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Book Details
Abstract
Now completely updated with the latest classifications of breast pathology and molecular diagnosis, David J. Dabbs’ Breast Pathology, 2nd Edition, remains your go-to source for integrated, comprehensive coverage of this fast-changing field. Written by internationally acclaimed pathologists, this definitive reference incorporates genomic and molecular information, clinical presentation, gross and microscopic pathologic findings, radiologic and laboratory diagnosis, immunohistochemistry, and theranostics – providing complete, authoritative information for pathology trainees, practitioners, and oncologists.
- Approximately 2,000 full-color pathological images clearly depict clinical, radiological, molecular, immunohistochemical, and theranostic aspects of disease.
- Quick reference points at the beginning of each chapter conveniently list all relevant diagnostic, theranostic, and genomic data for fast retrieval.
- Immunohistochemistry for each entity is mapped according to diagnostic, theranostic, and genomic applications with specific regards to disease entities in each chapter.
- Breast specimen handling is discussed in detail to ensure proper sampling and processing for optimal molecular and immunohistochemistry resulting.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- All chapters have been updated with the latest breast pathology classifications and the most recent information on molecular diagnosis.
- New chapter on next generation DNA sequencing and management of clinically advanced breast cancer.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| BREAST PATHOLOGY | i | ||
| BREAST PATHOLOGY | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS | v | ||
| INTRODUCTION | ix | ||
| CONTENTS | xi | ||
| BREAST PATHOLOGY | xiii | ||
| 1 - Normal Breast and Developmental Disorders | 1 | ||
| NORMAL BREAST | 1 | ||
| Embryology | 1 | ||
| Gross Anatomy | 1 | ||
| Structure and Histology | 3 | ||
| Ultrastructure | 11 | ||
| Arterial Supply | 13 | ||
| Venous Drainage | 14 | ||
| Lymphatic System and Regional Lymph Nodes | 14 | ||
| Nerve Supply | 15 | ||
| Hormone Regulation | 15 | ||
| Thelarche | 16 | ||
| Pregnancy, Lactation, and Milk | 16 | ||
| Menopause | 18 | ||
| Male Breast | 18 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS | 18 | ||
| Amastia | 19 | ||
| Hypoplasia | 19 | ||
| Polymastia | 19 | ||
| Supernumerary Nipple | 19 | ||
| Aberrant Breast Tissue | 19 | ||
| Macromastia | 20 | ||
| Other Disorders of the Breast | 20 | ||
| SUMMARY | 20 | ||
| 2 - Reactive and Inflammatory Conditions of the Breast | 24 | ||
| MAMMARY DUCT ECTASIA | 24 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 24 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 24 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 25 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 25 | ||
| FAT NECROSIS | 26 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 26 | ||
| 3 - Infections of the Breast | 39 | ||
| LACTATING BREAST INFECTION | 40 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 40 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 40 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 40 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 40 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 41 | ||
| NONLACTATING BREAST INFECTION | 42 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 42 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 42 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 42 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 42 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 43 | ||
| ZUSKA (SMOLDERING) BREAST DISEASE | 43 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 43 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 43 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 43 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 43 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 44 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS BREAST INFECTIONS | 45 | ||
| Peripheral Nonlactating Breast | 45 | ||
| Skin-Associated Infection | 45 | ||
| Infections After Breast Surgery or Manipulation | 45 | ||
| Unusual Breast Infections and Other Infections and Conditions | 46 | ||
| Lesions That Can Mimic Breast Infection | 46 | ||
| Factitial Disease | 47 | ||
| Specific Infectious Organisms | 47 | ||
| SUMMARY | 47 | ||
| 4 - Epidemiology of Breast Cancer and Pathology of Heritable Breast Cancer | 50 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER | 50 | ||
| Age, Race, and Ethnicity | 50 | ||
| Benign Breast Disease | 51 | ||
| Atypical Hyperplasia | 53 | ||
| Triple Negative Breast Cancer | 54 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Mutations | 54 | ||
| Reproductive Factors | 55 | ||
| Obesity | 55 | ||
| Endogenous Hormones | 56 | ||
| Estrogen Metabolism | 57 | ||
| Dietary Fat and Serum Estradiol | 57 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy | 57 | ||
| Preeclampsia | 58 | ||
| Mammographic Breast Density | 58 | ||
| EXOGENOUS HORMONES AND MAMMOGRAPHIC DENSITY | 58 | ||
| Exercise and Physical Activity | 58 | ||
| Alcohol Consumption | 58 | ||
| Smoking | 59 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation | 59 | ||
| Environmental Toxins | 59 | ||
| Pathology of Heritable Breast Cancer | 60 | ||
| SUMMARY | 61 | ||
| 5 - Patient Safety in Breast Pathology | 65 | ||
| CHANGING ROLE OF PATHOLOGISTS IN BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT | 65 | ||
| CURRENT CHALLENGES IN THE PRACTICE OF BREAST PATHOLOGY | 66 | ||
| Public Perception about Pathologists | 66 | ||
| Diversity in Tissue Handling, Processing, and Reporting | 66 | ||
| Diagnostic Issues in Breast Pathology | 66 | ||
| Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: An Opportunity to Improve Terminology? | 68 | ||
| Approach to Training and Education | 68 | ||
| Issues Surrounding Financial Compensation and Communication of Test Results | 69 | ||
| MECHANISMS TO MINIMIZE ERRORS IN BREAST PATHOLOGY | 69 | ||
| Integration of Breast Pathology Into Clinical Practice of Breast Care | 69 | ||
