Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Video Atlas of Neurosurgery: Contemporary Tumor and Skull Base Surgery is a unique resource that consists of 40 procedural videos and a concise companion book to reinforce your understanding of the material. Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa brings together a group of outstanding faculty, residents, and fellows lead by Dr. Jordina Rincon-Torroella, who carefully designed, assembled, and edited each chapter. The videos are enhanced through the inclusion of intraoperative photos, anatomical dissections, outstanding anatomical drawings, and animations that detail key steps and provide the experience of viewing a real-time surgery. Whether consulted together or independently of each other, the video and print content deliver all of the expert knowledge you need for effectively planning and understanding tumor and skull base surgeries.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Expert Consult PIN page | IFC1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Praise for Video Atlas of Neurosurgery: Contemporary Tumor and Skull Base Surgery | ii | ||
| Video Atlas of Neurosurgery | vii | ||
| Copyright Page | viii | ||
| Table Of Contents | ix | ||
| Video page | xii | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| List of Contributors | xvii | ||
| Dedication | xxi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xxiii | ||
| Introduction Operating Room Requirements for Brain Tumor Surgery | xxv | ||
| Introduction | xxv | ||
| General Operating Room Setup | xxv | ||
| Microscope Setup | xxv | ||
| Patient Positioning | xxvii | ||
| Head Fixation | xxviii | ||
| General Craniotomy Techniques | xxix | ||
| Operative Modifications for Specialized Cases | xxix | ||
| Imaging | xxx | ||
| Neuronavigation | xxx | ||
| Intraoperative Ultrasound | xxx | ||
| Intraoperative Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging | xxx | ||
| Conclusion | xxx | ||
| Suggested Reading | xxx | ||
| 1 Intra-Axial Tumors | 1 | ||
| 1 Awake Craniotomy and Speech Mapping for Gliomas | 2 | ||
| Indications | 2 | ||
| Contraindications | 2 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 2 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations | 5 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 5 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 5 | ||
| Skin Incision | 5 | ||
| Craniotomy | 5 | ||
| Dural Opening | 5 | ||
| Neurophysiological Monitoring | 5 | ||
| Intraoperative Mapping | 6 | ||
| Intradural Dissection | 7 | ||
| Closure | 7 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 8 | ||
| 2 Cortical/Subcortical Motor Mapping for Gliomas | 9 | ||
| Indications | 9 | ||
| Contraindications | 9 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 9 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations | 10 | ||
| Neurophysiological Monitoring | 11 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 11 | ||
| Skin Incision | 12 | ||
| Craniotomy | 12 | ||
| Dural Opening | 13 | ||
| Cortical Mapping | 13 | ||
| Identification of the Central Sulcus (Figure 2.3) | 13 | ||
| Direct Cortical Mapping (Figure 2.5) | 14 | ||
| Tumor Resection | 15 | ||
| Closure | 15 | ||
| Complications | 15 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 16 | ||
| 3 Trans-Sulcal Versus Transcortical Resection of Subcortical Metastases | 17 | ||
| Introduction | 17 | ||
| Indications | 17 | ||
| Indications of the Trans-Sulcal Approach | 17 | ||
| Contraindications of the Trans-Sulcal Approach | 18 | ||
| Indications of the Transcortical Approach | 18 | ||
| Contraindications of the Transcortical Approach | 18 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 18 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 18 | ||
| Skin Incision | 18 | ||
| Craniotomy | 18 | ||
| Dural Opening | 18 | ||
| Procedure | 18 | ||
| Trans-Sulcal Approach | 19 | ||
| Transcortical Approach | 20 | ||
| Closure | 20 | ||
| Pitfalls and Limitations | 20 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 21 | ||
| 4 Deep Intra-Axial Tumors | 22 | ||
| Indications and Preoperative Considerations | 22 | ||
| Contraindications | 22 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 22 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 22 | ||
| Skin Incision | 22 | ||
| Craniotomy | 22 | ||
| Dural Opening and Intradural Dissection | 22 | ||
| Closure | 23 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 24 | ||
| 5 Brainstem Tumors | 25 | ||
| Indications | 25 | ||
| Contraindications | 25 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 25 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 26 | ||
| Image-Guided Stereotactic Biopsy | 26 | ||
| Approaches | 26 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 26 | ||
