Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Gastroenterology & Nutrition is a new e-book in a collection of subject-themed e-books containing relevant key articles from Paediatrics & Child Health. The e-books provide a perfect source of revision for post-graduate exams in paediatrics and portfolio material for life-long learning.
As well as mapping to the requirements of post-graduate training in paediatrics, these e-books also enable anyone with a short-term interest in a specific area to buy individual articles at a price-point that will give affordable access to all readers (from medical students to GPs and practitioners in related areas). The quality of user experience on mobiles, tablets and laptops will be an added bonus for learning on the move.
About the journal
The parent journal (http://www.paediatricsandchildhealthjournal.co.uk/) is a rolling, continuously updated review of clinical medicine over a 4-year cycle covering all the important topics for post-graduate exams in paediatrics. The journal’s articles are refreshed, updated, augmented or replaced as appropriate each time the subject is due for revision to provide a concise overview of knowledge and practice core to the curriculum. Each article is written by invited experts and overseen by the relevant subject specialist on the Board. A trainee representative on the Board ensures relevance and accessibility for exam candidates.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Gastroenterology and Nutrition:\rPrepare for the MRCPCH | Fm-1 | ||
| Copyright Page | Fm-2 | ||
| PREFACE | Fm-4 | ||
| Table of Contents | Fm-5 | ||
| Section 1: Gastroenterology | 1 | ||
| Coeliac disease | 1 | ||
| What is coeliac disease? | 1 | ||
| Who gets coeliac disease? | 1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1 | ||
| How do children with coeliac disease present? | 2 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 2 | ||
| How are children diagnosed with coeliac disease? | 2 | ||
| How is coeliac disease in children managed? | 3 | ||
| What are the long-term complications of coeliac disease? | 3 | ||
| How should children with coeliac disease be followed-up? | 3 | ||
| Pneumococcus vaccination | 4 | ||
| Screening for coeliac disease | 4 | ||
| Support group | 4 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 4 | ||
| Peptic ulcer disease | 5 | ||
| Introduction | 5 | ||
| Primary peptic ulcer disease | 5 | ||
| Treatment | 7 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 10 | ||
| Rectal bleeding in children — causes and investigations | 11 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| Aetiology | 11 | ||
| Anorectal fissure | 12 | ||
| Infectious colitis | 12 | ||
| Intussusception | 12 | ||
| Meckel’s diverticulum | 12 | ||
| Colorectal polyps | 13 | ||
| Hirschsprung’s enterocolitis | 14 | ||
| Investigations | 14 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 20 | ||
| Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases — brief update on current practice and future perspectives | 21 | ||
| Introduction | 21 | ||
| Epidemiology | 21 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 21 | ||
| Diagnostic work-up of IBD | 22 | ||
| Treatment of IBD | 23 | ||
| Epigenetics as a novel concept in IBD disease pathogenesis | 24 | ||
| Conclusions | 25 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 25 | ||
| When to do paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy? | 26 | ||
| Introduction | 26 | ||
| Historical perspective | 26 | ||
| GI endoscopy | 26 | ||
| Patient preparation and consent | 26 | ||
| Risks/complications of GI endoscopy | 26 | ||
| Pre-procedural assessment | 27 | ||
| Advice on dietary restrictions and bowel preparation | 27 | ||
| Sedation vs general anaesthesia | 27 | ||
| Upper GI endoscopy | 27 | ||
| Diagnostic OGD | 27 | ||
| OGD and coeliac disease | 28 | ||
| OGD and Crohn’s disease | 28 | ||
| OGD and HP gastritis | 28 | ||
| OGD and EO | 28 | ||
| Therapeutic (±diagnostic) OGD | 29 | ||
| OGD and foreign body ingestion | 29 | ||
| Surveillance OGD | 29 | ||
| Colonoscopy | 29 | ||
| Diagnostic colonoscopy | 30 | ||
| Colonoscopy and IBD | 30 | ||
| Therapeutic colonoscopy | 30 | ||
| Surveillance colonoscopy | 31 | ||
| Colonoscopy and polyposis syndrome | 31 | ||
