BOOK
Handbook Of Vitreo-retinal Disorder Management: A Practical Reference Guide
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This unique one-volume handbook provides a quick and concise reference guide for practising ophthalmologists, retinal specialists, vitreo-retinal fellows, ophthalmology residents and optometrists on the latest recommendations for managing common vitreo-retinal disorders seen in everyday retina practise. It provides comprehensive and essential information on diagnosis and management in outline and table format for conciseness and quick access. Color illustrations of important clinical manifestations are provided in an appendix.Dr Susanna Park is a Professor of ophthalmology and Director of Vitreo-retinal Fellowship and Ocular Oncology at the University of California Davis Eye Center. She has over 20 years clinical experience as a vitreo-retinal specialist and published over 100 journal papers and book chapters on the subject.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | xi | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contributing Authors | vii | ||
| Section 1: Diagnostic Testing | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Retinal Imaging | 3 | ||
| 1. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) | 3 | ||
| 2. Fluorescein Angiography (FA) | 8 | ||
| 3. Indocyanine Green (ICG) Angiography | 12 | ||
| 4. Fundus Autofluoresence (AF) | 14 | ||
| References | 15 | ||
| Chapter 2: Electroretinography | 16 | ||
| 1. Electroretinogram (ERG) | 16 | ||
| 2. Multifocal Electroretinogram | 19 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| Chapter 3: Genetic Testing | 22 | ||
| 1. Advantages of Genetic Testing | 22 | ||
| 2. Limitations of Genetic Testing | 22 | ||
| 3. American Academy of Ophthalmology Recommendations for Genetic Testing | 22 | ||
| 4. Inherited Retinal Diseases (Refer to Section 4 for more details) | 23 | ||
| 5. Ocular Tumors (Refer to Section 8 for more details) | 26 | ||
| Points to Remember about Genetic Testing | 28 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| Section 2: Acquired Macular Disorders | 31 | ||
| Chapter 4: Age-related Macular Degeneration | 33 | ||
| 1. Epidemiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | 33 | ||
| 2. Initial Evaluation: Pertinent Details | 33 | ||
| 3. Major Differential Diagnosis of NV-AMD | 34 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 35 | ||
| 5. Management of Non-exudative ( dry) AMD | 38 | ||
| 6. Management of Exudative AMD (NV-AMD) | 38 | ||
| 7. Prognosis is Based on Severity of AMD | 39 | ||
| References | 41 | ||
| Chapter 5: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy | 43 | ||
| 1. Epidemiology: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR) | 43 | ||
| 2. Initial Evaluation: Pertinent History | 43 | ||
| 3. Presenting Signs and Symptoms | 43 | ||
| 4. Clinical Findings | 44 | ||
| 5. Differential Diagnosis for Intra Retinal or Sub Retinal Macular Fluid | 44 | ||
| 6. Diagnostic Testing (Figure 1) | 44 | ||
| 7. Management | 46 | ||
| 8. Follow-up and Monitoring | 48 | ||
| 9. Prognosis | 48 | ||
| References | 49 | ||
| Chapter 6: Epiretinal Membrane | 50 | ||
| 1. Epidemiology of Epiretinal Membrane (ERM) | 50 | ||
| 2. Pertinent Signs and Symptoms | 50 | ||
| 3. Major Non-idiopathic Causes | 51 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 51 | ||
| 5. Management | 52 | ||
| 6. Follow-up and Monitoring | 53 | ||
| 7. Prognosis for ERM | 53 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| Chapter 7: Macular Holes | 55 | ||
| 1. Epidemiology of Full-thickness Macular Hole (FTMH) | 55 | ||
| 2. Signs and Symptoms | 55 | ||
| 3. Major Differential Diagnosis | 56 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 56 | ||
| 5. Management of Macular Hole | 56 | ||
| 6. Follow-up and Monitoring | 59 | ||