| Frame Biopsy for Transfrontal Extraventricular Approach | 26 | ||
| Frameless Biopsy | 27 | ||
| Open Biopsy | 27 | ||
| Stepwise Intradural Dissection of Intrinsic Brainstem Tumors (Figure 5.3) | 28 | ||
| Selection of the Incision Site at the Brainstem | 28 | ||
| Brain Mapping | 28 | ||
| Intradural Dissection of Exophytic Brainstem Tumors | 30 | ||
| Complications | 30 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 31 | ||
| 6 Cerebellar Tumors | 32 | ||
| Indications | 32 | ||
| Contraindications | 32 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 32 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 32 | ||
| Skin Incision | 33 | ||
| Craniotomy | 33 | ||
| Dural Opening | 34 | ||
| Intradural Dissection | 34 | ||
| Closure | 35 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 35 | ||
| 7 Cervicomedullary Tumors | 36 | ||
| Indications | 36 | ||
| Contraindications | 36 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 36 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 36 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 36 | ||
| Skin Incision | 36 | ||
| Craniotomy | 36 | ||
| Dural Opening | 37 | ||
| Intradural Dissection | 37 | ||
| Closure | 39 | ||
| Complications | 39 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 39 | ||
| 8 Supracerebellar Infratentorial Approach | 40 | ||
| Indications | 40 | ||
| Contraindications | 40 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 40 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 40 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 40 | ||
| Skin Incision | 41 | ||
| Craniotomy | 41 | ||
| Dural Opening | 41 | ||
| Intradural Dissection | 41 | ||
| Procedure | 42 | ||
| Dissection of Pineal Tumors | 43 | ||
| Closure | 43 | ||
| Occipital Transtentorial Approach (Figure 8.5) | 43 | ||
| Complications | 43 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 44 | ||
| 9 Intraoperative Assessment of Extent of Resection | 45 | ||
| Introduction | 45 | ||
| Preoperative Techniques to Improve Extent of Resection | 45 | ||
| fMRI/DTI (Figure 9.1) | 45 | ||
| Neuronavigation Systems | 46 | ||
| Intraoperative Techniques to Improve Extent of Resection | 46 | ||
| iCT/iMRI/iDTI (Figure 9.2) | 47 | ||
| iUS (Figure 9.3) | 47 | ||
| Neurophysiological Monitoring (see Chapters 1 and 2) | 49 | ||
| Fluorescent-Guided Surgery | 49 | ||
| 5-ALA (Figure 9.4) | 49 | ||
| ICG (Figure 9.5) | 51 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 53 | ||
| 2 Extra-Axial Tumors | 55 | ||
| 10 Convexity and Parasagittal Meningiomas | 56 | ||
| Indications and Preoperative Considerations | 56 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 57 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 57 | ||
| Skin Incision | 57 | ||
| Craniotomy | 57 | ||
| Dural Opening | 58 | ||
| Intradural Dissection and Tumor Resection | 59 | ||
| Closure | 59 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 60 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 61 | ||
| 11 Falcine and Falcotentorial Meningiomas | 62 | ||
| Indications and Preoperative Considerations | 62 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 62 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 62 | ||
| Skin Incision | 63 | ||
| Craniotomy | 63 | ||
| Dural Opening | 63 | ||
| Intradural Dissection and Tumor Resection | 64 | ||
| Closure | 64 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 64 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 65 | ||
| 12 Posterior Fossa Meningiomas | 66 | ||
| Indications and Preoperative Considerations | 66 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 66 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 66 | ||
| Skin Incision | 67 | ||
| Craniotomy | 67 | ||
| Dural Opening and Tumor Resection | 68 | ||
| Closure | 69 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 69 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 70 | ||
| 3 Intraventricular Tumors | 71 | ||
| 13 Transcortical Approach to the Lateral Ventricles | 72 | ||
| Introduction | 72 | ||
| Indications | 72 | ||
| Contraindications | 72 | ||
| Preoperative Planning | 73 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 73 | ||
| Anterior Transcortical Approach | 73 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 73 | ||
| Incision | 74 | ||
| Craniotomy | 74 | ||
| Posterior Transcortical Approach | 74 | ||
| 4 Skull Base Approaches | 101 | ||
| 17 Pterional Craniotomy | 102 | ||
| Indications | 102 | ||
| Contraindications | 102 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 102 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 102 | ||
| Skin Incision | 102 | ||
| Craniotomy | 104 | ||
| Dural Opening | 106 | ||
| Intradural Dissection | 106 | ||
| Closure | 106 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 107 | ||
