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Book Details
Abstract
HBV is most prevalent viral infection worldwide. Recent advances in HBV virology epidemiology and management are of utmost importance particularly during this time when HCV is taking the front row in discussion and research. However, there’s an increased interest in management of HBV in special populations, which is covered in this issue. The authors also explore drugs in the pipeline as well as new approaches for achieving long-term viral suppression and possibly cure.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface: Hepatitis B Virus: The Past, The Present, and The Future\r | v | ||
| Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease | v | ||
| Evolution in Our Understanding of Hepatitis B Virus Virology and Immunology | v | ||
| Interferon Treatment for Hepatitis B | v | ||
| Liver Fibrosis Reversion After Suppression of Hepatitis B Virus | vi | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Liver Decompensation | vi | ||
| Hepatitis B and Risk of Non–Hepatocellular Carcinoma Malignancy\r | vi | ||
| Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | vi | ||
| The Management of Hepatitis B in Liver Transplant Recipients | vii | ||
| Toward Elimination of Hepatitis B Virus Using Novel Drugs, Approaches, and Combined Modalities | vii | ||
| CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE\r | viii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | viii | ||
| February 2017 | viii | ||
| May 2017 | viii | ||
| August 2017 | viii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | viii | ||
| August 2016 | viii | ||
| May 2016 | viii | ||
| February 2016 | viii | ||
| Preface:\rHepatitis B Virus: The Past, The Present, and The Future | ix | ||
| Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease | 607 | ||
| Key points | 607 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 607 | ||
| Global Hepatitis B Virus Burden | 607 | ||
| United States Hepatitis B Virus Burden | 608 | ||
| TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS | 608 | ||
| Perinatal Transmission | 609 | ||
| Prevention of Perinatal Transmission | 609 | ||
| Horizontal Transmission | 609 | ||
| STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS B INFECTION | 610 | ||
| Global Vaccine Policy | 610 | ||
| World Health Organization Recommendations and Strategy on Vaccination for Control of Hepatitis B | 611 | ||
| Vaccination of infants | 611 | ||
| Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) | 611 | ||
| Catch-up vaccination | 612 | ||
| Vaccination of priority adult population groups may be prioritized after infant immunization | 612 | ||
| Vaccine supply and quality | 612 | ||
| Advocacy and social mobilization | 612 | ||
| Measurement of program performance and impact | 612 | ||
| VACCINATION OF INFANTS AND ADMINISTRATION OF HEPATITIS B IMMUNE GLOBULIN | 612 | ||
| United States Vaccine Policy | 612 | ||
| United States Universal Infant and Childhood and Adult Vaccination Policy | 613 | ||
| Catch-up Vaccination | 613 | ||
| Adult Vaccination | 613 | ||
| IMPACT OF VACCINATION GLOBALLY AND IN THE UNITED STATES | 614 | ||
| Impact and Current Status of Implementation of World Health Organization Recommendations | 614 | ||
| Current Vaccine Coverage and Impact in the United States | 616 | ||
| Children | 616 | ||
| High-risk adults | 617 | ||
| Incidence of acute hepatitis B virus infection | 619 | ||
| Impact of Alaskan vaccination program | 619 | ||
| Hepatitis B–related Mortality and Liver Cancer | 620 | ||
| Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Children | 620 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Adults | 620 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 621 | ||
| Challenges in Implementation of Birth Dose Vaccination in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries | 621 | ||
| Challenges in Vaccinating Adults at High Risk of Acquiring Hepatitis B Virus as Adults | 622 | ||
| Future Goals in Prevention of Mother-to-child Transmission and Vaccination | 622 | ||
| Use of Antiviral Therapy in Women with High Viral Loads | 623 | ||
| SUMMARY | 624 | ||
| REFERENCES | 624 | ||
| Evolution in Our Understanding of Hepatitis B Virus Virology and Immunology | 629 | ||
| Key points | 629 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 629 | ||
| IDENTIFICATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS | 630 | ||
| THE DEVELOPMENT AND SUCCESS OF THE VACCINE | 631 | ||
| THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS PROTEINS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION | 631 | ||
| HEPATITIS B VIRUS AND THE RISK FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 632 | ||
| CURRENT ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES | 632 | ||
| Interferon | 632 | ||
| NUCLEOSIDE AND NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS | 633 | ||
| HEPATITIS B VIRUS ENTRY INHIBITORS | 633 | ||
| STRATEGIES TARGETING HEPATITIS B VIRUS COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA | 633 | ||
| HARNESSING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO ELIMINATE HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION | 634 | ||
| INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES | 634 | ||
| B CELLS | 635 | ||
| T CELLS | 635 | ||
| Immune Regulation of T-Cell Effector Responses | 636 | ||
| Therapeutic Vaccination | 637 | ||
| Genetically Modified T Cells | 637 | ||
| REFERENCES | 637 | ||