| 7. Prognosis after Vitrectomy for Macular Hole | 59 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| Chapter 8: Toxic Maculopathy/Retinopathy | 61 | ||
| AMINOQUINOLINE ( CHLOROQUINE AND HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE) TOXICITY | 61 | ||
| 1. Epidemiology | 61 | ||
| 2. Indications for Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine Use | 61 | ||
| 3. Risk Factors for Macular Toxicity | 62 | ||
| 4. Clinical Signs and Symptoms | 62 | ||
| 5. Differential Diagnosis for Bull’s Eye Maculopathy | 63 | ||
| 6. Clinical Examination and Diagnostic Testing | 63 | ||
| 7. 2011 Screening Guidelines and Management | 65 | ||
| 8. Prognosis | 65 | ||
| PHENOTHIAZINE TOXICITY | 66 | ||
| 1. Phenothiazine Subtypes | 66 | ||
| 2. Indications for Phenothiazine Use | 66 | ||
| 3. Risk Factor for Retinal Toxicity | 66 | ||
| 4. Signs and Symptoms of Retinal Toxicity | 66 | ||
| 5. Diagnostic Testing | 66 | ||
| 6. Management | 67 | ||
| 7. Prognosis and Follow-up | 67 | ||
| TAMOXIFEN TOXICITY | 67 | ||
| 1. Indications for Tamoxifen Use | 67 | ||
| 2. Risk Factors for Toxicity | 67 | ||
| 3. Signs and Symptoms of Toxic Maculopathy from Tamoxifen | 67 | ||
| 4. Major Differential Diagnosis for Toxic Crystalline Retinopathy | 68 | ||
| 5. Diagnostic Tests | 68 | ||
| 6. Management | 69 | ||
| 7. Follow-up and Prognosis | 69 | ||
| References | 70 | ||
| Section 3: Retinal Vascular Disorder | 71 | ||
| Chapter 9: Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | 73 | ||
| 1. Incidence of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) | 73 | ||
| 2. Clinical Features | 73 | ||
| 3. Diagnostic Testing | 75 | ||
| 4. Differential Diagnosis | 76 | ||
| 5. Management | 76 | ||
| 6. Follow-up Recommendations | 79 | ||
| References | 80 | ||
| Chapter 10: Diabetic Macular Edema | 82 | ||
| 1. Incidence of Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) | 82 | ||
| 2. Factors Associated with Severity of DME | 82 | ||
| 3. Clinical Features of DME | 82 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 83 | ||
| 5. Differential Diagnosis of DME | 84 | ||
| 6. Management of DME | 84 | ||
| References | 90 | ||
| Chapter 11: Retinal Vein Occlusion | 92 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 92 | ||
| 2. Types | 92 | ||
| 3. Risk Factors | 92 | ||
| 4. Clinical Presentation | 93 | ||
| 5. Differential Diagnosis | 93 | ||
| 6. Evaluation and Diagnostic Testing | 93 | ||
| 7. Prognosis | 96 | ||
| 8. Management | 96 | ||
| References | 99 | ||
| Chapter 12: Retinal Artery Occlusion | 100 | ||
| Introduction | 100 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 100 | ||
| 2. Types Based on Location | 100 | ||
| 3. Clinical Features | 101 | ||
| 4. Clinical Findings | 101 | ||
| 5. Differential Diagnosis | 101 | ||
| 6. Diagnostic Testing | 102 | ||
| 7. Management | 102 | ||
| 8. Prognosis | 103 | ||
| References | 104 | ||
| Chapter 13: Ocular Ischemic Syndrome | 105 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 105 | ||
| 2. Clinical Features | 105 | ||
| 3. Management | 106 | ||
| References | 108 | ||
| Chapter 14: Retinopathy of Prematurity | 109 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 109 | ||
| 2. Who and When to Screen | 109 | ||
| 3. Staging | 109 | ||
| 4. Follow-up Schedule | 113 | ||
| 5. Differential Diagnosis | 114 | ||
| 6. Photocoagulation | 114 | ||
| 7. Controversy of Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment (VEGF) | 114 | ||
| 8. Surgical Treatment | 114 | ||
| 9. Common Late Sequelae of ROP | 115 | ||
| 10. Telemedical ROP Screening | 115 | ||
| References | 116 | ||
| Section 4: Hereditary Retinal Degeneration | 117 | ||
| Chapter 15. Retinitis Pigmentosa | 119 | ||
| 1. Incidence of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) | 119 | ||
| 2. Inheritance Pattern of RP | 119 | ||
