BOOK
Beischer & MacKay's Obstetrics, Gynaecology and the Newborn
Michael Permezel | Susan Walker | Kypros Kyprianou
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Beicher & MacKay's Obstetrics, Gynaecology and the Newborn, 4th Edition is an update of the highly acclaimed Obstetrics and the Newborn, 3rd Edition and Illustrated Textbook of Gynaecology. It is the most up-to-date resource in Obstetrics and Gynaecology targeting those with fundamental understanding of this subject area and is written from the Australian perspective with incorporation of the latest RANZCOG guidelines.
Experts throughout Australia and New Zealand have contributed content on the most prevalent topics encountered by obstetricians; gynaecologists and neonatologists today, ranging from global and indigenous reproductive health; sexual assault; gynaecological oncology through to neonatal assessment, malformations and transport.
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Alignment to RANZCOG guidelines including unique perspectives from the President, provides invaluable information for practice in the Australia.
- A summary of key points at the start of chapters highlights the main facts which readers should draw from each chapter.
- A vast range of anatomical drawings, graphs and clinical photos provide a practical perspective on the theoretical component within the textbook.
- Reference lists at the end of each chapter outline the strong evidence basis that supports the content of this edition.
- A new editor and contributor team brings in wealth of expertise from across Australia, New Zealand and internationally.
- Two new chapters on Global Reproductive Health and Indigenous Women’s Health place emphasis on the need to adapt women’s healthcare according to various cultural and socioeconomic factors.
- Emphasis on prevention and early diagnosis in obstetric care, with an increasing focus on fetal medicine.
- This edition will be available as an Expert Consult eBook along with the print book. The eBook will include enhancements to the images within the book, as enabled by the Inkling platform.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Dedication | ii | ||
| Beischer & Mackay's Obsterics, gynaecology and the newborn | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | x | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgements | xii | ||
| List of editors | xiii | ||
| List of contributors | xiv | ||
| List of reviewers | xvi | ||
| 1 Anatomy and Physiology | 1 | ||
| 1 Reproductive anatomy and physiology | 2 | ||
| Reproductive anatomy | 2 | ||
| External genitalia | 2 | ||
| Mons pubis | 2 | ||
| Labia majora | 3 | ||
| Labia minora | 3 | ||
| Clitoris | 3 | ||
| Vestibule | 3 | ||
| Urethral meatus | 3 | ||
| Paraurethral ducts | 3 | ||
| Vaginal orifice | 3 | ||
| Bartholin’s ducts | 4 | ||
| Perineum | 4 | ||
| Internal genitalia | 4 | ||
| Vagina | 4 | ||
| Uterus | 5 | ||
| Uterine body | 6 | ||
| Uterine tubes | 6 | ||
| Round ligaments | 7 | ||
| Broad ligaments | 7 | ||
| Infundibulopelvic ligament | 7 | ||
| Parametrium | 7 | ||
| Ovaries | 7 | ||
| Skeletomuscular supports | 7 | ||
| The bony pelvis | 7 | ||
| Pelvic cavity | 9 | ||
| Pelvic inclination | 9 | ||
| The pelvic joints | 9 | ||
| Pelvic ligaments | 10 | ||
| The pelvic soft tissues | 10 | ||
| Levator ani | 10 | ||
| Urogenital diaphragm | 10 | ||
| Internal pudendal vessels and the pudendal nerve | 10 | ||
| Reproductive physiology | 10 | ||
| The menstrual cycle | 10 | ||
| Follicular phase | 10 | ||
| Ovulation | 10 | ||
| Luteal phase | 10 | ||
