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Book Details
Abstract
Drawing from the knowledge and expertise of more than 70 contributing international experts, Diseases and Disorders of the Orbit and Ocular Adnexa thoroughly covers the state of the art in orbital and periocular disease from the perspective of a variety of specialties. Clearly written and profusely illustrated, it covers the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, natural history, and management alternatives of disease processes affecting the orbit, eyelids, lacrimal system, and upper face. With a singular focus on the diagnosis and management of orbital and ocular adnexal disease, this authoritative text gives you the information you need to excel both in practice and on exams in the specialty of ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery.
- Offers an in-depth and thorough approach to the pathophysiology of oculoplastics and orbital disease, incorporating the perspectives of numerous specialties – all in one convenient volume.
- Uses an easy-to-follow, templated format throughout so you can find what you need quickly.
- Covers new information not included in other texts, such as antibody testing in dysthyroid conditions and a rapidly emerging array of targeted immunosuppressive medications for the treatment of inflammatory orbital disease.
- Includes hot topics such as the classification and management of orbital inflammatory disease; vascular neoplasms and malformations; periocular dermatology; burn management; facial paralytic disease; and the pathogenesis, evaluation and management of lymphoproliferative disease.
- Features more than 1,200 high-quality clinical, imaging, and histological illustrations that provide clear visual examples of orbital disease.
- Written by an international team of experts from five continents (across multiple specialties including ophthalmology, dermatology, burn management, plastic surgery, otolaryngology, endocrinology, and pathology) led by Dr. Aaron Fay and Dr. Peter J. Dolman.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Dedication | ii | ||
| Diseases and Disorders of the Orbit and Ocular Adnexa | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| References | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| List of Contributors | x | ||
| 1 Basic Concepts | 1 | ||
| 1 Applied Anatomy of the Orbit and Orbital Adnexa | 1 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| The Orbit | 1 | ||
| Orbital Bones | 1 | ||
| Orbital Roof | 1 | ||
| Lateral Orbital Wall | 2 | ||
| Orbital Floor | 3 | ||
| Medial Orbital Wall | 3 | ||
| Optic Canal | 5 | ||
| Muscles of Ocular Motility | 5 | ||
| Motor Nerves of the Orbit | 6 | ||
| Sensory Nerves of the Orbit | 7 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System | 8 | ||
| Arterial Supply to the Orbit | 8 | ||
| Venous Drainage From the Orbit | 9 | ||
| The Eyelids | 9 | ||
| Orbicularis Muscle | 10 | ||
| Postorbicular Fascial Plane | 11 | ||
| Orbital Septum | 11 | ||
| Preaponeurotic Fat Compartments | 11 | ||
| Major Eyelid Retractors | 12 | ||
| Sympathetic Accessory Retractors | 13 | ||
| Tarsal Plates | 14 | ||
| Canthal Ligaments | 14 | ||
| Conjunctiva | 15 | ||
| Nerves to the Eyelids | 15 | ||
| Motor Nerves | 15 | ||
| Sensory Nerves | 16 | ||
| Vascular Supply to the Eyelids | 16 | ||
| The Lacrimal Systems | 17 | ||
| Paraorbital Anatomy | 19 | ||
| Cavernous Sinus | 19 | ||
| Nasal Cavity | 19 | ||
| Paranasal Sinuses | 20 | ||
| Infratemporal and Pterygopalatine Fossae | 21 | ||
| Orbital Anatomy and Imaging Correlations | 21 | ||
| Summary | 23 | ||
| References | 23 | ||
| 2 Basic Genetics and Hereditary Syndromes | 25 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 25 | ||
| Introduction | 25 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 25 | ||
| Epidemiology | 28 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 28 | ||
| Common Inheritance Patterns of Diseases | 28 | ||
| Other Genetic Patterns | 30 | ||
| Chromosomal Aberrations | 30 | ||
| Mitochondrial Aberrations | 30 | ||
| Somatic Mutations and Mosaicism | 30 | ||
| Polygenic and Multifactorial | 31 | ||
| Investigations | 31 | ||
| Karyotype, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), and Microarray | 31 | ||
| Gene Sequencing | 31 | ||
| Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) | 32 | ||
| Ethical Issues and Controversies | 32 | ||