| 18 Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy | 108 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 108 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 109 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 109 | ||
| Skin Incision | 109 | ||
| Craniotomy (Figures 18.2 and 18.3) | 110 | ||
| Dural Opening | 110 | ||
| Intradural Dissection | 110 | ||
| Closure | 111 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 112 | ||
| 19 Supraorbital Osteotomy | 113 | ||
| Introduction | 113 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 113 | ||
| Indications | 113 | ||
| Contraindications | 114 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 114 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 114 | ||
| Eyelid Approach | 114 | ||
| Eyelid Incision | 114 | ||
| Soft Tissue Dissection | 115 | ||
| Craniotomy (Figures 19.5 and 19.6) | 115 | ||
| Eyebrow Approach | 116 | ||
| Eyebrow Incision (Figures 19.1 and 19.7) | 116 | ||
| Frontal Flap (Figure 19.7) | 116 | ||
| Fronto-Temporal Bone Flap with Orbital Rim Removal | 116 | ||
| Dural Opening (Figure 19.8C) | 117 | ||
| Microsurgical Dissection (Figure 19.8D) | 117 | ||
| Closure | 118 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 118 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 120 | ||
| 20 Subfrontal and Extended Subfrontal Craniotomy/Transbasal Approach | 121 | ||
| Indications | 121 | ||
| Potential Contraindications | 121 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 122 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 122 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 122 | ||
| Skin Incision | 122 | ||
| Deep Tissue Dissection | 122 | ||
| Craniotomy | 123 | ||
| Subfrontal Craniotomy (Figure 20.6) | 123 | ||
| Extended Subfrontal Craniotomy (Figure 20.7) | 124 | ||
| Dural Opening | 126 | ||
| Microscopic Dissection | 126 | ||
| Tumor Resection | 127 | ||
| Dural Closure and Reconstruction (Figure 20.10) | 127 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 128 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 128 | ||
| 21 Retrosigmoid Versus Extended Retrosigmoid Approach | 129 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 129 | ||
| Indications | 129 | ||
| Contraindications | 130 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 130 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 130 | ||
| Skin Incision | 131 | ||
| Craniotomy | 131 | ||
| Landmarks | 131 | ||
| Standard Craniotomy | 132 | ||
| Extended Retrosigmoid Craniotomy (see Figure 21.4) | 132 | ||
| Dural Opening | 132 | ||
| Closure (Figure 21.8) | 135 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 135 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 136 | ||
| 22 The Far Lateral Approach | 137 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 137 | ||
| Indications | 137 | ||
| Contraindications/Alternatives | 137 | ||
| Bone Anatomy (Figure 22.1) | 137 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 138 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 138 | ||
| Skin Incision (Figure 22.2) | 138 | ||
| Muscular Layer | 139 | ||
| Craniotomy | 140 | ||
| Variations and Drilling of the Occipital Condyle | 142 | ||
| Dural Opening | 143 | ||
| Intradural Dissection (Figures 22.4B and 22.5) | 143 | ||
| Tumor Dissection (Figure 22.6) | 146 | ||
| Closure | 146 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 146 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 146 | ||
| 5 Endoscopic Approaches to Skull Base Tumors | 147 | ||
| 23 Principles and Anatomy in Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery | 148 | ||
| Operating Room Setup for the EEA | 148 | ||
| Preparation | 149 | ||
| Bone Anatomy of the Endonasal Corridor | 149 | ||
| Surgical Anatomy of the Endonasal Corridor | 151 | ||
| Sphenoid Sinus and Sellar Region (Figure 23.9A) | 152 | ||
| Suprasellar Region (Figure 23.10A) | 152 | ||
| Clival Region (Figure 23.10B) | 155 | ||
| EEA Modules to the Ventral Skull Base | 155 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 155 | ||
| 24 Pituitary Adenomas | 156 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 156 | ||
| Indications | 156 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 157 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 157 | ||
| Nasal Phase | 157 | ||
| Sellar Phase | 157 | ||
| Dural Opening | 159 | ||
| Intradural Dissection and Tumor Resection | 159 | ||
| Closure | 159 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 159 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 160 | ||
| 25 Surgical Treatment of Craniopharyngiomas | 161 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 161 | ||
| Indications | 161 | ||