| Menstrual phase | 11 | ||
| Early pregnancy | 11 | ||
| Gametogenesis | 11 | ||
| The phases of reproductive life from a sex hormone perspective | 13 | ||
| Prepuberty | 13 | ||
| Puberty | 13 | ||
| Reproductive life | 13 | ||
| Menstrual cycles | 13 | ||
| Pregnancy | 13 | ||
| The climacteric | 13 | ||
| Postmenopause | 13 | ||
| 2 Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy | 14 | ||
| Fertilisation | 14 | ||
| Pre-implantation development | 16 | ||
| Implantation | 16 | ||
| Embryonic and fetal development | 16 | ||
| Ectodermal layer | 16 | ||
| Mesodermal layer | 18 | ||
| Endodermal layer | 19 | ||
| The placenta | 20 | ||
| Placental development | 20 | ||
| Blastocyst | 20 | ||
| Early trophoblast | 20 | ||
| Formation of villi and the intervillous space | 21 | ||
| Further changes in the trophoblast and decidua | 21 | ||
| Final development of the placenta | 22 | ||
| Placental structure | 22 | ||
| Anatomical and functional fetal placental units | 22 | ||
| Tissues separating maternal and fetal circulations | 22 | ||
| Fetomaternal haemorrhage | 24 | ||
| Placental calcification | 25 | ||
| The umbilical cord | 25 | ||
| 2 Obstetrics | 27 | ||
| 2.1 Normal Pregnancy | 28 | ||
| 3 The prepregnancy consultation | 29 | ||
| When to do a prepregnancy consultation? | 29 | ||
| Timing of pregnancy | 29 | ||
| Maternal age considerations in the timing of pregnancy | 29 | ||
| What to do at a prepregnancy consultation | 30 | ||
| Screening to identify issues that might impact on pregnancy | 30 | ||
| History and examination | 30 | ||
| Investigations | 30 | ||
| Rubella and varicella immunisation status | 30 | ||
| Cervical smear | 30 | ||
| Managing any clinical conditions found | 30 | ||
| Diagnostic assessment | 30 | ||
| Optimising treatment for pregnancy | 30 | ||
| Prognostic advice | 31 | ||
| Giving general advice to all women planning a pregnancy | 31 | ||
| Preconceptual folic acid | 31 | ||
| Getting pregnant | 31 | ||
| Smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs | 31 | ||
| Pharmacological advice | 31 | ||
| 4 The first antenatal visit | 32 | ||
| Introduction | 32 | ||
| Diagnosing pregnancy | 32 | ||
| Urinary pregnancy tests (UCG) | 33 | ||
| Serum β-hCG | 33 | ||
| Assessment of the gestational age—dating the pregnancy | 33 | ||
| From when is a pregnancy dated? | 33 | ||
| Naegele’s rule | 33 | ||
| Ultrasound in the assessment of gestational age | 33 | ||
| Other means of determining the gestational age | 33 | ||
| Screening to identify issues that might impact on the pregnancy | 34 | ||
| History | 34 | ||
| Examination | 34 | ||
| Investigations—standard recommendations | 34 | ||
| Full blood examination (FBE or FBC) | 34 | ||
| Blood group and antibody screen | 34 | ||
| Microbiological serology | 35 | ||
| Rubella antibodies | 35 | ||
| Varicella antibodies | 35 | ||
| Syphilis | 35 | ||
| Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV | 35 | ||
| Midstream urine for microscopy, culture and sensitivities (MSU mcs) | 35 | ||
| Cervical screening | 35 | ||
| Screening for Down syndrome | 35 | ||
| Investigations—additional that may be considered | 35 | ||
| Hb electrophoresis | 35 | ||
| Serum Ferritin | 35 | ||
| Chlamydia Screening | 35 | ||
| Vitamin D | 35 | ||
| Thyroid function | 35 | ||
| Management of any clinical conditions found | 36 | ||
| Further assessment, optimising treatment and prognostic outlook | 36 | ||
| General advice | 36 | ||
| Nutrition | 36 | ||
| Listeria | 36 | ||
| Healthy diet, particularly avoiding nutritional excess | 36 | ||
