BOOK
Cell Biology E-Book
Thomas D. Pollard | William C. Earnshaw | Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz | Graham Johnson
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The much-anticipated 3rd edition of Cell Biology delivers comprehensive, clearly written, and richly illustrated content to today’s students, all in a user-friendly format. Relevant to both research and clinical practice, this rich resource covers key principles of cellular function and uses them to explain how molecular defects lead to cellular dysfunction and cause human disease. Concise text and visually amazing graphics simplify complex information and help readers make the most of their study time.
- Clearly written format incorporates rich illustrations, diagrams, and charts.
- Uses real examples to illustrate key cell biology concepts.
- Includes beneficial cell physiology coverage.
- Clinically oriented text relates cell biology to pathophysiology and medicine.
- Takes a mechanistic approach to molecular processes.
- Major new didactic chapter flow leads with the latest on genome organization, gene expression and RNA processing.
- Boasts exciting new content including the evolutionary origin of eukaryotes, super resolution fluorescence microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy, gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9, contributions of high throughput DNA sequencing to understand genome organization and gene expression, microRNAs, IncRNAs, membrane-shaping proteins, organelle-organelle contact sites, microbiota, autophagy, ERAD, motor protein mechanisms, stem cells, and cell cycle regulation.
- Features specially expanded coverage of genome sequencing and regulation, endocytosis, cancer genomics, the cytoskeleton, DNA damage response, necroptosis, and RNA processing.
- Includes hundreds of new and updated diagrams and micrographs, plus fifty new protein and RNA structures to explain molecular mechanisms in unprecedented detail.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Cell Biology | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Table Of Contents | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Guide to Figures Featuring Specific Organisms and Specialized Cells | xii | ||
| I Introduction to Cell Biology | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Cells | 3 | ||
| Universal Principles of Living Cells | 4 | ||
| Features That Distinguish Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells | 8 | ||
| Overview of Eukaryotic Cellular Organization and Functions | 9 | ||
| Plasma Membrane | 9 | ||
| Nucleus | 10 | ||
| Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis | 10 | ||
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | 10 | ||
| Golgi Apparatus | 11 | ||
| Lysosomes | 11 | ||
| Mitochondria | 11 | ||
| Peroxisomes | 12 | ||
| Cytoskeleton and Motility Apparatus | 12 | ||
| Cell Cycle | 13 | ||
| Welcome to the Rest of the Book | 14 | ||
| 2 Evolution of Life on Earth | 15 | ||
| Prebiotic Chemistry Leading to an RNA World | 15 | ||
| Divergent Evolution From the Last Universal Common Ancestor of Life | 17 | ||
| Evolution of Prokaryotes | 18 | ||
| Origin of Eukaryotes | 20 | ||
| The First Billion Years of Eukaryotic Evolution | 20 | ||
| Evolution of the Mitochondrion | 20 | ||
| Evolution of Membrane-Bounded Organelles | 21 | ||
| Origins and Evolution of Chloroplasts | 22 | ||
| Divergence Eukaryotes From Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor | 23 | ||
| Evolution of Multicellular Eukaryotes | 24 | ||