| Establishment of Quality Assurance Measures | 70 | ||
| Promotion of Appropriateness of Breast Health Care | 70 | ||
| IMPLEMENTATION OF PATIENT SAFETY-CENTERED BREAST PATHOLOGY IN PRACTICE | 71 | ||
| Tissue Handling, Processing, and Reporting | 71 | ||
| PREANALYTIC FACTORS | 71 | ||
| ANALYTIC FACTORS | 72 | ||
| POSTANALYTIC FACTORS | 73 | ||
| SUMMARY | 73 | ||
| 6 - Gross Examination of Breast Specimens | 76 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR GROSS EXAMINATION OF BREAST SPECIMENS | 77 | ||
| Goals and Requirements of Gross Examination | 77 | ||
| Specimen Types | 77 | ||
| Key Questions to Know Before Grossing/Use of Templates and Standard Operating Procedures | 78 | ||
| Standard Tissue Sampling for Grossly Apparent Lesions | 79 | ||
| Special Scenarios Requiring More Extensive Sampling | 80 | ||
| Representative Sections of Nonlesional Tissue | 82 | ||
| Estimation of Size/Extent of a Lesion | 83 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS CORE NEEDLE BIOPSIES | 83 | ||
| Stereotactic Needle Biopsies | 84 | ||
| Ultrasound-Guided and Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Biopsies | 85 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HANDLING AND PROCESSING OF BREAST CORE NEEDLE BIOPSIES | 85 | ||
| Microtomy of Core Needle Biopsies | 85 | ||
| SURGICAL EXCISIONS/LUMPECTOMIES | 86 | ||
| Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation | 87 | ||
| Inking Protocol for the Surgical Margins | 87 | ||
| Tissue Sampling | 88 | ||
| SEPARATELY SUBMITTED MARGINS AND RE-EXCISION SPECIMENS | 88 | ||
| MASTECTOMIES | 88 | ||
| PITFALLS IN THE EVALUATION OF EXCISIONS AND MASTECTOMIES | 91 | ||
| Pitfalls in Examination of Breast Specimens After Neoadjuvant Therapy | 94 | ||
| AXILLARY LYMPH NODES | 96 | ||
| EXAMINATION OF BREAST PROSTHESES (IMPLANTS) | 99 | ||
| FRESH TISSUE COLLECTION FOR RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PURPOSES | 99 | ||
| 7 - Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy | 103 | ||
| CLINICAL PARAMETERS AND FEASIBILITY ISSUES | 104 | ||
| Age | 104 | ||
| Gender | 104 | ||
| Body Habitus | 104 | ||
| Pregnancy and Lactation | 104 | ||
| Prior Breast or Axillary Surgery | 104 | ||
| Location of the Sentinel Node | 105 | ||
| Prior Chemotherapy | 105 | ||
| Prophylactic Mastectomy | 105 | ||
| Tumor Characteristics | 105 | ||
| TUMOR TYPE | 105 | ||
| DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU AND MICROINVASIVE CARCINOMA | 106 | ||
| TUMOR SIZE | 106 | ||
| PREDICTORS OF SENTINEL NODE METASTASIS | 106 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC EVALUATION | 106 | ||
| Gross Evaluation | 106 | ||
| Histologic Evaluation | 107 | ||
| Intraoperative Evaluation | 107 | ||
| IMPRINT CYTOLOGY | 107 | ||
| FROZEN SECTION | 107 | ||
| Permanent Sections | 107 | ||
| Role of Immunostains | 107 | ||
| Molecular Methods | 108 | ||
| AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE ON CANCER STAGING OF SENTINEL NODES | 109 | ||
| CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES WITH REGARD TO HISTOLOGIC ASSESSMENT | 109 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC PITFALLS | 111 | ||
| False-Negative Sentinel Node Biopsy | 111 | ||
| False-Positive Sentinel Lymph Node | 113 | ||
| Benign Transport | 113 | ||
| PREDICTORS OF NONSENTINEL INVOLVEMENT | 116 | ||
| Limitations of Nomograms | 117 | ||
| CRITICAL ISSUES | 118 | ||
| ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A SENTINEL LYMPH NODE ASSESSMENT | 118 | ||
| NUMBER OF SENTINEL LYMPH NODES TO BE REMOVED | 118 | ||
| EXTRANODAL INVASION | 119 | ||
| SENTINEL LYMPH NODE POSITIVITY AND PLASTIC RECONSTRUCTION | 119 | ||
| SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY IN MAJOR CLINICAL TRIALS | 119 | ||
| SUMMARY | 121 | ||
| 8 - Breast Imaging Modalities for Pathologists | 126 | ||
| MAMMOGRAPHY | 127 | ||
| ULTRASOUND | 132 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 139 | ||
| MOLECULAR BREAST IMAGING | 149 | ||
| POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 149 | ||
| SENTINEL LYMPH NODE IMAGING | 149 | ||
| METHODS FOR OBTAINING, MARKING, AND LOCALIZING A TISSUE SAMPLE | 149 | ||
| Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Biopsy | 149 | ||
| Stereotactic Biopsy | 152 | ||
| Wire Localization Versus Radioactive Seed Localization | 152 | ||
| Specimen Radiography | 152 | ||
| NEW METHODS ON THE HORIZON | 156 | ||
| SUMMARY | 156 | ||
| 9 - Predictive and Prognostic Marker Testing in Breast Pathology: Immunophenotypic Subclasses of Disease | 159 | ||
| HORMONE RECEPTORS IN BREAST CARCINOMA | 159 | ||
| Estrogen Receptor-Alpha | 159 | ||
| Progesterone Receptor | 164 | ||
| HER2 ONCOGENE IN BREAST CARCINOMA | 165 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry for HER2 | 165 | ||
| PREANALYTIC | 165 | ||
| ANALYTIC | 166 | ||
| POSTANALYTIC | 166 | ||
| HER2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization | 167 | ||
| Nonmorphologic Methods for HER2 Assessment | 171 | ||
| Other HER2 Assays | 171 | ||
| HER2 Status, Tumor Morphology, and Prognostic/Predictive Factors | 172 | ||
| HER2 Status After Therapy and Metastatic Disease | 172 | ||
| HER2 Status and Response to Therapy | 174 | ||
| OTHER PROGNOSTIC/PREDICTIVE MARKERS | 174 | ||
| p53 | 174 | ||
| Ki-67 | 174 | ||
| Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor | 175 | ||
| Urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 | 176 | ||
| Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor 1 | 176 | ||
| BCL2 | 176 | ||
| FOXA1 | 177 | ||
| GATA3 | 177 | ||
| Androgen Receptor | 177 | ||
| Programmed Death-Ligand 1 | 177 | ||
| SUMMARY | 178 | ||
| 10 - Molecular-Based Testing in Breast Disease for Therapeutic Decisions | 185 | ||
| Gene Expression Microarrays | 186 | ||
| Quantitative Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction | 187 | ||
| Experimental Designs of DNA Microarray Experiments | 187 | ||
| Initial Uses of Gene Microarrays in Breast Cancer | 187 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES | 190 | ||
| Commercially Available Signatures | 194 | ||