| Iron, iodine and calcium | 36 | ||
| Multivitamin supplementation | 36 | ||
| Exercise | 36 | ||
| Alcohol, smoking and illicit drugs | 37 | ||
| Alcohol | 37 | ||
| Smoking | 37 | ||
| Illicit drugs | 37 | ||
| Medications | 37 | ||
| Sexual intercourse | 37 | ||
| Employment | 37 | ||
| Travel | 37 | ||
| Vaccinations | 37 | ||
| Infections | 37 | ||
| Booking | 38 | ||
| Who? | 38 | ||
| The maternal fetal medicine (MFM) subspecialist | 38 | ||
| Specialist obstetrician | 38 | ||
| Shared care with a general practitioner obstetrician | 38 | ||
| Midwife or training obstetrician care | 38 | ||
| Multidisciplinary care | 38 | ||
| What place of birth? | 38 | ||
| Reference | 38 | ||
| Further reading | 38 | ||
| 5 Antenatal care beyond the first antenatal visit | 39 | ||
| The objectives of antenatal care | 39 | ||
| Health promotion and preventative medicine | 39 | ||
| Early diagnosis and management of pregnancy complications | 40 | ||
| Maternal support and preparation for birth | 40 | ||
| Antenatal visits beyond the first one | 40 | ||
| Frequency of visits | 40 | ||
| The typical routine antenatal visit in an uncomplicated pregnancy | 40 | ||
| History | 40 | ||
| General wellbeing and symptomatology | 40 | ||
| Fetal movements | 40 | ||
| Examination | 40 | ||
| Maternal weight | 40 | ||
| Blood pressure | 41 | ||
| Abdominal examination | 41 | ||
| Inspection | 41 | ||
| Palpation | 41 | ||
| Auscultation | 42 | ||
| Urinalysis—proteinuria and glycosuria | 42 | ||
| Investigations | 42 | ||
| First antenatal visit | 42 | ||
| At 28 weeks’ gestation | 43 | ||
| Full blood examinationn | 43 | ||
| Glucose tolerance testing | 43 | ||
| Blood group antibody screen | 43 | ||
| At 36 weeks’ gestation | 44 | ||
| Group B streptococcus (GBS) screening | 44 | ||
| Timing and mode of birth | 45 | ||
| Timing of birth | 45 | ||
| Mode of birth | 45 | ||
| Further reading | 45 | ||
| 6 Obesity and nutrition in pregnancy | 46 | ||
| Introduction | 46 | ||
| Dietary guidelines in pregnancy | 46 | ||
| Vitamin and mineral supplementation | 47 | ||
| Folate | 47 | ||
| Iron | 47 | ||
| Iodine | 48 | ||
| Calcium | 48 | ||
| Vitamin D | 48 | ||
| Mercury | 48 | ||
| Listeria | 48 | ||
| Weight gain in pregnancy | 48 | ||
| Bariatric surgery | 50 | ||
| References | 50 | ||
| Further reading | 50 | ||
| 2.2 Problems of Early Pregnancy | 51 | ||
| 7 Hyperemesis gravidarum | 52 | ||
| Definition | 52 | ||
| Aetiology | 52 | ||
| Clinical features | 52 | ||
| Management of vomiting in pregnancy | 53 | ||
| Assessment | 53 | ||
| Treatment for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy | 53 | ||
| Adjuvant therapies | 53 | ||
| Treatment for hyperemesis gravidarum | 53 | ||
| Reference | 53 | ||
| Further reading | 53 | ||
| 8 Bleeding in early pregnancy | 55 | ||
| Early pregnancy bleeding | 55 | ||
| Is the pregnancy intrauterine? | 55 | ||
| Is the pregnancy viable? | 55 | ||
| Miscarriage | 55 | ||
| Aetiology | 56 | ||
| Aetiology of recurrent miscarriage | 57 | ||
| Clinical features | 57 | ||
| Pregnancy symptoms | 57 | ||
| Bleeding | 57 | ||
| Pain | 57 | ||
| Passage of products of conception | 57 | ||
| Classification | 57 | ||
| Initial management | 57 | ||
| Assessment | 57 | ||
| Generic treatment | 58 | ||
| Resuscitation | 58 | ||
| Passive anti-D for Rh-negative women | 58 | ||
| Explanation and support | 58 | ||
| Further management | 58 | ||
| Threatened miscarriage | 58 | ||
| Complete miscarriage | 58 | ||
| Inevitable miscarriage | 59 | ||
| Incomplete miscarriage | 59 | ||
| Missed miscarriage | 59 | ||
| Expectant management | 60 | ||