| Looking Back in Time | 25 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 25 | ||
| Selected Readings | 25 | ||
| III Chromatin, Chromosomes, and the Cell Nucleus | 103 | ||
| Section III Overview | 105 | ||
| 7 Chromosome Organization | 107 | ||
| Chromosome Morphology and Nomenclature | 107 | ||
| One DNA Molecule Per Chromosome | 107 | ||
| Organization of Genes on Chromosomes | 108 | ||
| Transposable Elements Make up Much of the Human Genome | 110 | ||
| Pseudogenes | 112 | ||
| Segmental Duplications in the Human Genome | 112 | ||
| The Human Genome: Variations on a Theme | 113 | ||
| The Centromere: Overview | 113 | ||
| Variations in Centromere Organization Among Species | 113 | ||
| Vertebrate Centromere DNA | 115 | ||
| Ends of the Chromosomes: Why Specialized Telomeres Are Needed | 117 | ||
| Structure of Telomeric DNA | 118 | ||
| How Telomeres Replicate the Ends of the Chromosomal DNA | 118 | ||
| Structural Proteins of the Telomere | 120 | ||
| Telomeres, Aging, and Cancer | 121 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 122 | ||
| Selected Readings | 122 | ||
| 8 DNA Packaging in Chromatin and Chromosomes | 123 | ||
| First Level of Chromosomal DNA Packaging: The Nucleosome | 123 | ||
| Chromatin Modifications and Regulation of Chromatin Function | 123 | ||
| Regulation of Chromatin Structure by the Histone N-Terminal Tails | 125 | ||
| Histone Deposition During Nucleosome Assembly | 127 | ||
| Histone Variants | 127 | ||
| Linker DNA and the Linker Histone H1 | 127 | ||
| Functional Compartmentation of Chromatin: Heterochromatin and Euchromatin | 128 | ||
| Imprinting: A Specialized Type of Gene Silencing | 130 | ||
| Higher-Order Structure of Chromosomes | 130 | ||
| Higher Levels of Chromosomal DNA Packaging in Interphase Nuclei | 130 | ||
| Large-Scale Structural Compartmentation of the Nucleus | 131 | ||
| Special Interphase Chromosomes With Clearly Resolved Loop Structures | 132 | ||
| Chromatin Conformation Capture and Topologically Associating Domains | 133 | ||
| Organization of Mitotic Chromosomes | 135 | ||
| Role of Nonhistone Proteins in Chromosome Architecture | 136 | ||
| The Chromosome’s Control Center: The Kinetochore | 139 | ||
| Mammalian Kinetochore Proteins | 140 | ||
| Centromere Proteins of the Budding Yeast | 141 | ||
| Role of RNA Interference at Fission Yeast Centromeres | 141 | ||
| Conclusions | 142 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 142 | ||
| Selected Readings | 142 | ||
| 9 Nuclear Structure and Dynamics | 143 | ||
| Overall Organization of the Nucleus | 143 | ||
| Specialized Subdomains of the Nucleus | 143 | ||
| The Nucleolus: The Most Prominent Nuclear Subdomain | 146 | ||
| Ribosomal Biogenesis in Functionally Distinct Regions of the Nucleolus | 147 | ||
| Disassembly of the Nucleolus During Mitosis | 147 | ||
| Structure of the Nuclear Envelope | 147 | ||
| Structure and Assembly of the Nuclear Lamina | 148 | ||
| Proteins of the Inner Nuclear Membrane | 149 | ||
| Role of the Nuclear Envelope in Genome Organization | 150 | ||
| Nuclear Envelope Defects Lead to Human Diseases | 150 | ||
| Nuclear Pore Complexes | 151 | ||
| Traffic Between Nucleus and Cytoplasm | 152 | ||
| Components of Nuclear Import and Export | 155 | ||
| Adapters | 156 | ||
| Nuclear Transport Receptors | 156 | ||
| Directionality/Recycling Factors | 156 | ||
| Description of a Single Import Cycle in Detail | 157 | ||
| A Distinct Pathway for mRNA Export From Nuclei | 158 | ||
| Regulation of Transport Across the Nuclear Envelope | 158 | ||