| Discovery Phase | 194 | ||
| Test Validation Phase | 195 | ||
| Evaluation of Clinical Utility and Use | 196 | ||
| 11 - Diagnostic Immunohistology of the Breast | 216 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF STROMAL INVASION | 216 | ||
| IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY OF PAPILLARY LESIONS | 219 | ||
| PROLIFERATIVE DUCTAL EPITHELIAL LESIONS AND IN SITU CARCINOMAS | 221 | ||
| TUMOR TYPE IDENTIFICATION BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY | 222 | ||
| Cell Adhesion: Ductal Versus Lobular Carcinoma | 222 | ||
| Lobular Carcinoma Variants and Former Lobular Variants | 234 | ||
| PLEOMORPHIC LOBULAR CARCINOMA | 234 | ||
| TUBULOLOBULAR CARCINOMA | 234 | ||
| HISTIOCYTOID CARCINOMA | 234 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry for Identifying Special Types of Breast Carcinomas | 234 | ||
| INVASIVE MICROPAPILLARY CARCINOMA USE OF EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE ANTIGEN | 234 | ||
| BASAL-LIKE CARCINOMA USE OF BASAL CYTOKERATINS | 236 | ||
| METAPLASTIC CARCINOMA USE OF KERATINS, MELANOMA, AND VASCULAR MARKERS | 237 | ||
| OTHER SPINDLE CELL NEOPLASMS (MYOEPITHELIAL AND MESENCHYMAL TUMORS) | 239 | ||
| PAGET DISEASE OF THE BREAST | 240 | ||
| DETECTION OF LYMPHATIC SPACE INVASION | 242 | ||
| SENTINEL LYMPH NODE EXAMINATION | 243 | ||
| Sentinel Lymph Node Immunohistochemistry | 245 | ||
| Intraoperative Molecular Testing of Sentinel Lymph Node | 246 | ||
| SYSTEMIC METASTASIS OF BREAST CARCINOMA | 247 | ||
| FIBROEPITHELIAL TUMORS | 250 | ||
| 12 - Fibroepithelial Lesions | 263 | ||
| FIBROADENOMA | 263 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Imaging Features | 263 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 264 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 264 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 272 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 272 | ||
| PHYLLODES TUMOR | 272 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 274 | ||
| Clinical Imaging Features | 274 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 274 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 274 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 283 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 284 | ||
| SUMMARY | 285 | ||
| 13 - Papilloma and Papillary Lesions | 288 | ||
| PAPILLOMA | 288 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 288 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 288 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 290 | ||
| Pathology | 290 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 294 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 296 | ||
| PAPILLOMAS IN CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY | 296 | ||
| PAPILLARY HYPERPLASIA | 296 | ||
| ATYPICAL PAPILLOMA | 296 | ||
| PAPILLARY DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU | 299 | ||
| ENCAPSULATED (INTRACYSTIC, ENCYSTED) PAPILLARY CARCINOMA | 300 | ||
| SUMMARY | 303 | ||
| 14 - Adenosis and Microglandular Adenosis | 306 | ||
| ADENOSIS | 306 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 306 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 306 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 306 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 306 | ||
| FLORID ADENOSIS | 307 | ||
| SCLEROSING ADENOSIS | 308 | ||
| APOCRINE CYTOLOGY IN ADENOSIS | 310 | ||
| TUBULAR ADENOSIS | 314 | ||
| BLUNT DUCT ADENOSIS | 314 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 314 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 319 | ||
| MICROGLANDULAR ADENOSIS | 321 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 321 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 321 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 321 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 322 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 325 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 327 | ||
| SUMMARY | 328 | ||
| 15 - Nipple Adenoma (Florid Papillomatosis of the Nipple) | 330 | ||
| NORMAL NIPPLE ANATOMY | 330 | ||
| NIPPLE ADENOMA | 330 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 330 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 331 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 333 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 333 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 335 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 336 | ||
| SUMMARY | 338 | ||
| 16 - Radial Scar | 340 | ||
| Radial Scar | 340 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 340 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 341 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 341 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 341 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 347 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 349 | ||
| SUMMARY | 353 | ||
| 17 - Myoepithelial Lesions of the Breast | 355 | ||
| ADENOMYOEPITHELIOMA | 355 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 355 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 355 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 357 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 357 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 357 | ||
| MYOFIBROBLASTOMA | 362 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 362 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 362 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 362 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 362 | ||
| ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA | 363 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 363 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 363 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 364 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 364 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 364 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 366 | ||
| PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA | 367 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 367 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 368 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 369 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 369 | ||