| Medical management | 60 | ||
| Surgical management | 60 | ||
| Septic miscarriage | 60 | ||
| Prognosis | 60 | ||
| Second-trimester miscarriage | 60 | ||
| Recurrent miscarriage | 60 | ||
| Ectopic pregnancy | 61 | ||
| Predisposing factors | 61 | ||
| Pathology and clinical features | 61 | ||
| Tubal pregnancy | 61 | ||
| Tubal abortion | 61 | ||
| Tubal rupture | 61 | ||
| Missed tubal abortion | 62 | ||
| Other sites for ectopic pregnancy | 62 | ||
| Diagnosis | 62 | ||
| Management | 62 | ||
| Medical treatment | 63 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 64 | ||
| Laparoscopy or laparotomy? | 64 | ||
| Salpingectomy or salpingostomy? | 64 | ||
| Other treatment options | 64 | ||
| Gestational trophoblastic disease | 64 | ||
| Classification | 64 | ||
| Localised GTD | 64 | ||
| Invasive GTN | 65 | ||
| Predisposing factors | 65 | ||
| Histopathology and cytogenetics | 65 | ||
| Clinical features and pathology | 65 | ||
| Mole | 65 | ||
| Choriocarcinoma | 65 | ||
| Diagnosis | 66 | ||
| Ultrasound | 66 | ||
| β-hCG | 66 | ||
| Management | 66 | ||
| Localised GTD | 66 | ||
| Initial management | 66 | ||
| 3 Gynaecology | 351 | ||
| 3.1 Gynaecological Assessment | 352 | ||
| 44 Gynaecological history and examination | 353 | ||
| The gynaecological history | 353 | ||
| Past history | 353 | ||
| Surgical history | 353 | ||
| Medical history | 354 | ||
| Obstetric history | 354 | ||
| Gynaecological history | 354 | ||
| Psychological history | 354 | ||
| Medications | 354 | ||
| Family history | 354 | ||
| Social history | 354 | ||
| Presenting complaint | 354 | ||
| Menstrual history | 354 | ||
| Pelvic pain | 355 | ||
| Bowel and bladder function | 355 | ||
| Vaginal discharge and pruritus | 355 | ||
| Contraception and fertility | 355 | ||
| Other system review | 355 | ||
| The gynaecological examination | 355 | ||
| Screening during the gynaecological assessment | 357 | ||
| Conclusion | 357 | ||
| Further reading | 357 | ||
| 45 Gynaecological investigations | 358 | ||
| Blood tests | 358 | ||
| Ovarian cancer screening | 358 | ||
| Microbiology | 358 | ||
| Screening for cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia | 360 | ||
| Obtaining the cervical sample | 360 | ||
| Papanicolaou (Pap) smear | 361 | ||
| Liquid-based cytology | 361 | ||
| HPV vaccination | 361 | ||
| HPV testing | 361 | ||
| Imaging | 361 | ||
| Pelvic ultrasound | 361 | ||
| Pelvic MRI | 364 | ||
| Endometrial sampling | 366 | ||
| Hysteroscopy | 366 | ||
| Instrumentation | 366 | ||
| Technique | 367 | ||
| Ambulatory hysteroscopy | 367 | ||
| Rigid hysteroscope | 367 | ||
| Vaginoscopic approach | 367 | ||
| Laparoscopy | 368 | ||
| Instrumentation | 368 | ||
| Technique | 368 | ||
| Consent to laparoscopy | 369 | ||
| Recovery | 369 | ||
| Applications of laparoscopy | 369 | ||
| References | 370 | ||
| 3.2 Menstrual Disorders | 371 | ||
| 46 Paediatric and adolescent gynaecology | 372 | ||
| Fetal gynaecological problems | 372 | ||
| Antenatal ovarian cysts | 372 | ||
| Gynaecological problems of the neonate | 372 | ||
| Congenital anomalies | 372 | ||
| Imperforate hymen | 372 | ||
| Genital ambiguity | 373 | ||
| Discordance of gender phenotype and genotype | 373 | ||
| Neonatal vaginal bleeding | 373 | ||
| Prepubertal girls | 373 | ||
| Labial Adhesions | 373 | ||
| Vulvovaginitis | 373 | ||
| Abdominal pain | 373 | ||
| Puberty | 373 | ||
| Precocious puberty | 373 | ||
| Delayed puberty | 373 | ||
| Hypothalamic–pituitary causes | 373 | ||
| Ovarian causes | 374 | ||
| Delayed menarche | 374 | ||