| 3. Clinical Features | 119 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 120 | ||
| 5. Clinical Course | 121 | ||
| 6. Differential Diagnosis | 121 | ||
| 7. Management | 121 | ||
| 8. Rule out Retinal Degenerations Associated With Systemic Treatable Disease | 122 | ||
| References | 126 | ||
| Chapter 16. Hereditary Chorioretinal Dystrophies | 127 | ||
| Choroideremia | 127 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 127 | ||
| 2. Inheritance Pattern | 127 | ||
| 3. Clinical Features | 127 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 128 | ||
| 5. Clinical Course | 129 | ||
| 6. Differential Diagnosis | 129 | ||
| 7. Management | 130 | ||
| Gyrate Atrophy | 130 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 130 | ||
| 2. Inheritance Pattern | 130 | ||
| 3. Clinical Features | 130 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 130 | ||
| 5. Clinical Course | 131 | ||
| 6. Differential Diagnosis | 131 | ||
| 7. Diagnosis | 131 | ||
| 8. Management | 131 | ||
| References | 132 | ||
| Chapter 17. Cone Dystrophy | 133 | ||
| Cone Dystrophy | 133 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 133 | ||
| 2. Inheritance Patterns | 133 | ||
| 3. Clinical Features | 133 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 134 | ||
| 5. Clinical Course | 134 | ||
| 6. Differential Diagnosis | 134 | ||
| 7. Management | 134 | ||
| References | 135 | ||
| Chapter 18. Hereditary Maculopathy | 136 | ||
| STARGARDT’S DISEASE | 136 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 136 | ||
| 2. Inheritance Pattern | 136 | ||
| 3. Clinical Features | 136 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 136 | ||
| 5. Clinical Course | 138 | ||
| 6. Differential Diagnosis | 138 | ||
| BEST’S DISEASE | 138 | ||
| 1. Inheritance Pattern | 138 | ||
| 2. Clinical Features | 138 | ||
| 3. Diagnostic Testing | 139 | ||
| 4. Clinical Course | 140 | ||
| 5. Differential Diagnosis | 140 | ||
| 6. Management | 140 | ||
| PATTERN DYSTROPHY | 140 | ||
| 1. Inheritance Pattern | 140 | ||
| 2. Clinical Features | 140 | ||
| 3. Diagnostic Testing | 141 | ||
| 4. Clinical Course | 141 | ||
| 5. Differential Diagnosis | 141 | ||
| 6. Management | 142 | ||
| CENTRAL AREOLAR CHOROIDAL DYSTROPHY | 142 | ||
| 1. Inheritance Pattern | 142 | ||
| 2. Clinical Features | 142 | ||
| 3. Clinical Course | 142 | ||
| 4. Differential Diagnosis | 143 | ||
| 5. Management | 143 | ||
| NORTH CAROLINA MACULAR DYSTROPHY | 143 | ||
| 1. Inheritance Pattern | 143 | ||
| 2. Clinical Features | 143 | ||
| 3. Diagnositic Testing | 143 | ||
| 4. Clinical Course | 144 | ||
| 5. Differential Diagnosis | 144 | ||
| 6. Management | 144 | ||
| References | 145 | ||
| Section 5: Posterior Uveitis | 147 | ||
| Chapter 19. Work Up and Management of Uveitis | 149 | ||
| 1. Nomenclature of Uveitis | 149 | ||
| 2. Epidemiology of Uveitis | 151 | ||
| 3. Initial Evaluation | 151 | ||
| 4. Anterior Uveitis | 152 | ||
| 5. Intermediate Uveitis | 153 | ||
| 6. Posterior Uveitis | 154 | ||
| 7. Panuveitis | 159 | ||
| 8. Differential Diagnosis of Posterior and Panuveitis — in a Nutshell | 162 | ||
| 9. Treatment of Uveitis | 163 | ||
| 10. Surgical Interventions in Uveitis | 164 | ||
| References | 166 | ||
| Chapter 20. Infectious Uveitis | 167 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 167 | ||
| Syphilis | 171 | ||
| Tuberculosis (TB) | 173 | ||
| Herpetic Viral Retinochoroiditis | 174 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | 177 | ||
| Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (POHS) | 179 | ||
| Toxocara | 180 | ||
| References | 182 | ||
| Chapter 21. Endophthalmitis | 183 | ||
| Post-Surgical | 183 | ||
| Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis | 189 | ||
| Endogenous Endophthalmitis | 191 | ||
| Surgical Considerations and Pearls | 195 | ||
| References | 197 | ||
| Section 6: Trauma | 199 | ||