| SUMMARY | 370 | ||
| 18 - Fibrocystic Change and Usual Epithelial Hyperplasia of Ductal Type | 373 | ||
| FIBROCYSTIC CHANGE | 373 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 373 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 373 | ||
| MAMMOGRAPHY | 373 | ||
| ULTRASOUND | 373 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 374 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 375 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 375 | ||
| CYSTS | 375 | ||
| APOCRINE METAPLASIA | 375 | ||
| FIBROSIS AND HYALINIZATION | 376 | ||
| CALCIFICATIONS | 376 | ||
| BLUNT DUCT ADENOSIS | 377 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 379 | ||
| Molecular Pathology | 380 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 380 | ||
| USUAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIA | 381 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 381 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 381 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 381 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 381 | ||
| CELLULAR FEATURES | 383 | ||
| GROWTH PATTERN | 384 | ||
| SUBTYPES OF USUAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIA | 385 | ||
| MILD DUCTAL HYPERPLASIA | 385 | ||
| MODERATE AND FLORID/SEVERE HYPERPLASIA | 385 | ||
| USUAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIA ASSOCIATED WITH BENIGN TUMOR–FORMING LESIONS | 385 | ||
| IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY | 386 | ||
| Molecular Pathology | 388 | ||
| DUCTAL NEOPLASIA (ADH/DCIS) IN PREEXISTING USUAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIA | 388 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 389 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 389 | ||
| USUAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIAS AND THEIR MALIGNANT COUNTERPARTS | 389 | ||
| Usual Ductal Hyperplasia Versus In Situ Neoplasia of Ductal Type | 389 | ||
| Micropapillary Epithelial Hyperplasia Versus Micropapillary Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 391 | ||
| USUAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIA VERSUS LOBULAR NEOPLASIA | 393 | ||
| USUAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIAS AND THEIR BENIGN COUNTERPARTS | 393 | ||
| Usual Ductal Hyperplasia Versus Adenomyoepithelioma | 393 | ||
| Cytokeratin 5/14+ Clonal Intraductal Epithelial Proliferations | 393 | ||
| SUMMARY | 393 | ||
| 19 - Columnar Cell Alterations, Flat Epithelial Atypia, and Atypical Ductal Epithelial Hyperplasia | 396 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 396 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 396 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 397 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 397 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 404 | ||
| IMMUNOHISTOLOGY OF COLUMNAR CELL–RELATED LESIONS | 405 | ||
| Clinical Relevance, Management, and Risk/Prognosis | 409 | ||
| RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FLAT EPITHELIAL ATYPIA, LOBULAR NEOPLASIA, ATYPICAL DUCTAL EPITHELIAL HYPERPLASIA, LOW-GRADE DUCTAL CARCINOM... | 412 | ||
| SUMMARY | 414 | ||
| 20 - Molecular Classification of Breast Carcinoma | 417 | ||
| INTRINSIC GENE SET BASED MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION | 417 | ||
| OTHER MOLECULAR SUBTYPES | 421 | ||
| Claudin-Low Tumors | 421 | ||
| Molecular Apocrine Class | 421 | ||
| MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF SPECIAL SUBTYPE CARCINOMAS | 422 | ||
| MOLECULAR PROFILING OF METASTATIC DISEASE | 422 | ||
| OTHER MULTIGENE PREDICTION ASSAYS | 422 | ||
| 70-Gene Profile (MammaPrint) | 422 | ||
| Wound Response Gene Set | 423 | ||
| 76-Gene Profile (Rotterdam Assay) | 424 | ||
| Recurrence Score Model (Oncotype DX) | 424 | ||
| Two-Gene Ratio (HOXB13:IL17BR), Molecular Grade Index, and Breast Cancer Index | 425 | ||
| EndoPredict | 427 | ||
| Prosigna Assay | 427 | ||
| IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL SURROGATES TO MOLECULAR CLASSES | 427 | ||
| FUTURE OF MOLECULAR TESTING | 431 | ||
| SUMMARY | 432 | ||
| 21 - Lobular Neoplasia and Invasive Lobular Carcinoma | 436 | ||
| LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU AND ATYPICAL LOBULAR HYPERPLASIA | 437 | ||
| Lobular Neoplasia Versus Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia/Lobular Carcinoma In Situ | 438 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 438 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 439 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 440 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 440 | ||
| Immunoprofile | 445 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 446 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 447 | ||
| INVASIVE LOBULAR CARCINOMA | 451 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 451 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 451 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 453 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 453 | ||
| CLASSIC VARIANT | 453 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC VARIANTS | 454 | ||
| MICROINVASIVE LOBULAR CARCINOMA | 456 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC GRADING | 456 | ||
| Immunoprofile | 457 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 457 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 459 | ||
| MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF LOBULAR CARCINOMA | 460 | ||
| E-Cadherin Immunohistochemistry in Lobular Carcinoma | 460 | ||
| Molecular Aspects of E-Cadherin Inactivation | 461 | ||
| Whole Genome Molecular Genetics of Lobular Carcinoma | 462 | ||
| Whole Genome Gene Expression Profiling of Lobular Carcinoma | 463 | ||
| SUMMARY | 464 | ||
| 22 - Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 471 | ||
| Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 471 | ||
| Epidemiology | 471 | ||
| Clinical Features and Presentation | 471 | ||
| Histopathology | 473 | ||