| Delayed menarche with normal pubertal development | 374 | ||
| Delayed menarche with atypical pubertal development | 374 | ||
| Absence of secondary sexual hair | 374 | ||
| Androgen excess | 375 | ||
| Post-menarche | 375 | ||
| Menstrual problems | 375 | ||
| Menorrhagia | 375 | ||
| Dysmenorrhoea | 375 | ||
| Secondary amenorrhoea | 375 | ||
| Menstrual management in the presence of an intellectual disability | 375 | ||
| Sexual activity | 375 | ||
| Pelvic pain | 376 | ||
| Ovarian cysts | 376 | ||
| Ovarian torsion | 376 | ||
| Contraception | 376 | ||
| Further reading | 376 | ||
| 47 The menstrual cycle and menstrual disorders | 377 | ||
| Introduction | 378 | ||
| Menstruation: general description and terms | 378 | ||
| The menstrual process | 379 | ||
| Features associated with menstruation | 381 | ||
| Menstrual hygiene | 381 | ||
| Cultural attitudes to menstruation | 383 | ||
| Dysmenorrhoea | 383 | ||
| Overview | 383 | ||
| Aetiology | 383 | ||
| Clinical features | 383 | ||
| Treatment | 384 | ||
| Medical: non-hormonal | 385 | ||
| Medical: hormonal | 385 | ||
| Surgery | 386 | ||
| Other treatments | 386 | ||
| Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 386 | ||
| Overview | 386 | ||
| Clinical features | 386 | ||
| DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PMDD | 387 | ||
| Aetiology | 387 | ||
| Treatment | 387 | ||
| Medical: non-hormonal | 387 | ||
| Medical: hormonal treatments | 389 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 389 | ||
| Other | 389 | ||
| Excessive uterine bleeding (menorrhagia, metrorrhagia and polymenorrhoea) | 390 | ||
| Overview | 390 | ||
| Aetiology | 390 | ||
| Clinical features and diagnosis | 390 | ||
| History and examination | 390 | ||
| Investigations | 391 | ||
| Blood tests | 391 | ||
| Imaging | 391 | ||
| Biopsy | 391 | ||
| Hysteroscopy | 392 | ||
| Treatment | 392 | ||
| Organic disorders | 392 | ||
| Fibroids | 392 | ||
| Dysfunctional uterine bleeding | 392 | ||
| Medical: non-hormonal | 392 | ||
| Medical: hormonal | 392 | ||
| Surgical | 395 | ||
| Treatment of acute blood loss | 396 | ||
| Postmenopausal bleeding | 396 | ||
| Overview | 396 | ||
| Aetiology | 396 | ||
| Clinical features and assessment | 397 | ||
| History | 397 | ||
| Examination | 397 | ||
| Investigations | 398 | ||
| Treatment | 398 | ||
| References | 398 | ||
| 3.3 Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility | 400 | ||
| 48 Infertility | 401 | ||
| Definition | 401 | ||
| Aetiology | 401 | ||
| Evaluation | 402 | ||
| Major causes of infertility | 404 | ||
| Male factor infertility | 404 | ||
| Hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction | 404 | ||
| 4 Neonatology | 583 | ||
| 64 Neonatal physiology: adaptation and resuscitation | 584 | ||
| The cardiopulmonary system in transition | 584 | ||
| Fetus | 584 | ||
| Neonate | 585 | ||
| The heart and lungs | 585 | ||
| Other organs and behaviour | 586 | ||
| Neonatal resuscitation | 586 | ||
| Introduction | 586 | ||
| Neonatal resuscitation algorithm | 587 | ||
| The birth of a newborn: the first minutes of life | 587 | ||
| The Apgar score | 590 | ||
| Response to resuscitation | 591 | ||
| References | 591 | ||
| 65 Routine neonatal care | 592 | ||
| Care after birth | 592 | ||
| General care | 592 | ||
| Umbilical cord | 593 | ||
| Bathing | 593 | ||
| Urine and stools | 593 | ||
| Weighing | 594 | ||
| Domicile | 594 | ||
| Thermal environment | 594 | ||
| Behaviour and sleep | 594 | ||
| Neonatal heel-prick screening | 594 | ||
| Immunisation | 595 | ||
| Bonding, family and siblings | 595 | ||