| Genetic Counseling | 32 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| 3 Clinical Evaluation and Disease Patterns | 35 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 35 | ||
| Introduction | 35 | ||
| Clinical History | 35 | ||
| General | 35 | ||
| Demographic Background | 35 | ||
| Primary Complaint and Evolution of Disorder | 35 | ||
| Past Medical History | 35 | ||
| System Review | 35 | ||
| Family and Social Histories | 36 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 37 | ||
| Vision | 37 | ||
| Central Distance Vision | 37 | ||
| Near Vision | 38 | ||
| Color Vision | 38 | ||
| Peripheral Vision | 38 | ||
| Pupil | 38 | ||
| Pupil Size | 38 | ||
| Direct and Consensual Pupil Light Reflex and Swinging Flashlight Test | 39 | ||
| Response to Accommodation and Light-Near Dissociation | 39 | ||
| Ocular Examination | 39 | ||
| Intraocular Pressure | 39 | ||
| Funduscopy | 39 | ||
| Orbit | 40 | ||
| General Overview | 40 | ||
| Axial Globe Displacement | 40 | ||
| Nonaxial Globe Displacement | 42 | ||
| Orbital Palpation and Auscultation | 43 | ||
| Sensory Deficits | 43 | ||
| Periorbital Soft Tissue Changes | 44 | ||
| Ocular Motility | 45 | ||
| Ocular Deviations (Strabismus) | 45 | ||
| Definitions. | 45 | ||
| Assessment of Strabismus. | 46 | ||
| Light Reflex Tests. | 46 | ||
| Cover Tests. | 46 | ||
| Ocular Movements | 47 | ||
| Definitions. | 47 | ||
| Measurements. | 47 | ||
| Eyelid | 47 | ||
| Lid Position and Contour | 47 | ||
| Lid Horizontal Laxity, Tendinous Attachments, and Lid Margin Malpositions | 48 | ||
| Lid Function | 48 | ||
| Ocular Protective Mechanisms | 49 | ||
| Eyelid Skin, Margins and Adnexae | 49 | ||
| Eyebrows | 49 | ||
| Lacrimal System | 49 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms | 49 | ||
| Lid Assessment | 50 | ||
| Tear Volume Tests | 50 | ||
| Tear Stain Tests | 50 | ||
| Tear Stability Tests | 50 | ||
| Hyperosmolarity Tests | 50 | ||
| Clinical Lacrimal Tests | 50 | ||
| Special Clinical Tests | 51 | ||
| Visual Function Tests and Optic Nerve Analysis | 51 | ||
| Color Vision Testing | 51 | ||
| Peripheral Vision | 51 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) | 51 | ||
| Electrophysiology | 51 | ||
| Electroretinogram (ERG). | 51 | ||
| Visual Evoked Potential. | 52 | ||
| Ocular Motor Function | 52 | ||
| Orthoptics Testing: | 52 | ||
| Hess and Lees Screen Tests | 52 | ||
| Haploscopes | 53 | ||
| Perimetry Measurement for Ductions | 53 | ||
| Field of Binocular Single Vision | 53 | ||
| Synthesizing the Clinical Evaluation | 53 | ||
| Eyelid Disorders | 53 | ||
| Lacrimal Disorders | 53 | ||
| Orbital Disorders | 53 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| 4 Laboratory Serologic Investigations | 57 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 57 | ||
| General Serologies | 57 | ||
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) With Differential | 57 | ||
| 2 Congenital and Developmental Disorders | 115 | ||
| 7 Orbital Developmental Disorders | 115 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 115 | ||
| Introduction | 115 | ||
| Cranial Embryology | 115 | ||
| Microphthalmia and Anophthalmia | 116 | ||
| Epidemiology | 116 | ||
| Classification and Terminology | 116 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 116 | ||
| Clinical Features | 116 | ||
| Investigations | 117 | ||
| Management | 117 | ||
| Craniofacial Clefts and Clefting Syndromes | 120 | ||
| Historical Background | 120 | ||
| Epidemiology | 120 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 120 | ||
| Terminology and Classification | 120 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 121 | ||
| Clinical Features | 121 | ||
| Investigations | 121 | ||
| Management | 124 | ||
| Craniosynostoses | 124 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 124 | ||
| Classification | 124 | ||
| Primary Nonsyndromic Craniosynostoses | 124 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 124 | ||
| Clinical Features. | 125 | ||
| Investigations and Management. | 126 | ||
| Syndromic Craniosynostoses | 126 | ||
| Historical Background. | 126 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 126 | ||
| Clinical Features | 128 | ||
| cranium. | 128 | ||
| hands and feet. | 129 | ||
| Central Nervous System. | 130 | ||
| Midface Hypoplasia and Airway Obstruction. | 130 | ||
| Ophthalmic Findings. | 130 | ||