| GROSS FEATURES | 473 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC FEATURES | 474 | ||
| Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Grading | 475 | ||
| HIGH NUCLEAR GRADE DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU | 475 | ||
| LOW NUCLEAR GRADE DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU | 476 | ||
| INTERMEDIATE NUCLEAR GRADE DUCTAL | 476 | ||
| Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Growth Pattern | 476 | ||
| CRIBRIFORM DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU | 478 | ||
| MICROPAPILLARY DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU | 478 | ||
| SOLID DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU | 478 | ||
| DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU WITH COMEDONECROSIS (FORMERLY COMEDO DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU) | 479 | ||
| FLAT DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU | 479 | ||
| RARE VARIANTS OF DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU | 480 | ||
| Apocrine Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 480 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 480 | ||
| Cystic Hypersecretory Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 481 | ||
| Signet Ring Cell Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 481 | ||
| Clear Cell Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 482 | ||
| Small Cell Solid Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 482 | ||
| Papillary Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 482 | ||
| Molecular Features of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 482 | ||
| Comparisons Between Pure and Mixed Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 483 | ||
| SOMATIC MUTATIONS AND REARRANGEMENTS IN DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU | 483 | ||
| DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU ASSOCIATED | 484 | ||
| DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU ON NEEDLE CORE BIOPSY | 484 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 485 | ||
| Microinvasion | 485 | ||
| Lymph Node Status | 485 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 486 | ||
| Chemoprevention of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | 487 | ||
| SUMMARY | 488 | ||
| 23 - Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of No Special Type and Histologic Grade | 491 | ||
| INVASIVE CARCINOMA OF NO SPECIAL TYPE (DUCTAL NST) | 491 | ||
| Epidemiology | 491 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Clinical Imaging | 492 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 493 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 493 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 494 | ||
| Genetics | 495 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 496 | ||
| Prognosis and Predictive Factors | 499 | ||
| Histologic Grading | 499 | ||
| Histologic Assessment Methodology | 499 | ||
| GLANDULAR/TUBULAR DIFFERENTIATION | 499 | ||
| NUCLEAR PLEOMORPHISM | 500 | ||
| SCORE | 502 | ||
| MITOTIC COUNTS | 502 | ||
| OVERALL GRADE | 503 | ||
| EXPECTED DISTRIBUTION OF GRADE SCORES | 503 | ||
| GRADING OF NEEDLE CORE BIOPSY SPECIMENS | 503 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC GRADE AND TUMOR TYPE | 504 | ||
| GENERAL PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 504 | ||
| High-Quality Tissue Preservation and Section Preparation | 505 | ||
| SUMMARY | 505 | ||
| 24 - Triple-Negative and Basal-like Carcinoma | 508 | ||
| BREAST CANCER MOLECULAR TAXONOMY | 509 | ||
| BASAL-LIKE BREAST CANCER | 509 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 510 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 510 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 510 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 510 | ||
| Immunoprofile | 513 | ||
| Molecular Pathology | 517 | ||
| PD-L1 (CD274) AND LYMPHOCYTE PREDOMINATE BREAST CANCER | 519 | ||
| BASAL-LIKE BREAST CANCERS, TUMORS ARISING IN BRCA1 MUTATION CARRIERS AND BRCA1 PATHWAY INACTIVATION | 519 | ||
| Cell of Origin | 520 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 521 | ||
| Prognosis | 521 | ||
| Metastatic Pattern | 522 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS | 522 | ||
| SUMMARY | 524 | ||
| 25 - Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma | 532 | ||
| METAPLASTIC CARCINOMA | 533 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 533 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 533 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 533 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 538 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | 539 | ||
| Benign Spindle Cell Breast Lesions | 540 | ||
| Malignant Spindle Cell Lesions of the Breast | 549 | ||
| SUMMARY | 552 | ||
| 26 - Apocrine Carcinoma of the Breast | 556 | ||
| APOCRINE CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST | 556 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 556 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 556 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 556 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology and Molecular Morphology | 556 | ||
| Ultrastructure and Immunohistochemistry | 559 | ||
| Treatment | 562 | ||
| Prognosis | 562 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 563 | ||
| 27 - Paget Disease of the Breast | 566 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 566 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 566 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 567 | ||
| CLINICAL IMAGING AND DIAGNOSIS | 567 | ||
| MACROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY | 567 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY | 567 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC VARIANTS | 567 | ||
| CYTOLOGY | 568 | ||
| IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY | 568 | ||
| Cytokeratins | 568 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 569 | ||
| CYTOGENETICS | 570 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 571 | ||
| SUMMARY | 571 | ||
| 28 - Pathology of Neoadjuvant Therapeutic Response of Breast Carcinoma | 573 | ||