| 66 Assessment of the neonate | 597 | ||
| The physical examination | 597 | ||
| Measurement | 598 | ||
| General observation | 598 | ||
| Hands | 605 | ||
| Arms | 606 | ||
| Achondroplasia | 606 | ||
| Arthrogryposis | 606 | ||
| Acquired pathology | 606 | ||
| Cardiovascular examination | 606 | ||
| Grasp and Moro reflexes | 606 | ||
| Head | 607 | ||
| Size | 607 | ||
| Shape and moulding | 607 | ||
| Fontanelles and sutures | 607 | ||
| Extra-cranial swellings or haematomas | 608 | ||
| Encephalocele | 608 | ||
| Face | 609 | ||
| Ears | 609 | ||
| Eyes | 609 | ||
| Lips | 609 | ||
| Mouth | 609 | ||
| Nose | 610 | ||
| Skin | 610 | ||
| Neck | 610 | ||
| Lateral masses | 610 | ||
| Midline masses | 610 | ||
| Lateral fistulas | 610 | ||
| Sternomastoid tumour | 610 | ||
| Thorax | 612 | ||
| Respiration | 612 | ||
| Chest wall | 612 | ||
| Breasts | 612 | ||
| Nipples | 612 | ||
| Cardiovascular examination | 612 | ||
| Abdomen | 612 | ||
| Shape | 612 | ||
| Hepatomegaly | 612 | ||
| Splenomegaly | 612 | ||
| Umbilical cord | 612 | ||
| Inguinal hernia | 612 | ||
| Genitalia and anus | 612 | ||
| Female external genitalia | 612 | ||
| Male external genitalia | 613 | ||
| Hips | 613 | ||
| Dislocation | 613 | ||
| Feet | 615 | ||
| Talipes | 615 | ||
| Supernumerary toes or absent toe | 615 | ||
| Shape | 615 | ||
| Tone and back | 615 | ||
| Completion | 616 | ||
| References | 616 | ||
| 67 Neonatal feeding and nutrition | 617 | ||
| an international perspective | 617 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 618 | ||
| Anatomy of the breast | 618 | ||
| External structure | 618 | ||
| Internal structure | 618 | ||
| Changes during pregnancy | 618 | ||
| Physiology of lactation | 618 | ||
| Colostrum | 619 | ||
| ‘Coming-in’ of the milk | 619 | ||
| Breastmilk | 619 | ||
| Antenatal preparation | 619 | ||
| Management of breastfeeding | 619 | ||
| Technique of breastfeeding | 620 | ||
| Breastfeeding difficulties | 620 | ||
| Maternal difficulties | 621 | ||
| Engorgement | 621 | ||
| Breast infection | 621 | ||
| Mastitis | 621 | ||
| Breast abscess | 621 | ||
| Flat or inverted nipples | 622 | ||
| Overabundance | 622 | ||
| Insufficient supply | 622 | ||
| Sore nipples | 622 | ||
| Cracked nipples | 622 | ||
| Psychological difficulties | 622 | ||
| Neonatal difficulties | 622 | ||
| Inability to suck adequately | 622 | ||
| Anatomical problems | 622 | ||
| A sleepy or lethargic baby | 622 | ||
| Breast refusal | 623 | ||
| Difficulties created by caregivers | 623 | ||
| Breast expression | 623 | ||
| Suppression of lactation | 623 | ||
| Relactation | 623 | ||
| Donor human breastmilk | 624 | ||
| Artificial feeding | 624 | ||
| Method of feeding | 624 | ||
| First feed | 624 | ||
| Frequency and duration of feeds | 624 | ||
| Volume of feed | 624 | ||
| Prior to hospital discharge | 625 | ||
| Non-enteral feeding | 625 | ||
| Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn | 625 | ||
| Problems | 625 | ||
| Vomiting | 625 | ||
| Colic | 626 | ||
| Constipation | 626 | ||
| Slow weight gain | 626 | ||
| References | 626 | ||
| 68 Neonatal jaundice | 628 | ||
| Normal bilirubin metabolism | 628 | ||
| Causes of jaundice | 629 | ||
| Investigations | 629 | ||
| Too early | 630 | ||
| Too high | 630 | ||
| Too long | 630 | ||
| Other Considerations | 630 | ||
| Serum bilirubin measurement | 631 | ||
| Treatment | 631 | ||
| Phototherapy | 631 | ||
| Exchange transfusion | 633 | ||
| Other treatments | 633 | ||
| Specific conditions | 633 | ||