| Conclusion | 31 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 31 | ||
| Short bowel syndrome — surgical perspectives and outcomes | 33 | ||
| Definition | 33 | ||
| Incidence & aetiology | 33 | ||
| Congenital causes of short bowel syndrome | 33 | ||
| Acquired causes of short bowel syndrome | 33 | ||
| Intestinal failure | 34 | ||
| Medical management | 34 | ||
| Surgical strategies | 35 | ||
| Prognosis | 37 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 37 | ||
| Management of chronic constipation in children | 39 | ||
| Introduction | 39 | ||
| Definitions | 39 | ||
| Physiology of defaecation | 39 | ||
| Pathophysiology of constipation | 40 | ||
| History | 40 | ||
| Investigations | 43 | ||
| Management | 43 | ||
| Pharmacological treatment | 43 | ||
| Discussion | 46 | ||
| REFERENCES | 46 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 46 | ||
| Investigations of chronic diarrhoea | 47 | ||
| Introduction | 47 | ||
| Definition | 47 | ||
| Frequency of defaecation | 47 | ||
| Onset of diarrhoea | 47 | ||
| Practical options to determine stool consistency | 50 | ||
| Investigations | 50 | ||
| Age-dependenc | 56 | ||
| Practical recommendations | 56 | ||
| Management, prognosis, follow-up and prevention | 56 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 56 | ||
| Evaluation of vomiting in children | 57 | ||
| Introduction | 57 | ||
| Section 2: Nutrition | 81 | ||
| Micronutrients | 81 | ||
| Micronutrients in paediatric | 81 | ||
| Origins of micronutrients | 81 | ||
| Micronutrient requirements | 81 | ||
| Requirements for different groups | 82 | ||
| Presentation of micronutrients deficiency | 83 | ||
| Prevention of micronutrient deficiencies | 85 | ||
| Conclusion | 85 | ||
| REFERENCES | 85 | ||
| Human milk banking; current evidence and future challenges | 87 | ||
| Introduction | 87 | ||
| Benefits of breast milk | 87 | ||
| Donor milk banking in the United Kingdom | 87 | ||
| Processing of donor milk and effects on immunoactivity of milk | 87 | ||
| Nutritional composition | 88 | ||
| Clinical trials of donor milk | 88 | ||
| Safety of donor milk | 90 | ||
| Economic considerations | 90 | ||
| Cultural considerations | 90 | ||
| The future of milk banking | 91 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 91 | ||
| Making the best use of a hospital Dietitian | 92 | ||
| Introduction | 92 | ||
| Role of nutrition in medicine | 92 | ||
| Malnutrition in the clinical setting | 93 | ||
| Multidisciplinary working | 93 | ||
| Standardizing and improving patient care | 94 | ||
| Working in Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust | 94 | ||
| Conclusions | 95 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 95 | ||
| Managing weaning problems and complementary feeding | 96 | ||
| Definition of weaning | 96 | ||
| When to wean? | 96 | ||
| Problems with weaning | 97 | ||
| What foods to offer? | 98 | ||
| How to offer first foods? | 98 | ||
| Practice recommendations | 99 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 99 | ||
| The benefits and management of gastrostomy in children | 101 | ||
| Introduction | 101 | ||
| Historical background | 101 | ||
| Indications | 101 | ||
| Contraindications | 102 | ||
| Types of gastrostomies and surgical techniques | 102 | ||
| Care required & the prevention and treatment of complications | 103 | ||
| Summary | 105 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 105 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition in paediatrics | 106 | ||
| Indications | 106 | ||
| Venous access | 106 | ||
| Composition | 106 | ||
| Complications of parenteral nutrition | 109 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 111 | ||
| The role of a hospital Nutrition Support Team | 112 | ||
| Specialists in paediatric Nutrition Support Team and their roles | 112 | ||
| Costs of undernutrition | 113 | ||
| Screening tools for malnutrition | 113 | ||
| Anthropometry | 113 | ||
| Rationale for screening tool | 113 | ||
| Which screening tool? | 113 | ||
| Gaps with existing care | 113 | ||
| Recommendations from NCEPOD review | 115 | ||
| Council of Europe review | 115 | ||
| European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Review | 115 | ||
| Clinical benefits of Nutrition Support Teams | 115 | ||
| Recommended organizational structure of Nutrition Support Teams | 115 | ||
| Cost benefits of Nutritional Support Team | 116 | ||
| The way forward | 116 | ||
| Summary | 116 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 116 | ||
| Long term parenteral nutrition | 117 | ||
| Introduction | 117 | ||
| Conditions requiring long term P.N | 117 | ||
| Deciding when to start parenteral nutrition | 117 | ||
| Management of short bowel syndrome | 117 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition solutions | 118 | ||
| Assessing requirements | 119 | ||
| Promoting normal infant feeding when on long term parenteral nutrition | 119 | ||
| Weaning off long term parenteral nutrition | 119 | ||
| Outcome on home parenteral nutrition | 119 | ||
| The nutrition support team | 119 | ||
| Growth, bone density and body composition | 120 | ||
| Complications of long-term parenteral nutrition | 120 | ||
| Catheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI) | 120 | ||
| Central venous line locks and skin cleansing | 121 | ||
| Intestinal failureeassociated liver disease (IFALD) | 121 | ||
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) | 121 | ||
| HPN and intestinal transplantation | 122 | ||
| Transition to adult services | 122 | ||
| Conclusion | 122 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 122 | ||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux in infancy | 124 | ||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 124 | ||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) | 124 | ||
| Epidemiology | 124 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 124 | ||
| Symptoms | 124 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 125 | ||
| Management | 125 | ||
| Drug treatment | 128 | ||
| Acid suppression agents | 128 | ||
| Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) | 128 | ||
| Prokinetics | 128 | ||
| Other agents | 128 | ||
| Surgery | 129 | ||
| Patient groups at increased risk of needing surgery | 129 | ||
| Barrett’s oesophagus | 129 | ||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux and neurodisability | 129 | ||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux and respiratory disease | 129 | ||
| Case study 1 | 130 | ||
| Case study 2 | 130 | ||
| Case study 3 | 130 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 130 | ||
| Understanding infant formula | 131 | ||
| Background | 131 | ||
| Infant formula basics | 131 | ||
| Case 1 | 131 | ||
| Case 2 | 131 | ||
| Case 3 | 132 | ||
| Case 4 | 133 | ||
| Case 5 | 133 | ||
| Case 6 | 133 | ||
| Case 7 | 134 | ||
| Case 8 | 134 | ||
| Case 9 | 134 | ||
| Other disease specific formulas | 134 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 135 | ||
| Nutrition in metabolic disease | 136 | ||
| Introduction | 136 | ||
| Supply of a deficient metabolic product | 136 | ||
| Restriction of a dietary component that cannot be broken down | 137 | ||
| Prevention of catabolism and acute encephalopathy | 139 | ||
| Summary | 140 | ||
| Funding | 140 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 140 | ||
| Dietary intervention in eczema | 141 | ||
| Introduction | 141 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 141 | ||
| Food allergy and eczema | 141 | ||
| Dietary management in children with eczema | 143 | ||
| Practical approach to specific dietary allergen exclusion in eczema | 143 | ||
| Other dietary strategies proposed in Eczema | 144 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 145 | ||
| Complications of short bowel syndrome | 146 | ||
| Introduction | 146 | ||
| Nutritional management | 146 | ||
| Non — transplant surgery for anatomical complications | 147 | ||
| Therapies related complications management | 148 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 149 | ||
| Malnutrition in developing countries | 150 | ||
| Nutrition disorders: a leading cause of ill health in the world today | 150 | ||
| Definitions and diagnosis | 150 | ||
| Epidemiology | 150 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 150 | ||
| Aetiology and pathophysiology | 151 | ||
| Clinical evaluation | 152 | ||
| Management | 153 | ||
| Prevention | 154 | ||
| Role of the funding sources | 155 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 155 |