| PREDICTORS OF THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE | 573 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE | 574 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 574 | ||
| Pathologic Evaluation | 575 | ||
| PRETREATMENT TUMOR EVALUATION | 575 | ||
| PRETREATMENT LYMPH NODE EVALUATION | 576 | ||
| POSTTREATMENT TUMOR EVALUATION | 576 | ||
| Gross Examination | 576 | ||
| identification of the tumor bed To assess the response to NAST, the key is to identify the original tumor site (tumor bed). It i... | 576 | ||
| evaluation of margins It is essential that the entire tumor bed be excised with a rim of normal tissue to ensure completeness of... | 576 | ||
| sampling of tumor bed To determine the areas and the extent to sample, pathologists need to be aware of the number, size, and lo... | 576 | ||
| Microscopic Examination | 577 | ||
| tumor bed The presence of a tumor bed must be confirmed microscopically when residual carcinoma is not present. Microscopically,... | 577 | ||
| evaluation of margins The significance of tumor bed changes at a margin is unclear in cases in which no residual carcinoma is id... | 580 | ||
| changes in nonneoplastic breast Cytotoxic effect of either chemotherapy or radiation therapy can affect the nontumor-bearing bre... | 580 | ||
| POSTTREATMENT LYMPH NODE EVALUATION | 581 | ||
| Gross Examination | 581 | ||
| Microscopic Examination | 581 | ||
| POSTTREATMENT PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS | 581 | ||
| Postneoadjuvant Prognostic Factors | 581 | ||
| TUMOR SIZE | 583 | ||
| TUMOR CELLULARITY | 583 | ||
| TUMOR GRADE | 583 | ||
| LYMPH NODE | 584 | ||
| Postneoadjuvant Predictive Factors | 586 | ||
| SYSTEMS FOR EVALUATING DEGREE OF RESPONSE | 588 | ||
| American Joint Committee on Cancer System (7th Edition) | 588 | ||
| Miller-Payne Grading System | 588 | ||
| Residual Cancer Burden System | 589 | ||
| Magee Method | 589 | ||
| REPORTING OF POSTTREATMENT SPECIMEN | 592 | ||
| Breast Specimen | 592 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 592 | ||
| Classification of Response | 593 | ||
| SUMMARY | 593 | ||
| 29 - Special Types of Invasive Breast Carcinoma: Tubular Carcinoma, Mucinous Carcinoma, Cribriform Carcinoma, Micropapillary Carcinoma, Carcinoma with Medullary Features | 597 | ||
| TUBULAR CARCINOMA | 597 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 597 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 597 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 598 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 598 | ||
| Prognosis and Treatment | 599 | ||
| Prognostic/Predictive Factors | 602 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 603 | ||
| INVASIVE CRIBRIFORM CARCINOMA | 606 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 606 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 606 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 606 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 608 | ||
| Prognosis and Treatment | 609 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 610 | ||
| MUCINOUS CARCINOMA | 612 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 612 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 612 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 612 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 612 | ||
| Prognosis and Treatment | 614 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 615 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 616 | ||
| INVASIVE MICROPAPILLARY CARCINOMA | 619 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 621 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 621 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 623 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 623 | ||
| Prognosis and Treatment | 625 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 626 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 627 | ||
| MEDULLARY CARCINOMA | 628 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 628 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 629 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 629 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 629 | ||
| SYNCYTIAL GROWTH PATTERN (AND ABSENCE OF GLANDULAR DIFFERENTIATION) | 629 | ||
| HIGH NUCLEAR GRADE OF CARCINOMA CELLS | 629 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC TUMOR CIRCUMSCRIPTION | 630 | ||
| LYMPHOPLASMACYTIC INFILTRATE | 631 | ||
| BIOMARKER PROFILE | 631 | ||
| MOLECULAR SUBTYPE | 632 | ||
| Prognosis/Treatment | 632 | ||
| 30 - Rare Breast Carcinomas: Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Secretory Carcinoma, Carcinoma with Osteoclast-like Giant Cells, Lipid-Rich Carcinoma, and Glycogen-Rich Clear Cell Carcinoma* | 639 | ||
| ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA | 639 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 640 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 640 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 640 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 640 | ||
| Immunoprofile | 642 | ||
| Molecular Pathology | 643 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 643 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 644 | ||
| NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA | 644 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 644 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 645 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 645 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 645 | ||
| Immunoprofile | 646 | ||
| Molecular Pathology | 647 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 647 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 648 | ||
| SECRETORY CARCINOMA | 648 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 648 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 648 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 649 | ||
| Immunoprofile | 649 | ||
| Molecular Pathology | 651 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 652 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 652 | ||