| Haemolytic disease of the newborn (unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia) | 633 | ||
| Rh-haemolytic disease | 633 | ||
| ABO haemolytic disease | 633 | ||
| Red cell abnormalities | 634 | ||
| Obstructive jaundice (neonatal cholestasis) | 634 | ||
| Extrahepatic biliary atresia | 634 | ||
| Neonatal hepatitis | 634 | ||
| Other causes | 634 | ||
| Breastmilk jaundice | 634 | ||
| Kernicterus | 634 | ||
| References | 635 | ||
| 69 Neonatal neurological presentations | 636 | ||
| Developmental events | 636 | ||
| Specific neonatal conditions | 637 | ||
| Neonatal encephalopathy | 637 | ||
| Causes and investigation | 638 | ||
| Treatment | 638 | ||
| Outcome | 638 | ||
| Seizures | 639 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 639 | ||
| Causes and investigation | 639 | ||
| Treatment | 639 | ||
| General outcome | 639 | ||
| Spina bifida | 639 | ||
| The floppy newborn | 639 | ||
| Nerve palsies | 640 | ||
| Brachial plexus injury | 641 | ||
| Facial nerve palsy | 641 | ||
| Intracranial haemorrhage | 641 | ||
| Drug withdrawal (neonatal abstinence syndrome) | 641 | ||
| References | 642 | ||
| 70 Neonatal respiratory distress | 643 | ||
| Pulmonary physiology | 643 | ||
| Morphology | 643 | ||
| Lung fluid | 643 | ||
| Pulmonary blood flow | 644 | ||
| Lung aeration | 644 | ||
| Gas exchange | 644 | ||
| Respiratory distress | 644 | ||
| Definition | 644 | ||
| Causes | 644 | ||
| Management | 645 | ||
| Investigation | 646 | ||
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 647 | ||
| Prevention | 648 | ||
| Treatment | 648 | ||
| Chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia) | 648 | ||
| Pneumonia | 648 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 648 | ||
| Meconium aspiration syndrome | 649 | ||
| Resuscitation of a newborn in the context of meconium-stained liquor | 649 | ||
| Investigation and treatment | 649 | ||
| Outcome | 649 | ||
| Transient tachypnoea of the newborn | 649 | ||
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 649 | ||
| Further reading | 650 | ||
| 71 The small for gestational age and large for gestational age neonate | 651 | ||
| Definitions | 651 | ||
| The small for gestational age newborn | 651 | ||
| Problems of growth restriction | 653 | ||
| Hypothermia and hypoglycaemia | 653 | ||
| Polycythaemia and other haematological issues | 653 | ||
| Birth depression | 653 | ||
| Prognosis | 653 | ||
| The large for gestational age newborn | 653 | ||
| References | 654 | ||
| 72 Neonatal infection | 655 | ||
| Immune system | 655 | ||
| Antenatally acquired congenital infections: the TORCH infections | 655 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 656 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 656 | ||
| Rubella | 656 | ||
| Herpes simplex | 656 | ||
| Syphilis | 657 | ||
| Perinatally acquired infections: superficial and systemic bacterial infections | 657 | ||
| Superficial infection | 657 | ||
| Thrush (candidiasis) | 657 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 657 | ||
| Omphalitis | 658 | ||
| Skin infection | 658 | ||
| Systemic infection: neonatal sepsis | 658 | ||
| Incidence | 659 | ||
| Presentation | 659 | ||
| Assessment and diagnosis | 659 | ||
| Treatment | 659 | ||
| Specific infections | 659 | ||
| Group B streptococcus | 660 | ||
| Pneumonia | 660 | ||
| Meningitis | 660 | ||
| Osteomyelitis/septic arthritis | 660 | ||
| Viral hepatitis | 660 | ||
| HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 661 | ||
| Infections in neonatal intensive care units | 661 | ||
| Neonatal infections in the developing world | 661 | ||
