Amplification of RNA Technology (SMART) | 375 | ||
| 16.3.6 Cross-Priming Isothermal Amplification (CPA) | 377 | ||
| 16.3.7 Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA) | 377 | ||
| 16.4 Electrochemical Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensor Through Isothermal Amplifications | 378 | ||
| 16.4.1 Graphene-Based Detection Through Isothermal Amplification | 380 | ||
| 16.4.2 Electrochemiluminescence-Based Detection | 380 | ||
| 16.5 Nanoparticle-Based DNA Biosensors | 382 | ||
| 16.5.1 Magnetic Beads | 382 | ||
| 16.5.2 Colorimetric Detection for DNA Sensors | 382 | ||
| 16.6 Lab-on-a-Chip Devices in Food Applications Based on Isothermal Amplification | 383 | ||
| 16.7 Comparison Between Conventional and Isothermal Techniques for Pathogen Detection | 384 | ||
| 16.7.1 Immunology-Based Detection | 385 | ||
| 16.7.2 Culture and Colony Method | 385 | ||
| 16.7.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | 385 | ||
| 16.8 Conclusions | 385 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 387 | ||
| References | 387 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Capillary Array-Based Microanalytical Devices for Simple and Multiplexed Detection in Bioanalysis | 393 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 393 | ||
| 17.2 Capillary-Assembled Microchip | 395 | ||
| 17.2.1 General Concept | 395 | ||
| 17.2.2 Preparation and Application of Various Capillary Sensors | 395 | ||
| 17.2.3 Device Fabrication and Sample Introduction | 401 | ||
| 17.3 Combinable PDMS Capillary Sensor Array | 405 | ||
| 17.3.1 General Concept | 405 | ||
| 17.3.2 Preparation of CPC Sensor Array | 407 | ||
| 17.3.3 Application of CPC Sensor Array for Single-Step Bioassays | 408 | ||
| 17.4 Conclusions | 412 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 412 | ||
| References | 412 | ||
| Chapter 18 - Biosensor Systems for the Monitoring of Fish Health and Freshness in Aquaculture | 414 | ||
| 18.1 Introduction | 414 | ||
| 18.2 Biosensor Systems for Fish Cultivation | 415 | ||
| 18.2.1 Real-Time Monitoring of Fish Health | 415 | ||
| 18.2.2 Detection of Fish Pathogenic Bacteria | 419 | ||
| 18.2.3 Prediction of Fish Spawning | 420 | ||
| 18.3 Biosensor System for Evaluating Fish Freshness | 422 | ||
| 18.3.1 Measurement of K-value | 424 | ||
| 18.3.2 Measurement of Trimethylamine | 426 | ||
| 18.4 Other Measurement Systems | 429 | ||
| 18.5 Conclusion | 429 | ||
| References | 429 | ||
| Chapter 19 - Phage-Based Biosensors for Food Analysis | 432 | ||
| 19.1 Introduction | 432 | ||
| 19.2 Bacteriophages | 433 | ||
| 19.3 Engineering of Phage Materials | 434 | ||
| 19.3.1 Phage Display | 434 | ||
| 19.3.2 Decoration of Phage Surface with Inorganic Materials | 436 | ||
| 19.4 Phage-Based Biosensors | 436 | ||
| 19.4.1 Techniques for Immobilization of Phage | 436 | ||
| 19.4.1.1 Physical Adsorption | 436 | ||
| 19.4.1.2 Chemical Binding | 437 | ||
| 19.4.2 Regeneration of Phage-Modified Sensor Surfaces | 438 | ||
| 19.4.3 Electrochemical Biosensors | 438 | ||
| 19.4.3.1 Amperometric Sensors | 438 | ||
| 19.4.3.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy | 440 | ||
| 19.4.3.3 Conductometric Sensors | 443 | ||
| 19.4.4 Optical Biosensors | 443 | ||
| 19.4.4.1 Optical Fibers | 443 | ||
| 19.4.4.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) | 445 | ||
| 19.4.4.3 Direct Spectroscopic Sensing | 447 | ||
| 19.4.5 Acoustic Wave Biosensors | 450 | ||
| 19.4.5.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Biosensor | 451 | ||
| 19.4.5.2 Magnetoelastic (ME) Biosensors | 451 | ||
| 19.4.5.3 Magnetostrictive Milli/Microcantilever (MSMC) | 452 | ||
| 19.4.6 Phage-Based Immunoassays | 452 | ||
| 19.4.6.1 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) | 453 | ||
| 19.4.6.2 Lateral Flow Assays | 455 | ||
| 19.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook | 455 | ||
| References | 456 | ||
| Chapter 20 - Food Biosensors: Perspective, Reliability, Selectivity, Response Time, Quality Control, and Cost-Effectiveness | 463 | ||
| 20.1 Biosensors | 463 | ||
| 20.2 Application of Biosensors in Food Analysis | 466 | ||
| 20.2.1 Biosensors for Xenobiotic Compounds in Food | 466 | ||
| 20.2.1.1 Biosensors for Food Additives | 466 | ||
| 20.2.1.2 Biosensors for Drugs in Food | 471 | ||
| 20.2.1.3 Biosensors for Bisphenol A in Food | 475 | ||
| 20.2.1.4 Biosensors for Heavy Metals in Food | 482 | ||
| 20.2.1.5 Biosensors for Pesticides in Food | 482 | ||
| 20.2.1.6 Biosensors for Other Xenobiotic Compounds in Food | 494 | ||
| 20.2.2 Biosensors for Toxins in Food | 494 | ||
| 20.2.3 Biosensors for Pathogens in Food | 501 | ||
| 20.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook | 501 | ||
| References | 505 | ||
| Subject Index | 514 |