| Disorders Associated With Defective Nuclear Trafficking | 159 | ||
| Other Uses of the Importin/Ran Switch | 159 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 159 | ||
| Selected Readings | 159 | ||
| VII Signaling Mechanisms | 407 | ||
| Section VII Overview | 409 | ||
| 24 Plasma Membrane Receptors | 411 | ||
| Seven-Helix Receptors | 412 | ||
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases | 414 | ||
| Cytokine Receptors | 416 | ||
| Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases | 417 | ||
| Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors | 418 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Family | 419 | ||
| Toll-Like Receptors | 420 | ||
| Notch Receptors | 420 | ||
| Hedgehog Receptors | 420 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 421 | ||
| Selected Readings | 421 | ||
| APPENDIX 24.1 Receptors and Ligands | 421 | ||
| 25 Protein Hardware for Signaling | 425 | ||
| Protein Phosphorylation | 425 | ||
| Effects of Phosphorylation on Protein Structure and Function | 426 | ||
| Protein Kinases | 426 | ||
| Regulation of Protein Kinases | 428 | ||
| Phosphorylation | 428 | ||
| Regulation of Substrate Binding | 428 | ||
| Targeting | 429 | ||
| Kinases and Disease | 429 | ||
| Protein Phosphatases | 429 | ||
| PPP Family of Serine/Threonine Phosphates | 429 | ||
| PPM Family of Serine/Threonine Phosphates | 431 | ||
| Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases | 431 | ||
| PTP Subfamily | 431 | ||
| Dual-Specificity Subfamily | 432 | ||
| Cdc25 Subfamily | 432 | ||
| Cooperation Between Kinases and Phosphatases | 432 | ||
| Pharmacological Agents for Studying Protein Phosphatases | 432 | ||
| Guanosine Triphosphate–Binding Proteins | 432 | ||
| Elongation Factors | 433 | ||
| Small Guanosine Triphosphatases | 433 | ||
| Trimeric G-Proteins | 434 | ||
| Subunit Diversity | 435 | ||
| Guanosine Triphosphatase Cycle | 435 | ||
| Subunit Cycle | 436 | ||
| Mechanisms of Effector Activation | 436 | ||
| Trimeric G-Proteins in Disease | 436 | ||
| Dynamin-Related Guanosine Triphosphatases | 437 | ||
| Experimental Tools | 437 | ||
| Molecular Recognition by Adapter Domains | 437 | ||
| Phosphorylation-Sensitive Adapters | 439 | ||
| SH2 Domains | 439 | ||
| Phosphotyrosine-Binding Domains | 439 | ||
| 14-3-3 Proteins | 439 | ||
| WW Domains | 439 | ||
| PH Domains | 439 | ||
| Adapters With Proline-Rich Ligands | 440 | ||
| SH3 Domains | 440 | ||
| EVH1 Domains | 440 | ||
| Other Adapter Domains | 440 | ||
| PDZ Domains | 440 | ||
| EH Domains | 440 | ||
| Selected Readings | 440 | ||
| Kinases | 440 | ||
| Phosphatases | 440 | ||
| Guanosine Triphosphatases | 440 | ||
| Adapters | 440 | ||
| APPENDIX 25.1 Families of Protein Kinases | 441 | ||
| APPENDIX 25.2 Parallels Among Guanosine Triphosphate-Binding Proteins | 442 | ||
| 26 Second Messengers | 443 | ||
| Cyclic Nucleotides | 443 | ||
| Lipid-Derived Second Messengers | 445 | ||
| Enzyme Reactions That Produce Lipid Second Messengers | 445 | ||
| Agonists and Receptors | 446 | ||
| Targets of Lipid Second Messengers | 447 | ||
| Protein Kinase C | 448 | ||
| Phosphoinositide Signaling Pathways | 448 | ||
| Phosphatidylcholine Signaling Pathways | 449 | ||
| Lipid-Derived Second Messengers for Intercellular Communication | 449 | ||
| Sphingomyelin/Ceramide Signaling Pathways | 452 | ||
| Cross Talk | 452 | ||
| Calcium | 452 | ||
| Overview of Calcium Signaling | 452 | ||
| Removal of Ca2+ From Cytoplasm | 454 | ||
| Refilling Endoplasmic Reticulum by Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry | 454 | ||