| CARCINOMA WITH OSTEOCLAST-LIKE GIANT CELLS | 653 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 653 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 653 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 653 | ||
| Immunoprofile | 654 | ||
| Molecular Pathology | 655 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 655 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 655 | ||
| LIPID-RICH CARCINOMA | 655 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 655 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 655 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 656 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 656 | ||
| Immunoprofile | 656 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 656 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 656 | ||
| GLYCOGEN-RICH CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA | 657 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 657 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 657 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 657 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 657 | ||
| Immunoprofile | 657 | ||
| Molecular Pathology | 658 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 658 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 658 | ||
| SUMMARY | 658 | ||
| 31 - Mesenchymal Neoplasms of the Breast | 663 | ||
| HAMARTOMA (ADENOLIPOMA, CHONDROLIPOMA, AND MYOID HAMARTOMA) | 663 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 663 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 663 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 663 | ||
| 32 - Neoplasia of the Male Breast | 718 | ||
| BENIGN PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS | 718 | ||
| Fibrocystic Change | 718 | ||
| Sclerosing Adenosis | 719 | ||
| Juvenile Papillomatosis | 719 | ||
| BENIGN PAPILLARY LESIONS | 720 | ||
| Intraductal Papilloma | 720 | ||
| Florid Papillomatosis/Nipple Duct Adenoma | 720 | ||
| FIBROEPITHELIAL LESIONS | 722 | ||
| Fibroadenoma | 722 | ||
| Mammary Hamartoma | 722 | ||
| Phyllodes Tumor | 722 | ||
| GYNECOMASTIA | 722 | ||
| OTHER BENIGN DISORDERS OF THE MALE BREAST | 727 | ||
| CARCINOMA OF THE MALE BREAST | 727 | ||
| Risk Factors | 727 | ||
| GERMLINE PREDISPOSITION | 727 | ||
| BRCA2 | 728 | ||
| BRCA1 | 728 | ||
| OTHER GENES | 728 | ||
| ESTROGEN-TESTOSTERONE BALANCE | 728 | ||
| RADIATION EXPOSURE | 729 | ||
| OCCUPATIONAL RISK | 729 | ||
| Screening and Diagnosis | 729 | ||
| CURRENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 729 | ||
| UTILITY OF MAMMOGRAPHY | 730 | ||
| Role of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology | 730 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 730 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 730 | ||
| INVASIVE CARCINOMA OF NO SPECIAL TYPE | 730 | ||
| OTHER SPECIFIC HISTOLOGIC VARIANTS OF INVASIVE CARCINOMA | 731 | ||
| Papillary Carcinoma | 731 | ||
| Ductal Carcinoma in Situ | 734 | ||
| Paget Disease of the Nipple | 735 | ||
| Hormone Receptors, HER2 Amplification and Phenotype in Male Breast Cancer | 738 | ||
| Molecular Pathways in Male Breast Cancer | 740 | ||
| SOMATIC MUTATIONS AND CHROMOSOMAL ALTERATIONS | 740 | ||
| EXPRESSION PROFILING | 742 | ||
| GENE SILENCING | 742 | ||
| miRNA | 742 | ||
| Promoter Methylation | 742 | ||
| Management | 742 | ||
| SURGERY | 742 | ||
| RADIOTHERAPY | 743 | ||
| ROLE OF SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY AND AXILLARY LYMPH NODE DISSECTION | 743 | ||
| SYSTEMIC THERAPY | 743 | ||
| Hormonal Therapy | 743 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 744 | ||
| Biomarkers and Prognostic Factors | 744 | ||
| Metastatic Disease | 745 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 746 | ||
| Metastasis to the Breast | 746 | ||
| Development of Preclinical Models | 746 | ||
| SUMMARY | 746 | ||
| 33 - Breast Tumors in Children and Adolescents | 753 | ||
| JUVENILE PAPILLOMATOSIS | 754 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 754 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 754 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 754 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 755 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 757 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 757 | ||
| PAPILLARY DUCT HYPERPLASIA (PAPILLOMA, PAPILLOMATOSIS) | 760 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 761 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 761 | ||
| Gross Pathology | 761 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 761 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 761 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 761 | ||
| FIBROEPITHELIAL TUMORS | 762 | ||
| Fibroadenoma (Including Giant Fibroadenoma, Juvenile/Cellular Fibroadenoma, Complex Fibroadenoma) | 762 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 762 | ||
| CLINICAL IMAGING | 764 | ||
| GROSS PATHOLOGY | 764 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY | 764 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 765 | ||
| Phyllodes Tumor | 766 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 766 | ||
| CLINICAL IMAGING | 768 | ||
| GROSS PATHOLOGY | 768 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY | 768 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 768 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Fibroepithelial Lesions | 768 | ||
| ATYPICAL DUCTAL HYPERPLASIA | 769 | ||
| CARCINOMA | 770 | ||
| OTHER MALIGNANT TUMORS | 772 | ||
| SUMMARY | 772 | ||
| 34 - Tumors of the Mammary Skin | 775 | ||
| BENIGN SKIN TUMORS OF THE SURFACE EPITHELIUM | 775 | ||
| SURFACE CARCINOMAS OF THE MAMMARY SKIN | 777 | ||
| Merkel Cell (Primary Cutaneous Neuroendocrine) Carcinoma | 780 | ||
| Benign Adnexal Tumors of the | 781 | ||
| PILOMATRIXOMA (CALCIFYING EPITHELIOMA OF MALHERBE) | 781 | ||
| CYLINDROMA | 782 | ||
| MIXED TUMOR | 782 | ||
| SPIRADENOMA | 782 | ||
| ACROSPIROMA | 783 | ||
| EROSIVE ADENOMATOSIS OF THE NIPPLE | 783 | ||
| Borderline and Malignant Sweat Gland–Type Tumors of the Breast | 783 | ||
| SYRINGOMATOUS ADENOMA OF THE NIPPLE/MICROCYSTIC ADNEXAL CARCINOMA | 783 | ||
| ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA | 785 | ||
| MAMMARY PAGET DISEASE | 785 | ||
| NONVASCULAR CUTANEOUS MESENCHYMAL LESIONS OF THE MAMMARY SKIN | 787 | ||
| BENIGN CUTANEOUS VASCULAR AND PERIVASCULAR TUMORS OF THE BREAST | 792 | ||
| Biologically Borderline Vascular Tumors of the Mammary Skin | 793 | ||
| Malignant Vascular Tumors of the Mammary Skin | 798 | ||
| MELANOCYTIC LESIONS OF THE MAMMARY SKIN | 800 | ||
| Melanocytic Nevi | 801 | ||
| Congenital Nevi | 802 | ||
| Spitz (Spindle Cell and Epithelioid) Nevus | 802 | ||
| Other Melanocytic Nevus Variants | 804 | ||
| Atypical (Dysplastic) Nevus | 806 | ||
| In Situ Melanoma | 809 | ||
| Invasive Melanoma | 809 | ||
| Other Microscopic Variants of Invasive Melanoma | 809 | ||
| HEMATOPOIETIC TUMORS OF THE MAMMARY SKIN | 810 | ||
| METASTATIC TUMORS OF THE MAMMARY SKIN | 823 | ||
| SUMMARY | 825 | ||
| 35 - Hematopoietic Tumors of the Breast | 832 | ||
| NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA | 833 | ||
| Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified | 833 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING | 833 | ||
| HISTOLOGY, PHENOTYPE, GENOTYPE, AND CYTOGENETIC FINDINGS | 833 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 835 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS | 836 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 836 | ||
| Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue | 837 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING | 838 | ||
| HISTOLOGY, PHENOTYPE, GENOTYPE, AND CYTOGENETIC FINDINGS | 838 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 841 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS | 841 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 841 | ||
| Follicular Lymphoma | 844 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND IMAGING | 844 | ||
| HISTOLOGY, PHENOTYPE, GENOTYPE, AND CYTOGENETIC FINDINGS | 844 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 845 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS | 846 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 846 | ||
| OTHER NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMAS | 847 | ||
| B-Cell and T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma | 847 | ||
| Burkitt Lymphoma | 848 | ||
| Mantle Cell Lymphoma | 849 | ||
| T-Cell Lymphomas | 850 | ||
| PLASMACYTIC NEOPLASMS | 852 | ||
| HODGKIN LYMPHOMA | 852 | ||
| MYELOID NEOPLASMS AND EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS | 853 | ||
| HISTIOCYTIC/DENDRITIC CELL PROLIFERATIONS | 854 | ||
| SUMMARY | 855 | ||
| 36 - Metastatic Tumors in the Breast | 860 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 860 | ||
| Clinical Imaging | 861 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 861 | ||
| Microscopic Examination | 861 | ||
| MELANOMA | 861 | ||
| PULMONARY TUMORS | 862 | ||
| FEMALE GENITAL TRACT TUMORS | 864 | ||
| GENITOURINARY TRACT TUMORS | 865 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL TUMORS | 867 | ||
| NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS (CARCINOID TUMORS) | 868 | ||
| THYROID TUMORS | 868 | ||
| OTHER CARCINOMAS | 869 | ||
| HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES | 869 | ||
| SARCOMAS | 871 | ||
| Prognosis | 872 | ||
| SUMMARY | 872 | ||
| 37 - Next-Generation DNA Sequencing and the Management of Patients with Clinically Advanced Breast Cancer | 876 | ||
| DNA SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES | 876 | ||
| Sanger Sequencing | 877 | ||
| Pyrosequencing | 877 | ||
| Allele-Specific Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | 877 | ||
| Analysis of Melting Curve Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction | 878 | ||
| Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Sequencing | 879 | ||
| Hybrid Capture–Based Comprehensive Genomic Profiling | 879 | ||
| Semiconductor Sequencing | 879 | ||
| CHALLENGES FOR DELIVERING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING RESULTS FOR CANCER PATIENTS | 881 | ||
| Obtaining an Adequate Sample to Sequence | 881 | ||
| Detecting All Classes of Alterations | 881 | ||
| System Validation | 881 | ||
| Bioinformatics Requirements | 881 | ||
| Identifying Actionable Genomic Alterations | 881 | ||
| NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CLINICALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCER | 882 | ||
| Breast Cancer Classification | 882 | ||
| Breast Cancer Prognosis Assessment | 882 | ||
| Prediction of Therapy Response: Hormonal Therapies | 883 | ||
| ESR1 MUTATION | 883 | ||
| ERBB2 MUTATION | 883 | ||
| Predicting Response to Cytotoxic Therapies | 883 | ||
| Predicting Response to Radiation Therapy | 883 | ||
| Predicting Response to Targeted Therapies | 883 | ||
| ANTI-HER2 AGENTS | 885 | ||
| ANTI-HER2 TARGETED THERAPY RESISTANCE MUTATIONS | 885 | ||
| ERBB2 SEQUENCE MUTATIONS | 886 | ||
| OTHER TYROSINE KINASE GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITORS | 886 | ||
| Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors | 887 | ||
| CELL CYCLE INHIBITORS | 887 | ||
| Genomic Alterations in Uncommon Breast Cancer Subtypes | 888 | ||
| LOBULAR BREAST CANCER | 888 | ||
| TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER | 888 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY BREAST CANCER | 888 | ||
| METAPLASTIC BREAST CANCER | 888 | ||
| MUCINOUS BREAST CANCER | 888 | ||
| TUBULAR AND PAPILLARY BREAST CANCER | 888 | ||
| ADENOID CYSTIC BREAST CANCER | 888 | ||
| SECRETORY BREAST CANCER | 888 | ||
| PHYLLODES TUMORS AND BREAST SARCOMAS | 888 | ||
| MALE BREAST CANCER | 888 | ||
| Next-Generation Sequencing and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors | 888 | ||
| SUMMARY | 889 | ||
| Index | 893 | ||
| A | 893 | ||
| B | 894 | ||
| C | 895 | ||
| D | 896 | ||
| E | 897 | ||
| F | 897 | ||
| G | 898 | ||
| H | 899 | ||
| I | 900 | ||
| J | 901 | ||
| K | 901 | ||
| L | 901 | ||
| M | 902 | ||
| N | 905 | ||
| O | 906 | ||
| P | 906 | ||
| Q | 908 | ||
| R | 908 | ||
| S | 908 | ||
| T | 909 | ||
| U | 910 | ||
| V | 910 | ||
| W | 910 | ||
| Z | 910 |