| Management | 130 | ||
| Teratoma | 132 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 134 | ||
| References | 134 | ||
| 8 Eyelid Developmental Disorders | 137 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 137 | ||
| Introduction | 137 | ||
| Historical Background | 137 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 137 | ||
| Embryology | 137 | ||
| Cryptophthalmos | 137 | ||
| Epidemiology | 137 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 137 | ||
| Classification | 138 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 138 | ||
| Clinical Features | 138 | ||
| Investigations | 138 | ||
| Management | 138 | ||
| Course, Complications and Prognosis | 139 | ||
| Eyelid Coloboma | 139 | ||
| Epidemiology | 139 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 139 | ||
| Classification | 139 | ||
| Clinical Features | 140 | ||
| Investigations | 140 | ||
| Management | 141 | ||
| Course, Complications and Prognosis | 141 | ||
| Ankyloblepharon | 141 | ||
| Epidemiology | 141 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 141 | ||
| 3 Inflammatory, Infectious, and Autoimmune Disorders | 163 | ||
| 10 Infections of the Orbit and Ocular Adnexa | 163 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 163 | ||
| Introduction | 163 | ||
| Historical Background | 163 | ||
| The Concept of Infection | 163 | ||
| Anti-Infective Therapies | 163 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 163 | ||
| The Pathogens | 163 | ||
| Bacteria | 163 | ||
| Fungi | 164 | ||
| Viruses | 164 | ||
| Parasites | 164 | ||
| Natural Host Defenses | 164 | ||
| Nonspecific Mechanisms | 164 | ||
| The Immune Response | 164 | ||
| Anatomic Boundaries Defined by the Orbital Septum | 164 | ||
| Eyelid Infections | 164 | ||
| Infective Blepharitis | 164 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 164 | ||
| Epidemiology | 165 | ||
| Clinical Features | 165 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 166 | ||
| Investigations | 166 | ||
| Management | 166 | ||
| Complications and Prognosis | 166 | ||
| Impetigo and Erysipelas | 166 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 166 | ||
| 4 Neoplastic Disorders | 257 | ||
| 14 Basic Concepts in Neoplasia | 257 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 257 | ||
| Introduction | 257 | ||
| Historical Background | 257 | ||
| History of Cancer | 257 | ||
| History of Orbital and Ocular Adnexal Tumors | 257 | ||
| Epidemiology | 258 | ||
| Definitions and Nomenclature | 258 | ||
| Fundamental Science: Characteristics of a Tumor | 258 | ||
| Differentiation and Anaplasia | 258 | ||
| Rate of Growth | 258 | ||
| Local Invasion | 258 | ||
| Metastasis | 259 | ||
| Carcinogenesis | 259 | ||
| Physical Carcinogenesis | 259 | ||
| Chemical Carcinogenesis | 260 | ||
| Viral and Microbial Carcinogenesis | 260 | ||
| Hormonal Oncogenesis | 262 | ||
| Genetic Basis of Cancer | 262 | ||
| Karyotypic Changes | 262 | ||
| Role of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) | 262 | ||
| Cancer Epigenetics | 263 | ||
| Molecular Pathogenesis of Cancer | 263 | ||
| Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals | 263 | ||
| Growth Factors | 263 | ||
| Growth Factor Receptors | 263 | ||
| Signal-Transducing Proteins | 263 | ||
| Nuclear Transcription Factors | 263 | ||
| Cell Cycle Regulatory Proteins | 264 | ||
| Insensitivity to Growth Inhibitory Signals | 264 | ||
| Evasion of Apoptotic Cell Death | 265 | ||
| Limitless Replicative Potential, Telomeres, and Telomerase | 265 | ||
| Angiogenesis | 266 | ||
| Invasion and Metastasis | 266 | ||
| Invasion of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | 267 | ||
| Vascular Dissemination and Homing of Tumor Cells | 267 | ||
| Cancer and Immune Surveillance | 267 | ||
| Eye Cancer and Heredity | 267 | ||
| Molecular Biology and Genetics of Orbital Tumors | 267 | ||
| Lacrimal Gland Tumors | 267 | ||
| Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma (OAL) | 270 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) | 270 | ||
| Histiocytic Disorders | 270 | ||
| Optic Nerve Gliomas (ONG) | 270 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 271 | ||
| References | 271 | ||
| 15 Lymphoproliferative Disorders | 275 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 275 | ||
| Introduction | 275 | ||
| Epidemiology | 275 | ||