| Calcium-Release Channels | 454 | ||
| Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Ca2+ Channels | 454 | ||
| Ryanodine Receptor Ca2+ Channels | 456 | ||
| Calcium Dynamics in Cells | 457 | ||
| Ca2+ Targets | 458 | ||
| Nitric Oxide | 459 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 461 | ||
| Selected Readings | 461 | ||
| APPENDIX 26.1 Examples of Ca2+ Regulated Proteins | 462 | ||
| 27 Integration of Signals | 463 | ||
| Signal Transduction by G-Protein–Coupled, Seven-Helix Transmembrane Receptors | 463 | ||
| Detection of Odors by the Olfactory System | 463 | ||
| Sensory Neurons | 464 | ||
| Overview of the Pathway | 465 | ||
| Odorant Receptors | 465 | ||
| G-Protein Relay | 465 | ||
| Production of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate | 465 | ||
| Cyclic Nucleotide–Gated Channels Trigger an Action Potential | 465 | ||
| Adaptation | 465 | ||
| Processing in the Brain | 466 | ||
| Photon Detection by the Vertebrate Retina | 466 | ||
| Overview of Visual Signal Processing | 466 | ||
| Rhodopsin | 468 | ||
| Positive Arm of the Signal Cascade | 468 | ||
| Recovery and Adaptation | 469 | ||
| Regulation of Metabolism Through the β-Adrenergic Receptor | 469 | ||
| Signaling Pathways Influencing Gene Expression | 472 | ||
| Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways to the Nucleus | 473 | ||
| Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway Through Ras to Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase | 474 | ||
| Insulin Pathways to GLUT4 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase | 475 | ||
| T-Lymphocyte Pathways Through Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases | 478 | ||
| Cytokine Receptor, JAK/STAT Pathways | 479 | ||
| Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptor Pathways Through SMAD | 481 | ||
| Bacterial Chemotaxis by a Two-Component Phosphotransfer System | 482 | ||
| Temporal Sensing of Gradients | 485 | ||
| Adaptation | 485 | ||
| Extended Range of Response | 486 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 486 | ||
| Selected Readings | 486 | ||
| VIII Cellular Adhesion and the Extracellular Matrix | 487 | ||
| Section VIII Overview | 489 | ||
| 28 Cells of the Extracellular Matrix and Immune System | 491 | ||
| Indigenous Connective Tissue Cells | 491 | ||
| Mesenchymal Stem Cells | 491 | ||
| Fibroblasts | 491 | ||
| White Fat Cells | 492 | ||
| Brown and Beige Fat Cells | 492 | ||
| Origin and Development of Blood Cells | 493 | ||
| Cells Confined to the Blood | 495 | ||
| Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) | 495 | ||
| Platelets | 495 | ||
| Cellular Basis of Innate Immunity | 496 | ||
| Neutrophils | 498 | ||
| Eosinophils | 499 | ||
| Macrophages | 499 | ||
| Mast Cells and Basophils | 499 | ||
| Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity | 500 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 503 | ||
| Selected Readings | 503 | ||
| 29 Extracellular Matrix Molecules | 505 | ||
| Collagen | 505 | ||
| Fibrillar Collagens | 507 | ||
| Biosynthesis and Assembly of Fibrillar Collagens | 507 | ||
| Sheet-Forming Collagens | 509 | ||
| Linking Collagens | 509 | ||
| Elastic Fibers | 510 | ||
| Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans | 512 | ||
| Adhesive Glycoproteins | 514 | ||
| Fibronectin | 515 | ||
| Tenascin | 516 | ||
| Basal Lamina | 517 | ||
| Matrix Metalloproteinases | 519 | ||
| Selected Readings | 520 | ||
| APPENDIX 29.1 Collagen Families | 521 | ||
| APPENDIX 29.2 Proteoglycans | 522 | ||
