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'Volpone' in Context

'Volpone' in Context

Keith Linley

(2016)

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Abstract

Everything you need to know about the cultural contexts of 'Volpone'. The unremitting exposure of human vileness is black and bleak, redeemed perhaps by the eventual punishment of the wrongdoers in an outcome achieved more by luck than justice. This book provides detailed in-depth discussion of the various influences that a Jacobean audience would have brought to interpreting the play. How did people think about the world, about God, about sin, about kings, about civilized conduct, about the predatory impulses that drive men to prey upon each other? Historical, literary, political, sociological backgrounds are explained within the biblical-moral matrices by which the play would have been judged. This book links real life in the late 1600s to the world on the stage. Discover the orthodox beliefs people held about religion. Meet the Devil, the Seven Deadly Sins and human depravity. Learn about the social hierarchy, gender relationships, court corruption, class tensions, the literary profile of the time, attitudes to comedy – and all the subversions, transgressions, and oppositions that made the play a topical satire but also an unsettling picture of a world so close to disaster.


‘Detailed and fascinating. Such clear and full explorations of its historical and cultural contexts will deeply enrich students’ understanding of the play. Vital reading for anyone interested in how the affairs, interests and obsessions of early Jacobean England parallel those of our own world, and therefore make Volpone so important for us today.’ —Ewan Craig, Head of English, Yarm School, United Kingdom


Poet, painter, teacher and academic, Keith Linley has lectured at university and given papers at conferences and book festivals on a range of literary subjects.


‘Linley’s book is lively, readable and illuminating; it draws you into Jonson’s world and provides insight into the forces that shaped the tour de force that is Volpone. An essential guide.’ Wendy Ellis, OCR A Level English Literature Team Leader


"Aimed directly at high school / secondary education classroom use, Keith Linley’s “Volpone” ... is one of the best textbooks I’ve seen in a long time, a book I would warmly recommend also for introductory drama courses in American universities.
— Henry S. Turner, 'Recent Studies in Tudor and Stuart Drama', SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, Volume 58, Number 2, Spring, 2018, pp. 473-537"


Duplicity and deception were essential ingredients in a comedy, and though they were not morally acceptable they reflect what happened in real life; the putting of personal obsession and private will before social and Christian responsibilities. But here, the excess of evil is there from the start and simply increases. There is little light-heartedness. It is all one sustained bitter snarl about humanity’s corruption. The tension between what people should do and what they actually do creates dramatic conflicts not just for the characters but also for the audience who may be torn between enjoying the dextrous scamming of Mosca and Volpone yet feeling they ought to be condemned and must be punished in the end. And the questions remain; should they be laughing at any of it and how can they not laugh at such a mad mixture of mistakes, such crass stupidity and such evil greed?

The fox is a creature of the night, a predator, a thief. He is a border raider, crossing from wild nature into man’s domestic domain. Nightstalker, elusive, devious, he is embedded deep in the European psyche as a trickster and deceiver. This persona goes back to ancient Greek times when the various fox fables of Aesop mix with other beast tales. The linking of humans to animal characteristics is part of the language: snake in the grass, wolf in sheep’s clothing, brave as a lion, timid as a mouse, busy as a bee, slimy toad, whoreson dog. At the most practical level, for a world almost entirely rural, he is the enemy of farmers and shepherds and individual poor households rearing just a few chickens; the feared killer who could annihilate a henhouse or ravage a warren. He was thus a food burglar, stealing vital nourishment before it could be put on the table and as such a threat to the family’s economy and perhaps even a threat to its survival.

Tragedy is as old as human misery and comedy is its not-quite-identical twin, for laughter is as old as tears. One mask may smile, the other cry, but the faces are similar and in many respects so are the two genres, though their outcomes are different. Man’s folly, his potential for evil, his potential for good, his ability to misunderstand the true values of life are common to both forms. One achieves correction of mistakes through disaster, pain, misery, the other through tears turning to laughter as folly is mocked and humiliated and order is restored.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover1
Front Matter i
Half-title i
Title page iii
Copyright information iv
Table of contents v
Introduction 1
About this Book 1
What is a Context? 2
Further Reading 5
Useful Editions 5
Critical Works 5
Articles 5
PART I The Inherited Past 7
Prologue 9
The Setting 11
Chapter (1-8) 17
Chapter 1 The Historical Context 17
1.1 The Jacobean Context: An Overview 17
Chapter 2 The Elizabethan World Order: From Divinity to Dust 23
2.1 Hierarchy 24
2.2 Cosmology 25
2.3 The Great Chain of Being 28
2.4 Human Hierarchy 32
2.5 The Social Pyramid of Power 34
2.6 The Better Sort 36
2.7 The Middling Sort 41
2.8 The Lower Orders 44
2.9 The Theory of the Humours 46
2.10 The Rest of Creation 48
2.11 Order 56
Chapter 3 Sin, Death and the Prince of Darkness 69
3.1 Sin and Death 78
Chapter 4 The Seven Cardinal Virtues 97
Chapter 5 Kingship 105
5.1 Preparation for Rule 111
5.2 A King’s View of His Office 114
Chapter 6 Patriarchy, Family Authority and Gender Relationships 123
6.1 Patriarchy and a Woman’s Place 123
6.2 Renaissance Improvements 146
Chapter 7 Man in His Place 157
Chapter 8 Images of Disorder: The Religious Context 165
8.1 Unsettling Questions 167
PART II The Jacobean Present 173
Chapter (9-14) 175
Chapter 9 Ben in Context 175
Chapter 10 Literary Context 187
10.1 Genre – the Context of Comedy 187
10.1.1 The dénouement and the trials 199
10.2 Sources 203
10.2.1 The classics 203
10.2.2 Contemporary carrion 208
10.2.3 The Golden Age inverted 211
10.2.4 The Mouse Trap and the fox trap 213
10.3 Volpone in Jonson’s Oeuvre and the Literature of the Time 214
10.4 Some Critical Reactions 217
Chapter 11 The Political Context 221
11.1 The Wise Man and the Fool 229
11.2 New Philosophy, New Men 236
Chapter 12 The Beast Fable 259
Chapter 13 Transgressions and Sins: The Biters Bit 267
13.1 Volpone 270
13.2 Mosca 283
13.3 The Three Unwise Men 288
13.4 Sir Politic and Lady Would-Be 290
Chapter 14 The Venetian Context: Consumerism and Cannibalism 295
14.1 The Setting 295
14.2 Commerce 301
14.3 Gold Fever 304
End Matter 307
Bibliography 307
Index 311