| References | 661 | ||
| 73 Congenital malformations | 662 | ||
| Prevalence | 662 | ||
| An overview of chromosomal and genetic abnormalities | 663 | ||
| Specific abnormalities | 663 | ||
| Congenital heart disease | 663 | ||
| Coarctation of the aorta | 665 | ||
| Ventricular septal defect | 665 | ||
| Transposition of the great arteries | 665 | ||
| Hypoplastic left heart | 665 | ||
| Central nervous system | 666 | ||
| Neural tube defects | 666 | ||
| Other CNS malformations | 666 | ||
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | 667 | ||
| Gastrointestinal tract | 667 | ||
| Atresia | 667 | ||
| Meconium ileus | 667 | ||
| Hirschsprung’s disease | 667 | ||
| Imperforate anus | 668 | ||
| Tracheo-oesophageal fistula | 668 | ||
| Exomphalos (omphalocele) and gastroschisis | 669 | ||
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 669 | ||
| Developmental dysplasia of the hip | 669 | ||
| Genitalia | 669 | ||
| Undescended testes | 669 | ||
| Hypospadias | 670 | ||
| Ambiguous genitalia | 670 | ||
| Face | 671 | ||
| Cleft lip and cleft palate | 671 | ||
| Chromosomal | 671 | ||
| Down syndrome | 671 | ||
| Trisomy 18 (Edwards’ syndrome) | 671 | ||
| Sex chromosome abnormalities | 673 | ||
| Skeletal dysplasias and dwarfism | 673 | ||
| Communication with the parents and genetic counselling | 673 | ||
| References | 674 | ||
| 74 Neonatal haematology | 675 | ||
| Introduction | 675 | ||
| Red blood cells | 675 | ||
| White blood cells | 676 | ||
| Platelets | 676 | ||
| Coagulation factors | 676 | ||
| Anaemia | 676 | ||
| Physiological | 676 | ||
| Pathological | 676 | ||
| Blood loss: before and during birth | 677 | ||
| Blood loss: after birth | 677 | ||
| Blood destruction | 677 | ||
| Red cell destruction by maternal antibodies | 677 | ||
| Hydrops fetalis | 677 | ||
| Failure of red cell production | 678 | ||
| Polycythaemia | 678 | ||
| Haemorrhagic conditions in the newborn | 678 | ||
| Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn | 678 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 678 | ||
| Platelet abnormalities | 679 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 679 | ||
| Mother | 679 | ||
| Fetus and newborn | 679 | ||
| Blood in the stool | 679 | ||
| 75 The preterm neonate and perinatal transport | 680 | ||
| Prematurity: definitions | 680 | ||
| Recognition | 681 | ||
| Physical features | 681 | ||
| Neurological features | 681 | ||
| Viability | 682 | ||
| Problems of prematurity | 682 | ||
| Respiratory distress syndrome and chronic lung disease | 682 | ||
| Hypoglycaemia | 682 | ||
| Jaundice | 682 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 683 | ||
| Retinopathy of prematurity | 683 | ||
| Intraventricular haemorrhage and periventricular leucomalacia | 683 | ||
| Apnoea of prematurity | 685 | ||
| Necrotising enterocolitis | 685 | ||
| Patent ductus arteriosus | 686 | ||
| Prognosis | 687 | ||
| Survival | 687 | ||
| Neurodevelopmental outcome | 687 | ||
| Growth | 688 | ||
| Follow-up and post-discharge care | 688 | ||
| Cost and ethics | 689 | ||
| Transport and retrieval | 689 | ||
| A final note: caring for the parents | 692 | ||
| References | 692 | ||
| Index | 693 | ||
| A | 693 | ||
| B | 695 | ||
| C | 698 | ||
| D | 702 | ||
| E | 703 | ||
| F | 705 | ||
| G | 706 | ||
| H | 708 | ||
| I | 710 | ||
| J | 712 | ||
| K | 712 | ||
| L | 712 | ||
| M | 714 | ||
| N | 716 | ||
| O | 718 | ||
| P | 720 | ||
| Q | 726 | ||
| R | 726 | ||
| S | 727 | ||
| T | 729 | ||
| U | 731 | ||
| V | 732 | ||
| W | 734 | ||
| X | 734 | ||
| Y | 734 | ||
| Z | 734 |