| APPENDIX 29.3 Adhesive Glycoproteins | 523 | ||
| 30 Cellular Adhesion | 525 | ||
| General Principles of Cellular Adhesion | 526 | ||
| First Principle of Adhesion | 526 | ||
| Second Principle of Adhesion | 526 | ||
| Third Principle of Adhesion | 526 | ||
| Fourth Principle of Adhesion | 526 | ||
| Fifth Principle of Adhesion | 527 | ||
| Sixth Principle of Adhesion | 527 | ||
| Identification and Characterization of Adhesion Receptors | 527 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Family of Cell Adhesion Molecules | 527 | ||
| Cadherin Family of Adhesion Receptors | 528 | ||
| Signaling by Cadherins and Catenins | 530 | ||
| Roles of Cadherins in Organ Formation | 532 | ||
| Integrin Family of Adhesion Receptors | 532 | ||
| Structure of Integrins | 532 | ||
| Extracellular Ligands | 533 | ||
| Intracellular Ligands | 534 | ||
| Outside-in Signaling From Integrins | 535 | ||
| Inside-Out Signaling to Integrins | 535 | ||
| Biological Functions of Integrins | 535 | ||
| Selectin Family of Adhesion Receptors | 536 | ||
| Mucins | 537 | ||
| Other Adhesion Receptors | 537 | ||
| Galactosyltransferase | 537 | ||
| Adhesion Receptors With Leucine-Rich Repeats (GPIb-IX-V) | 537 | ||
| Dystroglycan/Sarcoglycan Complex | 538 | ||
| Examples of Dynamic Adhesion | 538 | ||
| Adhesion of Leukocytes to Endothelial Cells | 538 | ||
| Platelet Activation and Adhesion | 540 | ||
| Self-Avoidance in the Nervous System | 540 | ||
| Selected Readings | 541 | ||
| 31 Intercellular Junctions | 543 | ||
| Tight Junctions | 543 | ||
| Gap Junctions | 546 | ||
| Structure of Gap Junction Channels | 548 | ||
| Connexin Gene Families and Evolution | 548 | ||
| Assembly of Gap Junctions | 549 | ||
| Regulation of Gap Junction Permeability | 549 | ||
| Physiological Functions of Gap Junctions | 550 | ||
| Gap Junctions in Disease | 550 | ||
| Adherens Junctions | 550 | ||
| Desmosomes | 551 | ||
| Adhesion to the Extracellular Matrix: Hemidesmosomes and Focal Contacts | 551 | ||
| Selected Readings | 553 | ||
| 32 Connective Tissues | 555 | ||
| Loose Connective Tissue | 555 | ||
| Dense Connective Tissue | 555 | ||
| Cartilage | 556 | ||
| Specialized Forms of Cartilage | 557 | ||
| Differentiation and Growth of Cartilage | 557 | ||
| Diseases of Cartilage | 557 | ||
| Bone | 557 | ||
| Extracellular Matrix of Bone | 559 | ||
| Bone Cells | 559 | ||
| Overview | 559 | ||
| Properties of Osteoblasts | 559 | ||
| Regulation of Osteoblast Development | 559 | ||
| Osteocyte Properties | 560 | ||
| Osteoclast Properties | 560 | ||
| Osteoclast Formation | 561 | ||
| Formation and Growth of the Skeleton | 561 | ||
| Embryonic Bone Formation | 562 | ||
| Bone Remodeling | 564 | ||
| Bone Diseases | 565 | ||
| Repair of Wounds and Fractures | 565 | ||
| Plant Cell Wall | 567 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 569 | ||
| Selected Readings | 569 | ||
| APPENDIX 32.1 Genetic Defects of Cartilage and Bone | 570 | ||
| Cell SnapShots | 817 | ||
| SnapShot 1: Histone Modifications | 817 | ||
| SnapShot 2: Nuclear Transport | 817 | ||
| Consensus Sequences | 817 | ||
| Glossary | 823 | ||
| Index | 851 | ||
| A | 851 | ||
| B | 853 | ||
| C | 853 | ||
| D | 858 | ||
| E | 859 | ||
| F | 861 | ||
| G | 861 | ||
| H | 863 | ||
| I | 863 | ||
| J | 864 | ||
| K | 865 | ||
| L | 865 | ||
| M | 866 | ||
| N | 869 | ||
| O | 870 | ||
| P | 871 | ||
| Q | 875 | ||
| R | 875 | ||
| S | 877 | ||
| T | 879 | ||
| U | 881 | ||
| V | 881 | ||
| W | 881 | ||
| X | 882 | ||
| Y | 882 | ||
| Z | 882 | ||
| IBC_blank | IBC-1 | ||
| IFC_IE | IFC-2 |