| Historical Background | 275 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 277 | ||
| Normal Lymphocyte Development | 277 | ||
| Cytogenetic Influences | 278 | ||
| Chronic Antigen Stimulation | 280 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 281 | ||
| Pathology | 281 | ||
| Clinical Features | 283 | ||
| Imaging | 284 | ||
| Staging | 286 | ||
| Other Staging Investigations | 288 | ||
| Prognostic Indices | 288 | ||
| Management | 288 | ||
| EMZL, Follicular Lymphoma, and Small B-Cell Lymphoma | 288 | ||
| Mantle Cell Lymphoma | 289 | ||
| T-Cell Lymphomas | 290 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 290 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 290 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 290 | ||
| Radioimmunotherapy | 290 | ||
| Disease Course and Prognosis | 291 | ||
| Future Directions | 291 | ||
| References | 291 | ||
| 16 Orbital Bone Tumors | 295 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 295 | ||
| Introduction | 295 | ||
| Reactive Bone Lesions | 295 | ||
| Cholesterol Granuloma | 295 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 295 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Features | 295 | ||
| Investigations | 295 | ||
| Pathology | 295 | ||
| Management | 295 | ||
| Giant Cell Granuloma | 295 | ||
| 5 Vascular Disorders | 447 | ||
| 24 Vascular Malformations | 447 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 447 | ||
| Introduction | 447 | ||
| Historical Background | 447 | ||
| Classification | 447 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 447 | ||
| Lymphatic Malformations | 448 | ||
| Epidemiology | 448 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 448 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 449 | ||
| Clinical Features | 449 | ||
| Investigations | 450 | ||
| Pathology | 451 | ||
| Management | 451 | ||
| Disease Course, Complications, and Prognosis | 453 | ||
| Venous Malformations | 454 | ||
| Epidemiology | 454 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 454 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 454 | ||
| Clinical Features | 454 | ||
| Investigations | 454 | ||
| Pathology | 457 | ||
| Management | 457 | ||
| Disease Course, Complications, and Prognosis | 458 | ||
| Cavernous Venous Malformations | 459 | ||
| Epidemiology | 459 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 459 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 459 | ||
| Clinical Features | 460 | ||
| Investigations | 460 | ||
| Pathology | 460 | ||
| Management | 460 | ||
| Disease Course, Complications, and Prognosis | 460 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformations | 462 | ||
| Epidemiology | 462 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 462 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 462 | ||
| Clinical Features | 462 | ||
| Investigations | 463 | ||
| Pathology | 463 | ||
| Management | 463 | ||
| Disease Course, Complications, and Prognosis | 464 | ||
| Venular Malformations (Port-Wine Stain) | 465 | ||
| Epidemiology | 465 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 465 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 466 | ||
| Clinical Features | 466 | ||
| Investigations | 468 | ||
| Pathology | 469 | ||
| Management | 469 | ||
| Disease Course, Complications and Prognosis | 469 | ||
| References | 470 | ||
| 25 Infantile Hemangiomas and Other Vascular Neoplasms | 473 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 473 | ||
| Introduction | 473 | ||
| Historical Background | 473 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 473 | ||
| Infantile Hemangioma | 475 | ||
| Pathogenesis/Etiology | 475 | ||
| Placenta Theory | 475 | ||
| Metastatic Theory | 475 | ||
| Progenitor Cell Theory | 476 | ||
| Extrinsic Factor Theory | 476 | ||
| Classification | 476 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 476 | ||
| Clinical Features | 477 | ||
| Systemic Associations | 480 | ||
| Investigations | 481 | ||
| Pathology | 481 | ||
| Management | 485 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 486 | ||
| Systemic Corticosteroids. | 486 | ||
| Corticosteroid Infusion in the Posterior Sub-Tenon Space. | 486 | ||
| Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection. | 486 | ||
| Topical Corticosteroids. | 487 | ||
| Interferon-α. | 487 | ||
| Vincristine. | 487 | ||
| Cyclophosphamide. | 487 | ||
| Imiquimod. | 487 | ||