| Surgical Procedure: Endoscopic-Assisted Transsphenoidal Technique | 162 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 162 | ||
| Endonasal Phase | 162 | ||
| Dural Opening | 163 | ||
| Intradural Dissection and Tumor Resection | 163 | ||
| Closure | 165 | ||
| Transcranial Approaches: Orbitozygomatic Technique | 165 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 165 | ||
| Skin Incision | 165 | ||
| Craniotomy | 165 | ||
| Dural Oening | 165 | ||
| Intradural Tumor Removal | 165 | ||
| Closure | 167 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 167 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 168 | ||
| 26 Clival Chordomas | 169 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 169 | ||
| Indications | 169 | ||
| Surgical Procedure: Endoscopic Endonasal Approach | 171 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 171 | ||
| Stepwise Procedure | 171 | ||
| 1. Nasal Phase (Figure 26.3) | 171 | ||
| 2. Opening of Sphenoid and Clivus | 172 | ||
| 3. Tumor Removal | 173 | ||
| Tumors in the Midline of the Upper Clivus | 173 | ||
| Tumors Lateral to the Carotid Artery | 174 | ||
| Tumors in the Lower Clivus | 174 | ||
| 4. Reconstruction | 174 | ||
| Surgical Procedure: Transcranial Approaches | 176 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 176 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 178 | ||
| 27 Techniques for Skull Base Reconstruction in Endoscopic Surgery | 179 | ||
| Indications and Preoperative Considerations | 179 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 179 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 183 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 184 | ||
| 6 Combined Approaches to the Skull Base | 185 | ||
| 28 Combined Subfrontal and Endonasal Approach | 186 | ||
| Indications | 186 | ||
| Contraindications | 186 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 186 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 186 | ||
| Skin Incision | 186 | ||
| Craniotomy | 187 | ||
| Burr Holes (Figure 28.1) | 187 | ||
| Craniotomy Cuts (Figure 28.2) | 187 | ||
| Dural Opening | 189 | ||
| Intradural Dissection | 189 | ||
| Endonasal Dissection | 189 | ||
| Closure | 189 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 190 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 191 | ||
| 29 Combined Transconjunctival and Endonasal Approach | 192 | ||
| Introduction | 192 | ||
| Indications | 192 | ||
| Contraindications | 192 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 192 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 193 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 193 | ||
| Incision | 193 | ||
| Transconjunctival Approach | 193 | ||
| 7 Skull Base Tumors | 205 | ||
| 31 Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas | 206 | ||
| Indications and Preoperative Considerations | 206 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 208 | ||
| Pterional/Orbitozygomatic Approach (Figure 31.4) | 208 | ||
| Intradural Dissection and Tumor Resection | 209 | ||
| Bifrontal Approach (Figure 31.5) | 210 | ||
| Intradural Dissection and Tumor Resection | 210 | ||
| Transpalpebral Eyelid Approach (Figures 31.9 and 31.10) | 213 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 214 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 214 | ||
| 32 Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas | 215 | ||
| Indications and Preoperative Considerations | 215 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 216 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 216 | ||
| Skin Incision | 216 | ||
| Craniotomy | 217 | ||
| Dural Opening and Intradural Dissection | 217 | ||
| Closure | 218 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 218 | ||
| Optic Nerve Dysfunction and Predictor Factors of Postoperative Impaired Visual Acuity | 218 | ||
| ICA Branches Rupture | 219 | ||
| Meningiomas Invading the Orbit | 219 | ||
| Meningiomas Invading the Cavernous Sinus | 220 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 220 | ||
| 33 Parasellar Tumors | 221 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 221 | ||
| Imaging Modalities | 221 | ||
| Indications for Surgical Treatment | 222 | ||
| Tumor-Specific Considerations | 222 | ||
| Alternative Treatment | 223 | ||
| Surgical Approaches | 223 | ||
| Surgical Procedure: Endonasal Approach | 224 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 224 | ||
| Endoscope Navigation to the Sphenoid Sinus | 224 | ||
| Opening of the Sphenoid Sinus and Sella (Figure 33.3) | 224 | ||
| Tumor Removal | 224 | ||
| Closure | 225 | ||
| Surgical Procedure: Transcranial Approaches | 225 | ||
| Intraoperative Monitoring | 225 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 225 | ||
| Skin Incision | 225 | ||
| Craniotomy | 226 | ||
| Dural Opening | 226 | ||