| Interferon Treatment for Hepatitis B | 645 | ||
| Key points | 645 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 645 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF INTERFERON IN HEPATITIS B | 646 | ||
| ENDPOINTS OF THERAPY | 647 | ||
| EFFICACY | 647 | ||
| Standard Interferon-α | 647 | ||
| Hepatitis B e antigen positive | 647 | ||
| Liver Fibrosis Reversion After Suppression of Hepatitis B Virus | 667 | ||
| Key points | 667 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 667 | ||
| REVERSIBILITY OF FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS | 668 | ||
| BASIC MECHANISMS | 669 | ||
| CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 670 | ||
| Fibrosis Reversion After Hepatitis B Virus Suppression | 672 | ||
| Measurement of Fibrosis | 674 | ||
| Antifibrotic Therapy | 674 | ||
| Reversion of Fibrosis and Outcomes with Viral Suppression | 674 | ||
| The Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Viral Suppression | 675 | ||
| SUMMARY | 676 | ||
| REFERENCES | 676 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Liver Decompensation | 681 | ||
| Key points | 681 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 681 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 682 | ||
| HEPATIC DECOMPENSATION | 683 | ||
| ACUTE ON CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE | 683 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY AFTER HEPATIC DECOMPENSATION | 683 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF HEPATIC DECOMPENSATION IN THE SETTING OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION | 684 | ||
| ANTIVIRAL DRUG THERAPY | 684 | ||
| THERAPY OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS WITH LIVER DECOMPENSATION | 685 | ||
| LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HEPATITIS B | 687 | ||
| REFERENCES | 688 | ||
| Hepatitis B and Risk of Non–Hepatocellular Carcinoma Malignancy | 693 | ||
| Key points | 693 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 693 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC MECHANISMS | 694 | ||
| Hepatitis B Carcinogenesis | 694 | ||
| Hepatitis C: a Model for Lymphoproliferation? | 694 | ||
| Evidence for Hepatitis B Lymphoproliferation | 695 | ||
| Mechanisms for Hepatitis B in Other Malignancies | 695 | ||
| POPULATION STUDIES | 696 | ||
| Lymphoid Malignancy | 696 | ||
| Pancreatic Cancer | 696 | ||
| Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma | 697 | ||
| Other Malignancy | 697 | ||
| HEPATITIS B VIRAL MARKERS | 697 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 697 | ||
| Pancreatic Cancer | 698 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE | 698 | ||
| TREATMENT | 699 | ||
| SUMMARY | 700 | ||
| REFERENCES | 700 | ||
| Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 703 | ||
| Key points | 703 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 703 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 704 | ||
| CAUSE AND RISK FACTORS | 704 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus Genotype | 705 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus Genetic Mutation | 705 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus X Protein | 705 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus S Protein | 706 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE | 706 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 707 | ||
| STAGING | 708 | ||
| TREATMENT | 708 | ||
| Surgery | 709 | ||
| Liver Transplantation | 710 | ||
| Downstaging | 711 | ||
| Interventional Radiology Treatment | 712 | ||
| Sorafenib | 713 | ||
| SUMMARY | 713 | ||
| REFERENCES | 714 | ||
| The Management of Hepatitis B in Liver Transplant Recipients | 721 | ||
| Key points | 721 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 721 | ||
| ANTIVIRAL THERAPY | 722 | ||
| TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS B INFECTION BEFORE LIVER TRANSPLANT | 723 | ||
| TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS B INFECTION AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANT | 723 | ||
| Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Monotherapy | 724 | ||
| Combination of Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin and Antiviral Agents | 725 | ||
| Withdrawal of Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin After Combination Therapy | 725 | ||
| Oral Therapy Without Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin | 729 | ||
| VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B | 729 | ||
| HEPATITIS B CORE POSITIVE GRAFTS | 729 | ||
| TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS B INFECTION IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS | 731 | ||
| SUMMARY | 731 | ||
| REFERENCES | 731 | ||
| Toward Elimination of Hepatitis B Virus Using Novel Drugs, Approaches, and Combined Modalities | 737 | ||
| Key points | 737 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 737 | ||
| CURRENT TREATMENTS AND LIMITATIONS FOR A CURE | 739 | ||
| VIRAL ENTRY INHIBITORS | 740 | ||
| THERAPIES TARGETING COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA | 740 | ||
| Covalently Closed Circular DNA Formation Inhibitor | 740 | ||
| Covalently Closed Circular DNA Targeted Endonuclease | 744 | ||
| SMALL INTERFERING RNA APPROACH | 744 | ||
| CAPSID ASSEMBLY AND CORE PROTEIN EFFECTORS | 745 | ||
| TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR | 746 | ||
| Other Therapeutics with Potential | 746 | ||
| SUMMARY | 747 | ||
| REFERENCES | 747 |