| Propranolol. | 487 | ||
| Laser Photocoagulation | 488 | ||
| Pulse Dye Laser (PDL). | 488 | ||
| Fractional Photothermolysis. | 488 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Laser. | 489 | ||
| Surgery | 489 | ||
| Congenital Hemangioma (CH) | 490 | ||
| Investigations | 490 | ||
| 6 Structural Disorders | 513 | ||
| 27 Orbital Structural Disorders | 513 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 513 | ||
| Introduction | 513 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 513 | ||
| Mucocele/Mucopyocele | 513 | ||
| Historical Background | 513 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 513 | ||
| Epidemiology | 513 | ||
| Clinical Features | 513 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 514 | ||
| Investigations | 515 | ||
| Pathology | 515 | ||
| Management | 515 | ||
| Prognosis and Complications | 516 | ||
| Meningocele/Encephalocele | 516 | ||
| Historical Background | 516 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 517 | ||
| Epidemiology | 517 | ||
| Clinical Features | 517 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 517 | ||
| Investigations | 517 | ||
| Pathology | 517 | ||
| Management | 517 | ||
| Prognosis and Complications | 518 | ||
| Silent Sinus Syndrome (SSS) | 518 | ||
| Historical Background | 518 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 518 | ||
| Epidemiology | 518 | ||
| Clinical Features | 518 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis: | 519 | ||
| Investigations | 519 | ||
| Management | 519 | ||
| Silent Brain (Cranium) Syndrome | 519 | ||
| Historical Background | 519 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 519 | ||
| Clinical Features | 520 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 520 | ||
| Investigations | 520 | ||
| Management | 520 | ||
| Parry-Romberg Syndrome (PRS) | 521 | ||
| Epidemiology | 521 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 521 | ||
| Clinical Features | 521 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis: | 521 | ||
| Investigations | 521 | ||
| Management | 521 | ||
| Localized Scleroderma (Morphea) | 521 | ||
| Epidemiology and Pathogenesis | 521 | ||
| 7 Neurologic Disorders | 579 | ||
| 31 Facial Nerve Palsy | 579 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 579 | ||
| Introduction | 579 | ||
| Historical Background | 579 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 579 | ||
| Embryology | 581 | ||
| Epidemiology | 582 | ||
| Classification of Peripheral Nerve Injury | 582 | ||
| Clinical Features | 583 | ||
| History | 583 | ||
| Physical Examination | 583 | ||
| Forehead | 584 | ||
| Eyelids | 584 | ||
| Midface | 584 | ||
| Lower Face | 584 | ||
| Facial Nerve Function Grading Scales | 585 | ||
| Investigations | 586 | ||
| Electrophysiologic Testing | 586 | ||
| Electroneuronography | 586 | ||
| Interpretation of Electroneuronography. | 587 | ||
| Electromyography | 587 | ||
| Performing EMG. | 587 | ||
| Interpretation of EMG. | 587 | ||
| Prognostic Value of EMG. | 587 | ||
| Timing Considerations for ENOG and EMG | 588 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 588 | ||
| Bell Palsy | 588 | ||
| Incidence | 588 | ||
| Etiology | 589 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Pathology | 589 | ||
| Management | 589 | ||
| Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (Herpes Zoster Oticus) | 589 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 590 | ||
| Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome | 590 | ||
| Bilateral Paralysis | 591 | ||
| Traumatic Facial Paralysis | 591 | ||
| Iatrogenic Injury | 591 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 591 | ||
| Otitis Media | 592 | ||
| Barotrauma | 592 | ||
| Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension | 592 | ||
| Facial Paralysis in Children | 592 | ||
| Management | 593 | ||
| Short-Term Support. | 593 | ||
| Forehead. | 593 | ||
| Eyelids and Ocular Surface. | 593 | ||
| Midface and Lower Face. | 594 | ||
| Long-Term Reconstruction | 594 | ||
| Forehead. | 594 | ||
| Eyelids. | 594 | ||
| Midface and Lower Face. | 596 | ||
| Synkinesis | 598 | ||
| Future Directions | 600 | ||
| References | 601 | ||
| 32 Blepharospasm and Other Facial Spastic Disorders | 605 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 605 | ||
| Introduction | 605 | ||
| Historical Background | 605 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 605 | ||