| Chapter 22. Surgical Management of Posterior Segment Trauma | 201 | ||
| Indications for Urgent Vitreo-retinal Surgical Intervention: | 201 | ||
| 1. Intraocular Foreign Body (IOFB) | 201 | ||
| 2. Traumatic Endophthalmitis | 202 | ||
| 3. Macula-Sparing Traumatic Retinal Detachment | 204 | ||
| 4. Open Globe Repair | 205 | ||
| Indications for Non-urgent Vitreoretinal Surgical Intervention: | 205 | ||
| 1. Macula-involving Traumatic Retinal Detachment (RD) | 205 | ||
| 2. Suprachoroidal Detachment or Hemorrhage | 206 | ||
| 3. Non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage | 207 | ||
| 4. Traumatic Cataract or Lens Subluxation | 208 | ||
| References | 209 | ||
| Chapter 23. Non-surgical Management of Posterior Segment Trauma | 211 | ||
| 1. Traumatic Maculopathy/ Commotio Retinae | 211 | ||
| 2. Traumatic Choroidal Rupture | 212 | ||
| 3. Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria | 213 | ||
| 4. Purtscher’s Retinopathy | 214 | ||
| References | 215 | ||
| Section 7: Retinal Detachment | 217 | ||
| Chapter 24. Retinal Detachment and Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy | 219 | ||
| Risk Factors | 219 | ||
| Etiology | 219 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 220 | ||
| Initial Evaluation: History | 221 | ||
| Initial Evaluation: Exam | 222 | ||
| Special Considerations | 237 | ||
| References | 240 | ||
| Section 8: Oncology | 243 | ||
| Chapter 25. Current Treatment Options for Intraocular Retinoblastoma | 245 | ||
| 1. Retinoblastoma Epidemiology | 245 | ||
| 2. Overall Treatment Approaches | 245 | ||
| 3. Classification System (Grouping) | 245 | ||
| 4. Systemic Chemotherapy | 247 | ||
| 5. Periocular Chemotherapy Injection | 248 | ||
| 6. Selective Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy (IAC) | 248 | ||
| 7. Intravitreal Chemotherapy (IVC) | 249 | ||
| 8. Laser Therapy | 250 | ||
| 9. Cryotherapy | 251 | ||
| 10. Brachytherapy | 252 | ||
| 11. External Beam Radiotherapy (EBR) | 252 | ||
| 12. Proton or Particle Beam Irradiation | 253 | ||
| 13. Enucleation | 254 | ||
| 14. Treatment Overview | 254 | ||
| 15. Genetic Testing | 255 | ||
| 16. Post-treatment Surveillance | 256 | ||
| References | 257 | ||
| Chapter 26. Choroidal Nevus and Melanocytoma | 258 | ||
| CHOROIDAL NEVUS | 258 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 258 | ||
| 2. Clinical Features | 258 | ||
| 3. Differential Diagnosis & Clinical features | 258 | ||
| 4. Initial Evaluation | 259 | ||
| 5. Risk of Malignant Transformation | 261 | ||
| 6. Good Prognostic Clinical Features | 261 | ||
| 7. Management and Follow-up of Nevus | 261 | ||
| 8. Management of Non-malignant Complications | 262 | ||
| MELANOCYTOMA | 262 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 262 | ||
| 2. Clinical Features | 262 | ||
| 3. Differential Diagnosis | 264 | ||
| 4. Management | 264 | ||
| References | 265 | ||
| Chapter 27. Choroidal Melanoma | 266 | ||
| 1. Incidence | 266 | ||
| 2. Risk Factors for Ocular Melanoma | 266 | ||
| 3. Clinical Features | 266 | ||
| 4. Diagnostic Testing | 268 | ||
| 5. Metastasis Screening: At Baseline and Every 6 to 12 Months | 269 | ||
| 6. Management of Ocular Melanoma | 270 | ||
| 7. Long-term Follow-up | 271 | ||
| 8. Prognosis | 271 | ||
| 9. Metastatic Disease: Prognosis and Treatment | 272 | ||
| References | 273 | ||
| Chapter 28. Choroidal Metastasis | 274 | ||
| 1. Choroidal Metastasis | 274 | ||
| 2. Clinical Signs and Symptoms | 274 | ||
| 3. Diagnostic Testing | 275 | ||
| 4. Treatment | 277 | ||
| 5. Management and Follow-up | 277 | ||
| 6. Prognosis | 278 | ||
| References | 279 | ||
| Appendix: Intravitreal Injections | 281 | ||
| 1. Technique | 281 | ||
| 2. Indications for Intravitreal Injections | 282 | ||
| 3. Adverse Effects of Intravitreal Injection | 285 | ||
| List of Abbreviations | 287 | ||
| Index | 291 |