| Intradural Dissection | 227 | ||
| Closure | 227 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 228 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 228 | ||
| 34 Invasive Pituitary Adenomas | 229 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 229 | ||
| Indications | 229 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 230 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 230 | ||
| Skin Incision | 230 | ||
| Craniotomy | 231 | ||
| Dural Opening | 233 | ||
| Intradural Dissection and Tumor Resection (Figure 34.3) | 233 | ||
| Closure | 234 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 234 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 235 | ||
| 35 Approaches to the Temporal Bone | 236 | ||
| Middle Fossa or Subtemporal Approach | 236 | ||
| Indications | 236 | ||
| Contraindications | 236 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 236 | ||
| Patient Position (Figure 35.1) | 236 | ||
| Skin Incision | 237 | ||
| Craniotomy | 237 | ||
| Dural Opening | 237 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 238 | ||
| Translabyrinthine Approach | 238 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 238 | ||
| Indications | 238 | ||
| Contraindications | 238 | ||
| Relevant Surgical Anatomy | 239 | ||
| Translabyrinthine Approach: Surgical Procedure (Figure 35.8) | 240 | ||
| Patient Position (Figure 35.9) | 240 | ||
| Skin Incision | 240 | ||
| Bone Stage | 240 | ||
| Mastoid Part | 240 | ||
| Labyrinthectomy | 241 | ||
| Internal Auditory Canal | 242 | ||
| Dural Opening | 242 | ||
| Transcochlear Extension | 242 | ||
| Procedure | 242 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 243 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 243 | ||
| 36 Approaches to the Orbit | 244 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations (Figures 36.1 and 36.2) | 244 | ||
| Indications | 244 | ||
| Contraindications | 244 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 244 | ||
| Transcaruncular Approach | 246 | ||
| Indications | 246 | ||
| Patient Positioning and Eye Precautions | 247 | ||
| Conjunctival Incision | 247 | ||
| Dissection (Figure 36.6) | 247 | ||
| Craniotomy (Figure 36.7) | 248 | ||
| Closure | 248 | ||
| Endoscopic Endonasal Approach | 248 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 248 | ||
| Indications | 250 | ||
| Contraindications | 250 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 250 | ||
| Endoscopic Endonasal Transellar Approach (Figure 36. 9) | 250 | ||
| Endoscopic Endonasal Transorbital Approach (Figure 36.10) | 251 | ||
| Closure | 251 | ||
| Transantral Endoscopic Approach | 251 | ||
| Indications | 252 | ||
| Procedure | 252 | ||
| Closure | 252 | ||
| Evisceration and Enucleation | 252 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 253 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 253 | ||
| 37 Vestibular Schwannomas | 254 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 254 | ||
| Management | 255 | ||
| Indications | 255 | ||
| Important Anatomy | 255 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 257 | ||
| Translabyrinthine Approach for Vestibular Schwannomas | 257 | ||
| Relevant Surgical Anatomy | 257 | ||
| Surgical Approach | 258 | ||
| Dural Opening | 258 | ||
| Tumor Removal | 258 | ||
| Closure | 260 | ||
| Middle Fossa or Subtemporal Tumor Removal | 260 | ||
| Surgical Approach | 260 | ||
| Dural Opening and Tumor Resection | 260 | ||
| Closure | 262 | ||
| Suboccipital/Retrosigmoid Tumor Removal (Figures 37.9 and 37.10) | 262 | ||
| Surgical Approach | 262 | ||
| Dural Opening and Tumor Resection (Figure 37.11) | 262 | ||
| Closure | 265 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 265 | ||
| 38 Foramen Magnum Meningiomas | 267 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 267 | ||
| Important Anatomy | 269 | ||
| Bony Landmarks that Define the FM Region | 269 | ||
| Intradural Landmarks | 269 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 269 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 269 | ||
| Skin Incision (Figure 38.4) | 269 | ||
| Muscular Stage | 269 | ||
| Exposure of the Extradural VAs | 270 | ||
| Suboccipital Craniectomy and Hemilaminectomy | 270 | ||
| Condylar Stage | 271 | ||
| Dural Opening and Tumor Resection | 273 | ||
| Closure | 273 | ||
| Complications Avoidance | 274 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 275 | ||
| Index | 277 | ||
| A | 277 | ||
| B | 277 | ||
| C | 278 | ||
| D | 279 | ||
| E | 279 | ||
| F | 280 | ||
| G | 280 | ||
| H | 280 | ||
| I | 280 | ||
| J | 281 | ||
| K | 281 | ||
| L | 281 | ||
| M | 281 | ||
| N | 281 | ||
| O | 281 | ||
| P | 282 | ||
| R | 282 | ||
| S | 283 | ||
| T | 284 | ||
| U | 285 | ||
| V | 285 | ||
| X | 285 | ||
| IBC_Clinical Key advert | IBC1 |