| Benign Essential Blepharospasm | 606 | ||
| Epidemiology | 606 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 606 | ||
| Classification | 607 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 607 | ||
| Clinical Features | 607 | ||
| Investigations | 610 | ||
| Management | 610 | ||
| Botulinum Neurotoxin | 610 | ||
| Oral Pharmacotherapy | 611 | ||
| Surgical Management | 611 | ||
| Disease Course, Complications, and Prognosis | 612 | ||
| Apraxia of Eyelid Opening | 612 | ||
| Epidemiology | 612 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 612 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 612 | ||
| Clinical Features | 612 | ||
| Investigations | 613 | ||
| Management | 613 | ||
| Disease Course, Complications, and Prognosis | 613 | ||
| Meige Syndrome | 613 | ||
| Epidemiology | 613 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 613 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 613 | ||
| Clinical Features | 614 | ||
| Management | 614 | ||
| Disease Course, Complications, and Prognosis | 614 | ||
| Hemifacial Spasm | 614 | ||
| Epidemiology | 614 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 614 | ||
| Classification | 614 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 616 | ||
| Clinical Features | 616 | ||
| Investigations | 616 | ||
| Management | 616 | ||
| Aberrant Facial Nerve Regeneration | 616 | ||
| Epidemiology | 616 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 616 | ||
| Classification | 617 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 617 | ||
| Clinical Features | 617 | ||
| Investigations | 617 | ||
| Management | 617 | ||
| References | 617 | ||
| 33 Neurotoxins and Their Applications | 621 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 621 | ||
| Introduction | 621 | ||
| Historical Background | 621 | ||
| Clinical Development and Therapeutic Use | 621 | ||
| Cosmetic BoNT-A | 622 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 622 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 622 | ||
| Subtypes and Formulations | 623 | ||
| Use in Ophthalmology | 623 | ||
| Lid Malposition and Asymmetry | 623 | ||
| Apraxia | 623 | ||
| Lacrimal Disorders | 624 | ||
| Hypertrophic Orbicularis, Infraorbital Rhytides, and Widening of the Eye | 624 | ||
| BoNT as Surgical Adjunct | 625 | ||
| Periorbital Complications | 626 | ||
| Summary | 626 | ||
| References | 626 | ||
| 8 Traumatic Disorders | 629 | ||
| 34 Orbital Trauma | 629 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 629 | ||
| Introduction | 629 | ||
| Historical Background of Facial Trauma | 629 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 629 | ||
| Medial Orbital Wall | 629 | ||
| Orbital Floor | 631 | ||
| Lateral Orbital Wall | 631 | ||
| Orbital Roof and Optic Canal | 631 | ||
| Orbital Septum | 632 | ||
| Orbital Hemorrhage and Compartment Syndrome | 632 | ||
| Introduction | 632 | ||
| Epidemiology | 632 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 632 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 632 | ||
| Clinical Features | 632 | ||
| Management | 633 | ||
| Direct and Indirect Optic Neuropathy | 633 | ||
| Epidemiology | 633 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 633 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 633 | ||
| Clinical Features | 634 | ||
| Management | 634 | ||
| Orbital Foreign Bodies | 635 | ||
| 9 Degenerative Disorders | 693 | ||
| 38 The Aging Face | 693 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 693 | ||
| Introduction | 693 | ||
| Historical Background | 693 | ||
| Fundamental Science | 693 | ||
| Clinical Features: Comparison of Youthful and Aged Facial Features | 695 | ||
| Pathogenesis of the Aging Face | 696 | ||
| Facial Bones | 696 | ||
| Facial Muscles and Ligaments | 701 | ||
| Facial Fat | 702 | ||
| Skin | 703 | ||
| Aging and Beauty | 704 | ||
| Management | 706 | ||
| Summary | 709 | ||
| References | 709 | ||
| Index | 711 | ||
| A | 711 | ||
| B | 712 | ||
| C | 713 | ||
| D | 715 | ||
| E | 716 | ||
| F | 717 | ||
| G | 718 | ||
| H | 718 | ||
| I | 719 | ||
| J | 720 | ||
| K | 720 | ||
| L | 720 | ||
| M | 721 | ||
| N | 723 | ||
| O | 723 | ||
| P | 725 | ||
| Q | 726 | ||
| R | 726 | ||
| S | 726 | ||
| T | 727 | ||
| U | 728 | ||
| V | 728 | ||
| W | 729 | ||
| X | 729 | ||
| Z | 729 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |