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Book Details
Abstract
Covering more than 300 clinically relevant topics, Conn’s Current Therapy 2017 by Drs. Edward T. Bope and Rick D. Kellerman offers an in-depth, personal approach to treatment from international experts, ideally suited for today’s busy medical practitioners. Trustworthy and easy to use, this annually updated resource focuses solely on the most current treatment protocols for common complaints, acute diseases, and chronic illnesses you’re likely to see. New chapters and numerous new authors in this edition bring you fully up to date on the topics you need to know about for effective patient care.
- Reliable, in-depth, systems-based content suitable for all first-line-of-defense providers.
- Thorough PharmD review of recently approved and soon-to-be approved drugs.
- Easy access to the latest evidence-based treatment practices for the most effective results.
- More than 400 easy-to-understand tables make referencing complex data quick and easy.
- Nearly 300 images, including algorithms, anatomical illustrations, and photographs, provide useful information for diagnosis.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Easy access to the latest evidence-based treatment practices for the most effective results.
- Seven new chapters cover palliative care, pancreatic cancer, babesiosis, Zika virus, sexual dysfunction, bronchiolitis, and failure to thrive.
- New authors provide a fresh perspective and their personal approach to scores of conditions and topics, including arboviruses and other emerging viruses.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front cover | ES2 | ||
| Front End Sheet | ES4 | ||
| Conn’s Current Therapy 2017 | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | xxiii | ||
| Contents | xxv | ||
| Section 1: Symptomatic Care Pending Diagnosis | 1 | ||
| Chest Pain | 1 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 1 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 1 | ||
| Acute Coronary Syndrome | 1 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism | 2 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 3 | ||
| Esophageal Rupture | 3 | ||
| Tension Pneumothorax | 3 | ||
| Other Causes of Chest Pain | 3 | ||
| References | 4 | ||
| Section 2: Diseases of Allergy | 67 | ||
| Allergic Reactions to Insect Stings | 67 | ||
| Diagnosis | 67 | ||
| Treatment | 68 | ||
| References | 68 | ||
| Constipation | 4 | ||
| Epidemiology | 5 | ||
| Risk Factors | 5 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 5 | ||
| Prevention | 5 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 5 | ||
| Diagnosis | 5 | ||
| Treatment | 5 | ||
| Complications | 5 | ||
| References | 6 | ||
| Cough | 6 | ||
| Acute Cough | 7 | ||
| Chronic Cough | 7 | ||
| Upper Airway Cough Syndrome | 8 | ||
| Cough Variant Asthma and Nonasthmatic Eosinophilic Bronchitis | 8 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 8 | ||
| Other Causes of Chronic Cough | 8 | ||
| Dizziness and Vertigo | 8 | ||
| Epidemiology | 8 | ||
| Risk Factors | 9 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 9 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 9 | ||
| Diagnosis | 9 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 10 | ||
| Treatment | 10 | ||
| Monitoring | 11 | ||
| Complications | 11 | ||
| References | 11 | ||
| Fatigue | 11 | ||
| Epidemiology | 11 | ||
| Risk Factors | 11 | ||
| Prevention | 11 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 11 | ||
| Diagnosis | 11 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 12 | ||
| Treatment | 12 | ||
| Monitoring | 12 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| Fever | 12 | ||
| Definitions | 13 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 13 | ||
| Risks and Benefits of Fever | 13 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation of Fever | 13 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 14 | ||
| Treatment | 14 | ||
| References | 14 | ||
| Gaseousness, Indigestion, Nausea, and Vomiting | 14 | ||
| Epidemiology | 14 | ||
| Risk Factors | 15 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 15 | ||
| Prevention | 15 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 15 | ||
| Diagnosis | 15 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 16 | ||
| Treatment | 17 | ||
| Monitoring | 17 | ||
| Complications | 19 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| Headache | 19 | ||
| Evaluation and Diagnosis | 20 | ||
| Tension-Type Headache | 20 | ||
| Migraine Headache | 20 | ||
| Cluster Headache | 21 | ||
| Chronic Daily Headache | 21 | ||
| Posttraumatic Headache | 21 | ||
| Treatment | 21 | ||
| TTHA Treatment | 22 | ||
| Migraine Treatment | 22 | ||
| Cluster Headache Treatment | 24 | ||
| Chronic Daily and Posttraumatic Headache Treatment | 25 | ||
| Conclusion | 25 | ||
| References | 25 | ||
| Hematuria | 25 | ||
| Epidemiology | 25 | ||
| Risk Factors | 25 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 25 | ||
| Prevention | 26 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 26 | ||
| Diagnosis | 26 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 27 | ||
| Therapy, Monitoring, and Complications | 27 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| Hiccups | 27 | ||
| Mechanistic Description | 27 | ||
| Classifications | 27 | ||
| Epidemiology | 27 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 27 | ||
| Evaluation of the Hiccup Patient | 28 | ||
| History | 28 | ||
| Physical Examination | 28 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures | 28 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Interventions | 28 | ||
| Pharmacologic Interventions | 28 | ||
| Sedative-Hypnotics | 28 | ||
| Antiemetics | 28 | ||
| Analeptics | 28 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 28 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 28 | ||
| Antidepressants | 28 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 29 | ||
| Sodium Channel Blockers | 29 | ||
| GABAB Agonists | 29 | ||
| Antacids | 29 | ||
| Gastrokinetic Drugs | 29 | ||
| Physical Interventions | 29 | ||
| Phrenic Nerve Destruction | 29 | ||
| Hypercapnia | 29 | ||
| Positive End-Expiratory Pressure | 29 | ||
| Nasogastric Tube | 29 | ||
| Treatment | 29 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| Hoarseness and Laryngitis | 29 | ||
| Normal Laryngeal Function | 30 | ||
| Evaluation of Dysphonia | 30 | ||
| History | 30 | ||
| Physical Examination | 31 | ||
| Laryngeal Examination | 31 | ||
| Other Testing | 31 | ||
| Types of Dysphonia | 31 | ||
| Acute Laryngitis | 31 | ||
| Chronic Laryngitis | 32 | ||
| Vocal Fold Paralysis | 32 | ||
| Phonotraumatic Lesions: Nodules, Polyps, and Cysts | 32 | ||
| Reinke's Edema | 33 | ||
| Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis | 33 | ||
| Vocal Cord Cancer | 34 | ||
| Neurologic Disorders and the Voice | 34 | ||
| Functional Voice Disorders | 34 | ||
| Presbylaryngis | 34 | ||
| Conclusion | 34 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| Pain | 35 | ||
| Epidemiology | 35 | ||
| Risk Factors | 35 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 36 | ||
| Prevention | 36 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 36 | ||
| Diagnosis | 36 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 36 | ||
| Treatment | 36 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic | 36 | ||
| Pharmacologic | 36 | ||
| Nonopioid Analgesics | 36 | ||
| Opioids (see Table 1) | 36 | ||
| Adjuvant Drugs | 39 | ||
| Monitoring | 41 | ||
| Complications | 41 | ||
| References | 41 | ||
| Palliative and end-of-life care | 41 | ||
| Epidemiology | 43 | ||
| Risk Factors | 43 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 43 | ||
| Prevention | 43 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 43 | ||
| Diagnosis | 43 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 44 | ||
| Therapy | 44 | ||
| Pain | 44 | ||
| Pain of All Types | 44 | ||
| Bone Pain | 44 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 44 | ||
| Visceral Pain | 44 | ||
| Dyspnea | 44 | ||
| Nausea/Vomiting | 45 | ||
| Constipation | 45 | ||
| Anxiety | 45 | ||
| Delirium | 46 | ||
| Hiccups | 46 | ||
| Monitoring | 46 | ||
| Complications | 46 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| Palpitations | 46 | ||
| Epidemiology | 47 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 47 | ||
| Risk Factors | 47 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 48 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 48 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 48 | ||
| Treatment | 49 | ||
| References | 49 | ||
| Pharyngitis | 49 | ||
| Epidemiology | 50 | ||
| Risk Factors | 50 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 50 | ||
| Prevention | 50 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 50 | ||
| Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Pharyngitis | 50 | ||
| Scarlet Fever | 50 | ||
| Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis | 50 | ||
| Viral Pharyngitis | 50 | ||
| Diagnosis | 51 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 51 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis | 51 | ||
| Acute Retroviral Syndrome | 51 | ||
| Neisseria gonorrhea | 51 | ||
| Lemierre's Syndrome | 51 | ||
| Treatment | 51 | ||
| Treatment Regimens | 52 | ||
| Monitoring | 52 | ||
| Complications | 52 | ||
| References | 52 | ||
| Pruritus | 52 | ||
| Classification | 53 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 53 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 53 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 53 | ||
| Therapy | 53 | ||
| Complications | 53 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| Rhinitis | 54 | ||
| Introduction | 54 | ||
| Epidemiology/Risk Factors | 54 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 54 | ||
| Allergic | 54 | ||
| Nonallergic Rhinitis | 54 | ||
| Infectious Rhinitis/Rhinosinusitis | 55 | ||
| Prevention | 55 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 55 | ||
| Diagnosis | 55 | ||
| History | 55 | ||
| Physical Examination | 55 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 56 | ||
| Treatment | 56 | ||
| Overall | 56 | ||
| Avoidance | 56 | ||
| Intranasal Corticosteroid (INS) | 56 | ||
| Intranasal Anticholinergic (IP) | 56 | ||
| Intranasal Antihistamine (INA) | 56 | ||
| Nasal Cromolyn | 56 | ||
| Nasal Saline | 56 | ||
| Topical Decongestants | 56 | ||
| Oral Antihistamines | 56 | ||
| Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRA) | 57 | ||
| Oral Decongestants | 57 | ||
| Systemic Corticosteroids | 57 | ||
| Surgery | 57 | ||
| Anti IgE | 57 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 57 | ||
| Monitoring | 57 | ||
| Complications | 57 | ||
| References | 57 | ||
| Spine Pain | 58 | ||
| Epidemiology | 58 | ||
| Risk Factors | 58 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 58 | ||
| Prevention | 59 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 59 | ||
| Diagnosis | 59 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 59 | ||
| Therapy | 60 | ||
| Monitoring | 61 | ||
| Complications | 61 | ||
| References | 61 | ||
| Tinnitus | 61 | ||
| Definition and Epidemiology | 62 | ||
| Risk Factors/Etiologies (Subjective and Objective Tinnitus) | 62 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 62 | ||
| Prevention | 62 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 63 | ||
| Diagnosis | 63 | ||
| History | 63 | ||
| Complete physical examination | 63 | ||
| Laboratory tests | 63 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 63 | ||
| Management | 64 | ||
| Monitoring | 64 | ||
| Complications | 64 | ||
| References | 65 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 69 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 69 | ||
| Agents That Cause Anaphylaxis | 69 | ||
| Recurrent Anaphylaxis | 70 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 70 | ||
| Management of Anaphylaxis | 70 | ||
| Prevention of Anaphylaxis | 71 | ||
| Serum Sickness | 71 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Laboratory Abnormalities | 71 | ||
| Treatment | 71 | ||
| References | 72 | ||
| Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions | 72 | ||
| Epidemiology | 72 | ||
| Classifications | 72 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 72 | ||
| Risk Factors for Hypersensitivity Drug Reactions | 73 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 73 | ||
| Dermatologic Symptoms | 73 | ||
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome | 73 | ||
| Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 73 | ||
| Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms | 74 | ||
| Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis | 74 | ||
| Evaluation | 74 | ||
| Management | 74 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 74 | ||
| Angioedema | 75 | ||
| Specific Drugs | 75 | ||
| Antibiotics | 75 | ||
| Penicillin | 75 | ||
| Penicillin and Cephalosporin Cross-Reactivity | 75 | ||
| Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs) | 75 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 76 | ||
| Aspirin and NSAIDs | 76 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 77 | ||
| Local Anesthetics | 77 | ||
| Radiocontrast Media | 78 | ||
| Herbal Supplements | 78 | ||
| Conclusion | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Section 3: The Cardiovascular System | 79 | ||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 79 | ||
| Epidemiology | 79 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 79 | ||
| Risk Factors | 79 | ||
| Primary Prevention | 79 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 79 | ||
| Diagnosis | 79 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 79 | ||
| Serum Markers | 80 | ||
| Imaging | 80 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 80 | ||
| Treatment | 80 | ||
| ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 80 | ||
| Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | 81 | ||
| Adjunct Therapy | 81 | ||
| Relieving Chest Pain | 81 | ||
| Nitroglycerin | 81 | ||
| Morphine | 81 | ||
| Antiplatelet Therapy | 81 | ||
| Aspirin | 81 | ||
| Thienopyridine | 81 | ||
| Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antogonists | 81 | ||
| Anticoagulant Medications | 82 | ||
| Unfractionated Heparin | 82 | ||
| Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin | 82 | ||
| Alternative to Heparin | 82 | ||
| β-Adrenergic Antagonist Drugs | 82 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers | 82 | ||
| HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors | 82 | ||
| Nitrates | 82 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 82 | ||
| Unstable Angina and Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 82 | ||
| Initial Therapy | 82 | ||
| Adjunct Therapy | 83 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 83 | ||
| Antiplatelet Medications | 83 | ||
| Other Drugs | 84 | ||
| Elective Catheterization | 84 | ||
| Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator | 84 | ||
| Complications | 84 | ||
| Electrical Dysfunction | 84 | ||
| Cardiogenic Shock | 84 | ||
| Structural Disorders | 84 | ||
| Right Ventricular Infarction | 84 | ||
| Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention | 85 | ||
| References | 85 | ||
| Angina Pectoris | 85 | ||
| Clinical Features | 86 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 86 | ||
| Risk Factor Management | 87 | ||
| Hypertension | 87 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 87 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 88 | ||
| Smoking | 88 | ||
| Diet | 88 | ||
| Other Lifestyle Changes | 88 | ||
| Approach to Treatment | 88 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 88 | ||
| Nitrates | 88 | ||
| β-Blockers | 88 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 89 | ||
| Ranolazine (Ranexa) | 89 | ||
| Medication Combinations | 89 | ||
| Antiplatelet Therapy | 89 | ||
| Invasive Assessment | 89 | ||
| Novel Therapies | 90 | ||
| Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization | 90 | ||
| External Counterpulsation | 90 | ||
| Spinal Cord Stimulation | 90 | ||
| Acupuncture | 90 | ||
| Other Causes of Angina | 90 | ||
| Syndrome X | 90 | ||
| Vasospastic or Prinzmetal's Angina | 90 | ||
| Newer Imaging Techniques | 90 | ||
| Calcium Scoring | 90 | ||
| CT Coronary Angiography | 91 | ||
| Summary | 91 | ||
| References | 91 | ||
| Aortic Disease: Aneurysm and Dissection | 91 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 91 | ||
| Epidemiology | 91 | ||
| Risk Factors | 92 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 92 | ||
| Prevention | 92 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 92 | ||
| Diagnosis | 92 | ||
| Treatment | 93 | ||
| Monitoring | 94 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms | 94 | ||
| Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 95 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Dissection | 95 | ||
| References | 95 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 95 | ||
| Epidemiology | 96 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 96 | ||
| Atrial Factors | 96 | ||
| Electrophysiologic Mechanisms | 96 | ||
| Causes and Risk Factors | 96 | ||
| Reversible Causes | 96 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 96 | ||
| Diagnosis | 96 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 97 | ||
| Treatment | 97 | ||
| Risk Stratification for Stroke and Thromboembolism | 97 | ||
| Rate Control | 98 | ||
| Rhythm Control | 98 | ||
| Cardioversion | 99 | ||
| Ablation | 99 | ||
| Prevention | 99 | ||
| Special Considerations | 99 | ||
| Elderly Patients | 99 | ||
| Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation | 99 | ||
| References | 99 | ||
| Cardiac Arrest: Sudden Cardiac Death | 99 | ||
| Definition and Causes | 99 | ||
| Tests to Identify Risk for Sudden Death | 100 | ||
| Treatment | 100 | ||
| Acute Management of Survivors of Cardiac Arrest | 100 | ||
| Primary Prevention of Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death | 100 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 100 | ||
| Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 101 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 101 | ||
| Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia | 101 | ||
| Sudden Death Associated with Abnormalities of the QT Interval | 102 | ||
| Brugada Syndrome | 102 | ||
| Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia | 102 | ||
| Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome | 102 | ||
| Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation | 103 | ||
| Adult Congenital Heart Disease | 103 | ||
| Neuromuscular Diseases | 103 | ||
| Bradyarrhythmia | 103 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 103 | ||
| Acyanotic Conditions | 104 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 104 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 104 | ||
| Atrioventricular Canal Defect | 105 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 105 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 106 | ||
| Pulmonic Stenosis | 106 | ||
| Aortic Coarctation | 106 | ||
| Cyanotic Conditions | 107 | ||
| Ebstein's Anomaly | 107 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 107 | ||
| Eisenmenger's Syndrome | 108 | ||
| References | 108 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 109 | ||
| Definition | 109 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 109 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures | 110 | ||
| Classification | 110 | ||
| Management of Heart Failure | 110 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Therapy | 110 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 111 | ||
| Device Therapy | 111 | ||
| Therapy for Advanced Heart Failure | 111 | ||
| Common Management Errors | 112 | ||
| References | 112 | ||
| Heart Block | 113 | ||
| Epidemiology | 113 | ||
| Risk Factors | 113 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 113 | ||
| Prevention | 114 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 114 | ||
| Diagnosis | 114 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 115 | ||
| Therapy | 115 | ||
| Monitoring | 117 | ||
| Complications | 117 | ||
| Conclusions | 117 | ||
| References | 117 | ||
| Hypertension | 117 | ||
| Epidemiology | 118 | ||
| Risk Factors | 118 | ||
| Modern Western Diet and Lifestyle | 118 | ||
| Age | 118 | ||
| Sex | 118 | ||
| Ethnicity | 118 | ||
| Body Weight | 118 | ||
| Diet | 119 | ||
| Family History | 119 | ||
| Other Factors | 119 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 119 | ||
| Prevention | 120 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 120 | ||
| Diagnosis | 120 | ||
| Classifications | 120 | ||
| Joint National Committee Classification | 120 | ||
| JNC 8 Versus JNC 7 | 120 | ||
| International Classification | 120 | ||
| AHA Classification | 121 | ||
| Pseudohypertension | 121 | ||
| Treatment | 121 | ||
| How Do JNC 8 and JNC 7 Differ? | 121 | ||
| What Are the Recommendations of JNC 8? | 121 | ||
| Recommendation 1 | 121 | ||
| Recommendation 2 | 125 | ||
| Recommendation 3 | 125 | ||
| Recommendation 4 | 125 | ||
| Recommendation 5 | 125 | ||
| Recommendation 6 | 126 | ||
| Recommendation 7 | 126 | ||
| Recommendation 8 | 126 | ||
| Recommendation 9 | 126 | ||
| Diuretics | 126 | ||
| Adrenergic-Inhibiting Drugs | 127 | ||
| Complications | 128 | ||
| Future Therapy | 128 | ||
| References | 128 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 128 | ||
| Definition | 129 | ||
| Epidemiology | 129 | ||
| Risk Factors | 129 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 129 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 129 | ||
| Diagnosis | 129 | ||
| Imaging | 129 | ||
| Treatment | 129 | ||
| Asymptomatic Disease | 129 | ||
| Symptomatic Disease | 129 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management | 129 | ||
| Invasive Therapies | 129 | ||
| Role of Implantable Devices | 130 | ||
| Participation in Competitive Sports | 130 | ||
| Monitoring | 130 | ||
| Future Research | 130 | ||
| References | 130 | ||
| Infective Endocarditis | 130 | ||
| Definition | 131 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 131 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 131 | ||
| Prevention | 131 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis | 131 | ||
| Blood Cultures | 132 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 132 | ||
| Echocardiography and Diagnostic Criteria | 132 | ||
| Other Cardiac Imaging Modalities | 133 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 133 | ||
| Treatment, Complications, and Outcome | 133 | ||
| References | 136 | ||
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | 136 | ||
| Prevalence | 136 | ||
| Classification | 136 | ||
| Pathology | 136 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 137 | ||
| Diagnosis | 137 | ||
| Use of Echocardiography | 137 | ||
| Medical Management | 138 | ||
| Surgical Management | 139 | ||
| References | 139 | ||
| Pericarditis | 139 | ||
| Embryologic Origin of the Pericardium | 140 | ||
| Pathologic Processes Involving the Pericardium | 140 | ||
| Classification | 140 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 140 | ||
| Acute Pericarditis | 140 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 140 | ||
| Diagnostic Work-up | 141 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 141 | ||
| Other Studies and Procedures | 141 | ||
| Chest Radiography | 141 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 141 | ||
| Echocardiography | 141 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 141 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 141 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 141 | ||
| Pericardiocentesis | 141 | ||
| Pericardial Window | 142 | ||
| Pericardiectomy | 142 | ||
| Treatment | 142 | ||
| Prognosis | 142 | ||
| References | 142 | ||
| Peripheral Arterial Disease | 142 | ||
| Carotid Artery Disease | 143 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 143 | ||
| Evaluation | 143 | ||
| Management | 144 | ||
| Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 145 | ||
| Evaluation | 145 | ||
| Treatment | 146 | ||
| References | 147 | ||
| Premature Beats | 147 | ||
| Premature Atrial Complexes | 147 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Features | 147 | ||
| Section 4: The Digestive System | 159 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis | 159 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 159 | ||
| Epidemiology | 159 | ||
| Risk Factors | 159 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 159 | ||
| Prevention | 159 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 159 | ||
| Diagnosis | 160 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 160 | ||
| Treatment | 160 | ||
| Monitoring | 162 | ||
| Complications | 162 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 162 | ||
| Epidemiology | 162 | ||
| Risk factors | 162 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 163 | ||
| Prevention | 163 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 163 | ||
| Diagnosis | 163 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 164 | ||
| Treatment | 164 | ||
| Monitoring | 165 | ||
| Complications | 165 | ||
| References | 166 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Viral Hepatitis | 166 | ||
| Hepatitis A virus | 166 | ||
| Epidemiology | 166 | ||
| Diagnosis | 166 | ||
| Natural History | 166 | ||
| Treatment | 166 | ||
| Hepatitis E Virus | 166 | ||
| Epidemiology | 167 | ||
| Section 5: Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 243 | ||
| Acromegaly | 243 | ||
| Physiology, Biochemistry, and Regulation of the GH/IGF-1 Axis | 243 | ||
| Etiopathogenesis of Growth Hormone-Secreting Tumors | 243 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 244 | ||
| Local Tumor Effects | 244 | ||
| Consequences of the GH/IGF-1 Excess | 244 | ||
| Skeletal Growth and Skin Changes | 244 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 244 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 244 | ||
| Respiratory Abnormalities | 245 | ||
| Abnormalities in Glucose Metabolism | 245 | ||
| Abnormalities in Lipid Metabolism | 245 | ||
| Bone and Calcium Metabolism | 245 | ||
| Neoplasia | 245 | ||
| Associated Endocrine Abnormalities | 245 | ||
| Mortality | 245 | ||
| Biochemical Diagnosis | 245 | ||
| Imaging | 245 | ||
| Treatment | 245 | ||
| Surgery | 245 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 246 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 246 | ||
| References | 246 | ||
| Adrenocortical Insufficiency | 246 | ||
| Epidemiology | 247 | ||
| Risk Factors | 247 | ||
| Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency | 247 | ||
| Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency | 247 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 247 | ||
| Prevention | 247 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 248 | ||
| Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency | 248 | ||
| Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency | 248 | ||
| Diagnosis | 248 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 248 | ||
| Treatment | 248 | ||
| Monitoring | 249 | ||
| Complications | 249 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| Cushing's Syndrome | 249 | ||
| Definition and Epidemiology | 249 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 250 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 251 | ||
| Diagnosis | 251 | ||
| Confirmation of the Diagnosis | 251 | ||
| High-Dose Dexamethasone Testing | 251 | ||
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Testing | 251 | ||
| Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling | 252 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 252 | ||
| Pituitary Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 252 | ||
| Adrenal Imaging | 252 | ||
| Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Syndrome | 253 | ||
| Treatment | 253 | ||
| Treatment of Pituitary Corticotropinomas | 253 | ||
| Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery | 253 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 253 | ||
| Medical Treatment to Control Secretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | 253 | ||
| Bilateral Adrenalectomy | 253 | ||
| Treatment of Adrenal Disease | 253 | ||
| Adrenocortical Tumors | 253 | ||
| Cytotoxic Chemotherapy | 253 | ||
| Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasias | 253 | ||
| Treatment of Ectopic Corticotropin Syndrome | 254 | ||
| Medical Adrenalectomy | 254 | ||
| References | 254 | ||
| Diabetes Insipidus | 254 | ||
| Physiology of Antidiuretic Hormone | 255 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Diabetes Insipidus | 255 | ||
| Clinical Causes | 255 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 256 | ||
| Diagnosis | 256 | ||
| Treatment | 256 | ||
| Monitoring | 257 | ||
| References | 257 | ||
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | 257 | ||
| Epidemiology | 257 | ||
| Risk Factors | 257 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 258 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 258 | ||
| Diagnosis | 258 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 258 | ||
| Treatment | 258 | ||
| Monitoring | 260 | ||
| Complications | 260 | ||
| Prevention | 260 | ||
| References | 260 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus in Adults | 260 | ||
| Epidemiology | 261 | ||
| Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes and Prediabetes | 261 | ||
| Diagnosis | 261 | ||
| Classification | 261 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 262 | ||
| Cardiovascular Risk Management | 262 | ||
| Documenting and Following Complications | 262 | ||
| Treatment | 262 | ||
| Behavioral Self-Management | 262 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 263 | ||
| Behavioral Objectives | 263 | ||
| Follow-up and Reassessment | 263 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 264 | ||
| Overview | 264 | ||
| Oral Agents | 265 | ||
| Secretagogues | 265 | ||
| Rapid secretagogues | 265 | ||
| Biguanides | 265 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | 266 | ||
| Incretins | 266 | ||
| Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors | 266 | ||
| Amylin Agonists | 267 | ||
| Bile Acid Sequestrants | 267 | ||
| Dopamine Receptor Agonists | 267 | ||
| SGLT-2 Inhibitors | 267 | ||
| Insulin | 267 | ||
| Barriers to Insulin Use | 267 | ||
| Starting Insulin: Use of Basal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes | 267 | ||
| When and How to Add Meal Insulin | 268 | ||
| Fixed-Ratio Combined Insulins | 268 | ||
| Adults with Type 1DM | 268 | ||
| Adults with Type 2DM | 268 | ||
| References | 269 | ||
| Gout and Hyperuricemia | 269 | ||
| Epidemiology | 269 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Risk Factors | 269 | ||
| Hyperuricemia | 269 | ||
| Diagnosis | 269 | ||
| Indications for Treatment | 270 | ||
| Treatment | 270 | ||
| Acute Gout | 270 | ||
| Intercritical Gout | 271 | ||
| Long-Term Urate-Lowering (Antihyperuricemic) Therapy | 271 | ||
| Uricosurics | 271 | ||
| Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors | 271 | ||
| Pegloticase | 272 | ||
| Potential New Therapies | 272 | ||
| References | 272 | ||
| Hyperaldosteronism | 272 | ||
| Introduction | 272 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 273 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 273 | ||
| Evaluation | 273 | ||
| Screening | 273 | ||
| Confirmatory Tests of Primary Hyperaldosteronism | 276 | ||
| Subtype Classification of Primary Hyperaldosteronism | 276 | ||
| Imaging | 277 | ||
| Adrenal Vein Sampling | 277 | ||
| Ancillary Tests | 277 | ||
| Treatment | 278 | ||
| Unilateral Hypersecretion | 278 | ||
| Bilateral Hypersecretion | 278 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 279 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 279 | ||
| Exogenous Pathway | 280 | ||
| Endogenous Pathway | 280 | ||
| Reverse Cholesterol Transport | 280 | ||
| Plasma Lipids and Atherosclerosis | 280 | ||
| Evaluation | 280 | ||
| Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment | 280 | ||
| Measurement of Lipid Profiles | 281 | ||
| Treatment | 282 | ||
| Overview | 282 | ||
| Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes | 282 | ||
| Pharmacologic Agents | 283 | ||
| Statins | 284 | ||
| Fibrates | 284 | ||
| Niacin | 285 | ||
| Bile Acid Sequestrants | 285 | ||
| Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors | 285 | ||
| PCSK9 Inhibitors | 285 | ||
| References | 285 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism | 286 | ||
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism | 286 | ||
| Incidence and General Characteristics | 286 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 286 | ||
| Pathophysiology, Molecular Genetics, and Pathology | 286 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 287 | ||
| Clinical Forms of Primary Hyperparathyroidism | 287 | ||
| Diagnosis and Evaluation | 287 | ||
| Role of Bone Mass Measurement | 288 | ||
| Treatment | 288 | ||
| Localization Tests Prior to Surgery | 288 | ||
| Guidelines for Surgical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism | 288 | ||
| Surgery | 288 | ||
| Medical Management | 288 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 288 | ||
| Etiology | 288 | ||
| Clinical Features | 289 | ||
| Diagnosis | 289 | ||
| Treatment | 289 | ||
| Acute Management | 289 | ||
| Chronic Management | 289 | ||
| References | 290 | ||
| Hyperprolactinemia | 290 | ||
| Biochemistry and Physiology of Prolactin | 290 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Hyperprolactinemia | 291 | ||
| Mammary Glands | 291 | ||
| Female Reproductive System | 291 | ||
| Male Reproductive System | 291 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 292 | ||
| Skeletal System | 292 | ||
| Etiology of Hyperprolactinemia | 292 | ||
| Epidemiology and Natural History of Prolactinoma | 292 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 293 | ||
| Symptoms of Hyperprolactinemia | 293 | ||
| Mass Effects of Prolactinomas | 293 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 293 | ||
| Prolactin assay and pitfalls | 293 | ||
| Other supporting laboratory tests | 293 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 294 | ||
| Visual field testing | 294 | ||
| Diagnosis | 294 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 294 | ||
| Management of Secondary Hyperprolactinemia | 295 | ||
| Management of Prolactinoma | 295 | ||
| Observation | 295 | ||
| Hormonal Replacement | 295 | ||
| Dopamine Agonists | 295 | ||
| Surgery | 295 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 296 | ||
| Management of Prolactinoma During Pregnancy | 296 | ||
| Management of Treatment-Resistant Prolactinoma | 296 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 296 | ||
| Epidemiology | 297 | ||
| Risk Factors | 297 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 297 | ||
| Prevention | 297 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 297 | ||
| Diagnosis | 297 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 298 | ||
| Treatment | 298 | ||
| Monitoring | 298 | ||
| Complications | 299 | ||
| References | 299 | ||
| Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia | 299 | ||
| Epidemiology | 299 | ||
| Risk Factors | 299 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 299 | ||
| Prevention | 299 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 299 | ||
| Diagnosis | 300 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 300 | ||
| Therapy | 301 | ||
| Monitoring | 302 | ||
| Complications | 302 | ||
| References | 302 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 302 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 302 | ||
| Regulation of Water Balance | 302 | ||
| Renal Handling of Water | 303 | ||
| Renal Handling of Sodium | 303 | ||
| Central Nervous System Response to Hyponatremia/Hypoosmolality | 303 | ||
| Classification and Differential Diagnosis of Hyponatremia | 303 | ||
| Hypovolemic Hyponatremia | 304 | ||
| Hypervolemic Hyponatremia | 305 | ||
| Euvolemic Hyponatremia | 305 | ||
| Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone | 305 | ||
| Other Causes of Euvolemic Hypoosmolar Hyponatremia | 306 | ||
| Management | 306 | ||
| Acute Severe Symptomatic Hyponatremia | 306 | ||
| Chronic Hyponatremia | 307 | ||
| Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone | 307 | ||
| Cerebral Salt Wasting | 307 | ||
| Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists | 308 | ||
| Summary | 308 | ||
| References | 308 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 308 | ||
| Epidemiology | 308 | ||
| Risk Factors | 308 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 309 | ||
| Prevention | 309 | ||
| Clinical Manifestation | 309 | ||
| Diagnosis | 309 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 311 | ||
| Treatment | 311 | ||
| Monitoring | 312 | ||
| Complications | 312 | ||
| References | 312 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 312 | ||
| Epidemiology | 312 | ||
| Risk Factors | 312 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 312 | ||
| Prevention | 313 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 313 | ||
| Diagnosis | 313 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 313 | ||
| Treatment | 313 | ||
| Monitoring | 314 | ||
| Complications | 314 | ||
| References | 314 | ||
| Obesity | 314 | ||
| Epidemiology | 314 | ||
| Diagnosis | 314 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 316 | ||
| Associated Comorbidities | 316 | ||
| Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome | 316 | ||
| Type 2 Diabetes | 316 | ||
| Hypertension | 316 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 316 | ||
| Coronary Heart Disease | 317 | ||
| Respiratory Abnormalities | 317 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Disease | 317 | ||
| Hepatobiliary Disease | 317 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 317 | ||
| Cancer | 317 | ||
| Psychosocial Function | 317 | ||
| Economic Consequences of Obesity | 317 | ||
| Treatment | 317 | ||
| Behavior Modification | 317 | ||
| Dietary Therapy | 317 | ||
| Physical Activity | 318 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 318 | ||
| Bariatric Surgery | 319 | ||
| Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass | 319 | ||
| Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy | 320 | ||
| Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band | 320 | ||
| References | 320 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition in Adults | 320 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 321 | ||
| Assessment of Nutritional Status | 321 | ||
| Estimating Nutritional Requirements | 322 | ||
| Energy Requirements | 322 | ||
| Nutrient Requirements | 323 | ||
| Composition of Central and Peripheral Venous Solutions | 323 | ||
| Administration and Venous Access | 324 | ||
| Infusion and Patient Monitoring | 325 | ||
| Patients with Special Needs | 325 | ||
| Glucose Intolerance | 325 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 326 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease | 326 | ||
| Hepatic Dysfunction and Liver Failure | 326 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 327 | ||
| Critically Ill Obese Patients | 327 | ||
| Other Conditions and Nutritional Treatments | 327 | ||
| Common Complications and Management | 328 | ||
| Catheter Sepsis | 328 | ||
| Other Complications | 329 | ||
| References | 329 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma | 329 | ||
| Epidemiology | 330 | ||
| Genetics | 330 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 332 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 332 | ||
| Biochemical Diagnosis | 332 | ||
| Localization of pheochromocytoma | 334 | ||
| Treatment | 334 | ||
| Medical Therapy and Preparation for Surgery | 335 | ||
| Operative and Postoperative Management | 336 | ||
| Hypertensive Crisis | 336 | ||
| Malignant Pheochromocytoma | 337 | ||
| Prognosis and Monitoring | 338 | ||
| References | 338 | ||
| Thyroid Cancer | 339 | ||
| Epidemiology | 339 | ||
| Risk Factors | 340 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 340 | ||
| Differentiated Thyroid Cancers | 340 | ||
| Dedifferentiated thyroid cancers | 340 | ||
| Medullary thyroid cancers | 340 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 340 | ||
| Diagnosis | 341 | ||
| Treatment | 341 | ||
| Differentiated Thyroid Cancer | 341 | ||
| Initial Management | 341 | ||
| Section 6: Hematology | 347 | ||
| Acute Leukemia in Adults | 347 | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia | 347 | ||
| Epidemiology | 347 | ||
| Risk Factors | 347 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 347 | ||
| Prevention | 348 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 348 | ||
| Diagnosis | 348 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 348 | ||
| Prognosis | 348 | ||
| Treatment | 348 | ||
| Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia | 349 | ||
| Relapse | 349 | ||
| Novel Approaches and Future Directions | 349 | ||
| Monitoring | 349 | ||
| Complications | 349 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 349 | ||
| Epidemiology | 349 | ||
| Risk Factors | 349 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 349 | ||
| Prevention | 349 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 349 | ||
| Diagnosis | 349 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 350 | ||
| Prognosis | 350 | ||
| Treatment | 350 | ||
| Pediatric Regimens for Adolescents and Adults | 350 | ||
| Novel Approaches and Future Directions | 351 | ||
| Monitoring | 351 | ||
| Complications | 351 | ||
| References | 351 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 351 | ||
| Definition | 352 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 352 | ||
| Supportive Care | 352 | ||
| Treatment | 353 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapy | 354 | ||
| Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation | 354 | ||
| Long-Term Complications of Treatment | 354 | ||
| Conclusions | 355 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 355 | ||
| References | 355 | ||
| Blood Component Therapy | 355 | ||
| Therapeutic Use of Blood Components | 355 | ||
| Red Cells | 356 | ||
| Section 7: Diseases of the Head and Neck | 441 | ||
| Dry eye syndrome | 441 | ||
| Introduction | 441 | ||
| Epidemiology | 441 | ||
| Risk factors | 441 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 441 | ||
| Prevention | 441 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 441 | ||
| Diagnosis | 441 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 441 | ||
| Treatment | 441 | ||
| Complications | 442 | ||
| Monitoring | 442 | ||
| Conclusions | 443 | ||
| References | 443 | ||
| Glaucoma | 443 | ||
| Primary Open Angle Glaucoma | 443 | ||
| Treatment | 444 | ||
| Topical Glaucoma Medications | 444 | ||
| Prostaglandin Analogues | 444 | ||
| β-Blockers | 444 | ||
| Selective α2 Agonists | 445 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 445 | ||
| Combined Topical Medications | 445 | ||
| Oral Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 445 | ||
| Laser Trabeculoplasty | 445 | ||
| Surgery | 445 | ||
| Visual Impairment and Blindness | 445 | ||
| Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma | 445 | ||
| Mechanism of Acute Angle Closure: Pupillary Block | 445 | ||
| Diagnosis | 446 | ||
| Treatment | 446 | ||
| References | 446 | ||
| Ménière's Disease | 446 | ||
| Epidemiology | 446 | ||
| Risk Factors | 447 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 447 | ||
| Prevention | 447 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 447 | ||
| Diagnosis | 447 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 447 | ||
| Treatment | 448 | ||
| Medical Management | 448 | ||
| Bilateral Ménière's Disease | 448 | ||
| Serviceability of Hearing | 448 | ||
| Injections and Surgical Treatments | 449 | ||
| Intratympanic Gentamicin | 449 | ||
| Endolymphatic Sac Surgery | 449 | ||
| Intratympanic Steroids | 449 | ||
| Vestibular Neurectomy | 449 | ||
| Labyrinthectomy | 449 | ||
| Meniett Treatment | 449 | ||
| Monitoring | 450 | ||
| Complications | 450 | ||
| Conclusion | 450 | ||
| References | 450 | ||
| Otitis Externa | 450 | ||
| Epidemiology | 450 | ||
| Risk Factors | 450 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 450 | ||
| Prevention | 450 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 450 | ||
| Diagnosis | 450 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 450 | ||
| Treatment | 450 | ||
| Monitoring | 451 | ||
| Complications | 451 | ||
| References | 452 | ||
| Otitis Media | 452 | ||
| Epidemiology | 452 | ||
| Risk Factors | 452 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 452 | ||
| Prevention | 452 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 453 | ||
| Diagnosis | 453 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 453 | ||
| Treatment | 454 | ||
| Treatment Options: Observation | 454 | ||
| Treatment Options: Antibiotic Therapy | 454 | ||
| Treatment Options: Surgery | 455 | ||
| Treatment Options: Analgesia | 455 | ||
| Conclusion | 455 | ||
| Red Eye | 456 | ||
| Physical Examination | 456 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 456 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis | 457 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 457 | ||
| Conjunctivitis of the Newborn | 457 | ||
| Conjunctivitis-Otitis Media Syndrome | 458 | ||
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Conjunctivitis | 458 | ||
| Allergic Conjunctivitis | 458 | ||
| Subconjunctival Hemorrhage | 458 | ||
| Corneal Abrasion | 458 | ||
| Other Causes of Red Eye | 459 | ||
| Blepharitis | 459 | ||
| Hordeolum (Stye) | 459 | ||
| Episcleritis | 459 | ||
| Scleritis | 459 | ||
| Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma | 459 | ||
| Anterior Uveitis | 460 | ||
| References | 460 | ||
| Rhinosinusitis | 460 | ||
| Epidemiology and Etiology of Rhinosinusitis | 461 | ||
| Diagnosis of Acute Rhinosinusitis | 461 | ||
| Imaging | 461 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 461 | ||
| Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis | 461 | ||
| Symptomatic Treatment | 461 | ||
| Antibiotic Treatment | 461 | ||
| Complications and Referral | 461 | ||
| References | 462 | ||
| Temporomandibular Disorders | 462 | ||
| Epidemiology | 462 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 462 | ||
| Anatomy and Pathophysiology | 463 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Intracapsular TMJ Pain Disorders | 463 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Masticatory Muscle Pain Disorders | 463 | ||
| Etiology | 463 | ||
| History and Examination | 463 | ||
| Treatment | 464 | ||
| Patient Education | 464 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 465 | ||
| Physical Therapy | 465 | ||
| Other Therapeutic Considerations | 465 | ||
| References | 465 | ||
| Uveitis | 465 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 466 | ||
| Section 8: The Infectious Diseases | 479 | ||
| Amebiasis | 479 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Acquisition | 479 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Susceptible Host Factors to Invasive Diseases | 479 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Amebiasis | 479 | ||
| Diagnosis | 480 | ||
| Therapy | 480 | ||
| Monitoring after Treatment and Disease Prevention | 481 | ||
| References | 481 | ||
| Anthrax | 481 | ||
| Background | 482 | ||
| Epidemiology | 482 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 482 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 482 | ||
| Cutaneous Anthrax | 482 | ||
| Inhalation Anthrax | 482 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract Anthrax | 482 | ||
| Injection Anthrax | 482 | ||
| Meningitis | 482 | ||
| Diagnosis | 482 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 482 | ||
| Treatment | 483 | ||
| Supportive Care | 483 | ||
| Antimicrobial Treatment for Systemic Disease with Possible Meningitis | 483 | ||
| Antimicrobial Treatment for Systemic Disease when Meningitis is Ruled Out | 483 | ||
| Treatment for Cutaneous Anthrax without Systemic Involvement | 483 | ||
| Antitoxins | 483 | ||
| Pregnancy | 483 | ||
| Prognosis | 484 | ||
| Prevention | 484 | ||
| References | 484 | ||
| Babesiosis | 484 | ||
| Epidemiology | 484 | ||
| Clinical Features | 484 | ||
| Therapy | 485 | ||
| References | 485 | ||
| Bacterial Meningitis | 485 | ||
| Diagnosis | 486 | ||
| Antibiotic Selection | 486 | ||
| Special Considerations for Antibiotic Therapy | 487 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapy | 488 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis for Bacterial Meningitis | 488 | ||
| Vaccines for Bacterial Meningitis | 488 | ||
| References | 489 | ||
| Brucellosis | 489 | ||
| Epidemiology | 489 | ||
| Risk Factors | 490 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 490 | ||
| Diagnosis | 490 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 490 | ||
| Treatment | 491 | ||
| Monitoring | 491 | ||
| Complications | 492 | ||
| Prevention | 492 | ||
| References | 492 | ||
| Campylobacter | 492 | ||
| Epidemiology | 493 | ||
| Risk Factors | 493 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 493 | ||
| Prevention | 493 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 493 | ||
| Diagnosis | 493 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 493 | ||
| Treatment | 493 | ||
| Complications | 493 | ||
| References | 494 | ||
| Cat Scratch Disease | 494 | ||
| Epidemiology | 494 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 494 | ||
| Typical Cat Scratch Disease | 494 | ||
| Atypical Cat Scratch Disease | 495 | ||
| Diagnosis | 495 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 495 | ||
| Treatment | 495 | ||
| Prevention | 495 | ||
| References | 495 | ||
| Chikungunya | 496 | ||
| Epidemiology | 496 | ||
| Risk factors | 496 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 496 | ||
| Prevention | 496 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 496 | ||
| Diagnosis | 496 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 496 | ||
| Treatment | 497 | ||
| Monitoring | 497 | ||
| Complications | 497 | ||
| References | 497 | ||
| Cholera | 497 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 497 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 497 | ||
| Treatment | 498 | ||
| Prevention | 499 | ||
| References | 500 | ||
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 500 | ||
| Definition | 500 | ||
| Epidemiology | 500 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 500 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 501 | ||
| Treatment | 501 | ||
| Things the Clinician Should Do | 501 | ||
| Things the Patient Should Do | 502 | ||
| Things that Should Not Be Done | 502 | ||
| Prognosis | 502 | ||
| Monitoring | 502 | ||
| References | 502 | ||
| Ebola Virus Disease | 502 | ||
| Epidemiology | 503 | ||
| Risk Factors/Transmission | 503 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 503 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings | 503 | ||
| Diagnosis | 503 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 504 | ||
| Therapy | 504 | ||
| Prevention | 504 | ||
| Monitoring | 504 | ||
| References | 504 | ||
| Foodborne Illnesses | 504 | ||
| Classification of Foodborne Illnesses | 505 | ||
| Bacteria | 505 | ||
| Aeromonas Species | 505 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 508 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 508 | ||
| Treatment | 508 | ||
| Bacillus cereus | 508 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 509 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 509 | ||
| Treatment | 509 | ||
| Campylobacter jejuni | 510 | ||
| Section 9: The Nervous System | 637 | ||
| Acute Facial Paralysis | 637 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 637 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 637 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 637 | ||
| Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 638 | ||
| Treatment | 638 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 638 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 638 | ||
| Monitoring and Complications | 638 | ||
| References | 638 | ||
| Alzheimer's Disease | 639 | ||
| Risk Factors | 639 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 639 | ||
| Prevention | 639 | ||
| Clinical Features | 639 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 640 | ||
| Screening for Cognitive Impairment | 640 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 641 | ||
| History | 641 | ||
| Cognitive Status Examination | 641 | ||
| Physical Examination | 641 | ||
| Laboratory Testing and Neuroimaging | 641 | ||
| Establishment of a Working Diagnosis | 642 | ||
| Treatment | 642 | ||
| Counseling and Caregiver Support | 642 | ||
| Management of Cognitive Symptoms | 642 | ||
| Management of Behavioral Symptoms | 644 | ||
| Monitoring | 644 | ||
| References | 644 | ||
| Brain Tumors | 644 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors | 645 | ||
| Meningiomas | 646 | ||
| Gliomas | 646 | ||
| High-Grade Gliomas | 646 | ||
| Low-Grade Gliomas | 647 | ||
| Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma | 647 | ||
| References | 648 | ||
| Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome | 648 | ||
| Clinical Course | 648 | ||
| Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 649 | ||
| Treatment | 649 | ||
| α2-Adrenergic Agonists | 650 | ||
| Dopamine Receptor Blocking Agents | 650 | ||
| Other Tic-Suppressing Medications | 650 | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | 650 | ||
| Treatment of Comorbid Conditions | 650 | ||
| Summary | 650 | ||
| References | 650 | ||
| Head Injuries | 651 | ||
| Pathology | 651 | ||
| Intracranial Pressure and the Monroe-Kellie Doctrine | 652 | ||
| Treatment of Elevated Intracranial Pressure | 652 | ||
| Management of Severe Closed Head Injury | 653 | ||
| Treatment of Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury | 654 | ||
| Early and Delayed Neurologic Changes | 654 | ||
| Concussions and Sports-Related Injuries: Return to Play Guidelines | 654 | ||
| Restorative Therapies | 654 | ||
| Future Considerations | 655 | ||
| References | 655 | ||
| Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 655 | ||
| Epidemiology | 655 | ||
| Risk Factors | 655 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 655 | ||
| Prevention | 656 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 656 | ||
| Diagnosis | 656 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 656 | ||
| Treatment | 657 | ||
| Monitoring | 657 | ||
| Complications | 657 | ||
| References | 657 | ||
| Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease | 658 | ||
| Prevention | 658 | ||
| Antithrombotic Therapy | 658 | ||
| Management of Carotid Stenosis | 658 | ||
| Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke | 659 | ||
| Thrombolysis | 659 | ||
| Antithrombotic Drugs | 659 | ||
| Treatment of Stroke Complications | 659 | ||
| References | 659 | ||
| Migraine Headache | 660 | ||
| Definition | 660 | ||
| Epidemiology | 660 | ||
| Risk Factors | 660 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 660 | ||
| Prevention | 660 | ||
| Triggers | 660 | ||
| Prophylactic Medications | 660 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Therapies | 661 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 662 | ||
| Aura | 662 | ||
| Symptoms | 662 | ||
| Duration and Complications | 662 | ||
| Diagnosis | 662 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 662 | ||
| Treatment | 662 | ||
| Monitoring | 663 | ||
| References | 663 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 663 | ||
| Risk Factors | 663 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 663 | ||
| Prevention | 664 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 664 | ||
| Diagnosis | 664 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 665 | ||
| Treatment | 665 | ||
| Monitoring | 668 | ||
| Complications | 668 | ||
| References | 668 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 668 | ||
| Epidemiology | 669 | ||
| Risk Factors | 669 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 669 | ||
| Prevention | 669 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 669 | ||
| Diagnosis | 669 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 670 | ||
| Treatment | 670 | ||
| Pyridostigmine | 670 | ||
| Prednisone | 670 | ||
| Azathioprine | 671 | ||
| Mycophenolate Mofetil | 671 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 671 | ||
| Plasmapheresis and Intravenous Immunoglobulin | 671 | ||
| Thymectomy | 671 | ||
| Myasthenic Crisis | 671 | ||
| Monitoring | 671 | ||
| Complications | 671 | ||
| References | 671 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 672 | ||
| Epidemiology | 672 | ||
| Risk Factors | 672 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 672 | ||
| Prevention | 672 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 672 | ||
| Diagnosis | 672 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 672 | ||
| Treatment and Monitoring | 672 | ||
| Complications | 673 | ||
| References | 673 | ||
| Parkinson Disease | 673 | ||
| Epidemiology | 673 | ||
| Risk Factors | 673 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 673 | ||
| Prevention | 673 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 674 | ||
| Diagnosis | 674 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 674 | ||
| Treatment | 674 | ||
| Early Disease | 674 | ||
| Later Disease | 675 | ||
| Complications | 676 | ||
| References | 676 | ||
| Peripheral Neuropathies | 676 | ||
| Anatomy | 676 | ||
| Five-Step Approach to Neuropathies | 677 | ||
| Fiber Type | 677 | ||
| Pattern of Distribution | 677 | ||
| Temporal Course | 677 | ||
| Key Signs | 678 | ||
| Pathology and the Role of Neurophysiology | 678 | ||
| Investigations | 679 | ||
| Treatment | 679 | ||
| Mononeuropathies | 679 | ||
| Guillain-Barré Syndrome | 679 | ||
| Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy | 680 | ||
| Multifocal Motor Neuropathy | 680 | ||
| Diabetic Neuropathy | 680 | ||
| Paraproteinemic Neuropathies | 680 | ||
| Hereditary Neuropathies | 680 | ||
| Toxic and Nutritional Neuropathies | 681 | ||
| Metabolic and Infectious Neuropathies | 681 | ||
| Carcinomatous Neuropathy | 682 | ||
| Vasculitic Neuropathy | 682 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 682 | ||
| References | 683 | ||
| Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patient | 683 | ||
| Hemiparesis | 684 | ||
| Dysphagia | 684 | ||
| Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain | 684 | ||
| Spasticity | 685 | ||
| Cognitive Dysfunction | 685 | ||
| Depression and Neuropharmacology | 685 | ||
| Bladder Dysfunction | 685 | ||
| Mobility and Use of Adaptive Equipment | 686 | ||
| Falls | 686 | ||
| Visual Impairment | 686 | ||
| Brain-Based Therapies: Noninvasive Brain Stimulation | 687 | ||
| Robotics | 687 | ||
| Conclusions | 687 | ||
| References | 687 | ||
| Seizures and Epilepsy in Adolescents and Adults | 687 | ||
| Epidemiology | 688 | ||
| Classification | 688 | ||
| Diagnosis | 688 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 689 | ||
| Treatment | 690 | ||
| Characteristics of Specific Antiepileptic Drugs | 692 | ||
| Phenytoin | 692 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 692 | ||
| Valproic Acid | 692 | ||
| Phenobarbital | 692 | ||
| Ethosuximide | 692 | ||
| Felbamate | 692 | ||
| Gabapentin | 692 | ||
| Lamotrigine | 693 | ||
| Levetiracetam | 693 | ||
| Oxcarbazepine | 693 | ||
| Tiagabine | 693 | ||
| Topiramate | 693 | ||
| Zonisamide | 693 | ||
| Pregabalin | 693 | ||
| Vigabatrin | 693 | ||
| Rufinamide | 693 | ||
| Lacosamide | 694 | ||
| Clobazam | 694 | ||
| Ezogabine | 694 | ||
| Perampanel | 694 | ||
| Eslicarbazepine | 694 | ||
| Special Patient Populations | 694 | ||
| Women | 694 | ||
| Elderly Patients | 694 | ||
| Refractory Epilepsy | 694 | ||
| References | 695 | ||
| Sleep Disorders | 695 | ||
| The International Classification of Sleep Disorders | 695 | ||
| Clinical Approach to the Sleep Medicine Patient: The Interview and Examination | 695 | ||
| Diagnostic Tools in the Sleep Laboratory | 697 | ||
| Polysomnography | 697 | ||
| Home Sleep Apnea Testing | 697 | ||
| Multiple Sleep Latency and Maintenance of Wakefulness Testing | 698 | ||
| Actigraphy Monitoring | 698 | ||
| Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Common Sleep Disorders | 698 | ||
| Insomnia | 698 | ||
| Sleep-Disordered Breathing | 701 | ||
| Obstructive SDB: Snoring and OSA | 701 | ||
| Weight loss | 701 | ||
| Positional therapy | 701 | ||
| Positive airway pressure | 702 | ||
| Oral appliances | 703 | ||
| Nasal valve appliances | 703 | ||
| Oral pressure therapy | 703 | ||
| Surgery | 703 | ||
| Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome | 703 | ||
| Treatment-Emergent Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome | 703 | ||
| Sleep-Related Hypoventilation | 703 | ||
| Narcolepsy and Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence | 704 | ||
| Circadian Rhythm Sleep Wake Disorders | 704 | ||
| Parasomnias and Other Nocturnal Events | 706 | ||
| Sleep-Related Movement Disorders | 706 | ||
| RLS and PLMS | 707 | ||
| Sleep-Related Leg Cramps | 708 | ||
| Sleep-Related Bruxism | 709 | ||
| Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders | 709 | ||
| Isolated Symptoms and Normal Variants | 709 | ||
| Other Sleep Disorders | 709 | ||
| Sleep-Related Medical and Neurologic Disorders | 709 | ||
| Conclusions | 709 | ||
| References | 709 | ||
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | 710 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 710 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 710 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 710 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 710 | ||
| Treatment | 711 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 711 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 711 | ||
| Monitoring | 711 | ||
| References | 711 | ||
| Viral Meningitis | 711 | ||
| Epidemiology | 711 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 711 | ||
| Prevention | 711 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 711 | ||
| Diagnosis | 713 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 713 | ||
| Treatment | 714 | ||
| Complications | 714 | ||
| References | 714 | ||
| Section 10: Psychiatric Disorders | 715 | ||
| Alcoholism | 715 | ||
| Epidemiology | 715 | ||
| Economic and Medical Sequelae | 715 | ||
| Screening | 715 | ||
| Screening Rationale | 715 | ||
| Brief Screening | 715 | ||
| Diagnosis | 717 | ||
| Brief Intervention | 718 | ||
| Intention | 718 | ||
| Procedure | 718 | ||
| Assess | 718 | ||
| Advise | 719 | ||
| Agree | 719 | ||
| Assist | 719 | ||
| Arrange | 719 | ||
| Treatment | 719 | ||
| Detoxification | 719 | ||
| Assessment | 719 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 719 | ||
| Psychosocial Interventions for Alcohol Use Disorder | 719 | ||
| Medication Management of Alcohol Dependence | 721 | ||
| References | 721 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 721 | ||
| Epidemiology | 722 | ||
| Risk Factors | 722 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 722 | ||
| Prevention | 722 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 722 | ||
| Diagnosis | 722 | ||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 722 | ||
| Panic Disorder | 723 | ||
| Social Anxiety Disorder | 723 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 723 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 723 | ||
| Treatment and Monitoring | 723 | ||
| Complications | 724 | ||
| Conclusion | 724 | ||
| References | 724 | ||
| Delirium | 724 | ||
| Epidemiology | 725 | ||
| Risk Factors | 725 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 725 | ||
| Prevention | 725 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 725 | ||
| Diagnosis | 725 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 726 | ||
| Treatment | 726 | ||
| Monitoring | 726 | ||
| Complications | 726 | ||
| References | 727 | ||
| Drug Abuse | 727 | ||
| Epidemiology | 727 | ||
| Diagnosis | 727 | ||
| Tobacco and Nicotine | 728 | ||
| Cannabis | 728 | ||
| Cocaine Methamphetamine, and Other Stimulants | 729 | ||
| Opioids | 730 | ||
| Sedative-Hypnotics | 731 | ||
| Conclusion | 731 | ||
| References | 732 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 732 | ||
| Bulimia Nervosa | 732 | ||
| Diagnosis | 732 | ||
| Epidemiology | 733 | ||
| Etiology | 733 | ||
| Treatment | 733 | ||
| Binge Eating Disorder | 733 | ||
| Diagnosis | 733 | ||
| Epidemiology | 734 | ||
| Etiology | 734 | ||
| Treatment | 734 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 734 | ||
| Diagnosis | 734 | ||
| Epidemiology | 735 | ||
| Etiology | 735 | ||
| Treatment | 735 | ||
| Avoidant-Restrictive Food Intake Disorder | 735 | ||
| Diagnosis | 735 | ||
| Epidemiology | 736 | ||
| Treatment | 736 | ||
| References | 736 | ||
| Mood Disorders: Depression, Bipolar Disease, and Mood Dysregulation | 736 | ||
| Mood Disorders | 736 | ||
| Epidemiology | 737 | ||
| Risk Factors | 737 | ||
| Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Mood Disorder) | 737 | ||
| Major Depression | 737 | ||
| Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) | 737 | ||
| Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder | 738 | ||
| Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder | 738 | ||
| Substance/Medication Induced Depressive Disorder | 738 | ||
| Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition | 738 | ||
| Other Specified Depressive Disorders | 738 | ||
| Unspecified Depressive Disorder | 739 | ||
| Bipolar Mood Disorders | 739 | ||
| Manic Episode | 739 | ||
| Hypomania | 739 | ||
| Mixed States and Rapid Cycling | 739 | ||
| Cyclothymic Disorder | 739 | ||
| Specifiers for Bipolar and Related Disorders | 739 | ||
| Diagnosis | 740 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 740 | ||
| Treatment | 740 | ||
| Treatment of Unipolar Depression (Major Depression and Dysthymia) | 740 | ||
| Psychopharmacology | 740 | ||
| Psychotherapy | 743 | ||
| Treatment of Bipolar Disorders (Bipolar Type-I, Type-II, Mixed Type, and Cyclothymia) | 743 | ||
| Mood Dysregulation | 743 | ||
| Clinical Course and Prognosis of Mood Disorders | 744 | ||
| Prevention | 744 | ||
| References | 744 | ||
| Panic Disorder | 745 | ||
| Epidemiology | 745 | ||
| Risk Factors | 745 | ||
| Diagnosis | 745 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 746 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 746 | ||
| Treatment | 746 | ||
| References | 747 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 747 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 748 | ||
| Diagnosis | 748 | ||
| Treatment | 748 | ||
| Comorbidity | 750 | ||
| Conclusions | 750 | ||
| References | 751 | ||
| Section 11: The Respiratory System | 753 | ||
| Acute Bronchitis | 753 | ||
| Diagnosis | 753 | ||
| Treatment | 754 | ||
| Antibiotics, Inhaled Bronchodilators, and Antitussives | 754 | ||
| References | 754 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Failure | 754 | ||
| Definitions and Pathophysiology | 755 | ||
| Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure | 755 | ||
| Acute Hypercapneic Respiratory Failure | 756 | ||
| Treatment | 756 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 756 | ||
| Mechanical Ventilation | 757 | ||
| Noninvasive Ventilation | 757 | ||
| Invasive Ventilation | 757 | ||
| Specific Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure | 757 | ||
| Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 757 | ||
| Etiology and Diagnosis | 758 | ||
| Treatment | 758 | ||
| Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 759 | ||
| Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema | 759 | ||
| References | 759 | ||
| Asthma in Adolescents and Adults | 759 | ||
| Diagnosis | 760 | ||
| Assessment | 760 | ||
| Past Severity | 760 | ||
| Aggravating Factors | 760 | ||
| Current Status | 760 | ||
| Long-Term Management | 760 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Therapy | 760 | ||
| Pharmacologic Step Therapy | 761 | ||
| Follow-up | 762 | ||
| Treatment of Exacerbations | 763 | ||
| Home Management | 763 | ||
| Emergency Department and Hospital Management | 763 | ||
| Summary | 767 | ||
| Atelectasis | 767 | ||
| Etiology | 767 | ||
| Compression Atelectasis | 767 | ||
| Surfactant Impairment | 767 | ||
| Gas Resorption | 767 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 767 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 767 | ||
| Diagnosis | 767 | ||
| Treatment | 768 | ||
| References | 768 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia | 768 | ||
| Community-Acquired Pneumonia | 768 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 768 | ||
| Admission Criteria | 768 | ||
| Etiology | 769 | ||
| Treatment | 769 | ||
| Prevention | 770 | ||
| Health Care-Acquired Pneumonia | 770 | ||
| Diagnosis | 770 | ||
| Treatment | 770 | ||
| Prevention | 771 | ||
| References | 771 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 771 | ||
| Epidemiology | 772 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 772 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 772 | ||
| Blastomycosis in Special Populations | 772 | ||
| Diagnosis | 772 | ||
| Treatment | 773 | ||
| References | 775 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 775 | ||
| Epidemiology | 776 | ||
| Risk Factors | 776 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 776 | ||
| Prevention | 776 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 776 | ||
| Diagnosis | 776 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 777 | ||
| Treatment | 777 | ||
| Goals of Therapy | 777 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Interventions | 777 | ||
| Vaccination | 777 | ||
| Smoking Cessation | 777 | ||
| Exercise and Pulmonary Rehabilitation | 777 | ||
| Surgical Therapies | 778 | ||
| Pharmacologic Interventions | 778 | ||
| Bronchodilators | 778 | ||
| Inhaled Corticosteroids | 778 | ||
| Oxygen | 779 | ||
| Mucolytics | 779 | ||
| Antibiotics | 779 | ||
| Augmentation Therapy for α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency | 779 | ||
| Complications | 779 | ||
| COPD Exacerbations | 779 | ||
| References | 780 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 780 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 781 | ||
| Diagnosis | 781 | ||
| Treatment | 781 | ||
| References | 781 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 782 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 782 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 782 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 782 | ||
| Pulmonary | 783 | ||
| Diagnosis | 783 | ||
| Treatment | 784 | ||
| Gene Therapy | 784 | ||
| CFTR Potentiator | 784 | ||
| Hydration of Airway Surface Fluid | 784 | ||
| Physical Therapy | 784 | ||
| Bronchodilators | 784 | ||
| Antibiotics | 784 | ||
| Mucolytic Therapy | 785 | ||
| Antiinflammatory Therapy | 785 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 785 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 785 | ||
| Lung Transplantation | 785 | ||
| References | 785 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 785 | ||
| Mycology and Pathogenesis | 785 | ||
| Epidemiology | 786 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 786 | ||
| Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis | 786 | ||
| Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis | 786 | ||
| Disseminated Histoplasmosis | 786 | ||
| Mediastinal Manifestations of Histoplasmosis | 786 | ||
| Central Nervous System Histoplasmosis | 787 | ||
| Other Manifestations of Histoplasmosis | 787 | ||
| Diagnosis | 787 | ||
| Histopathology | 787 | ||
| Cultures | 787 | ||
| Serology | 787 | ||
| Antigen Detection | 787 | ||
| Treatment | 787 | ||
| References | 788 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 789 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 789 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 789 | ||
| Section 12: Rheumatology and the Musculoskeletal System | 829 | ||
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | 829 | ||
| Epidemiology | 829 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 829 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 829 | ||
| Diagnosis | 830 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 830 | ||
| Treatment | 830 | ||
| Monitoring | 830 | ||
| Complications | 831 | ||
| References | 831 | ||
| Bursitis and Tendinopathy | 831 | ||
| Tendinopathy | 831 | ||
| Background | 831 | ||
| Evaluation | 832 | ||
| Prevention | 832 | ||
| Treatment | 833 | ||
| Bursitis | 834 | ||
| Background | 834 | ||
| Evaluation | 835 | ||
| Treatment | 835 | ||
| References | 835 | ||
| Common Sports Injuries | 836 | ||
| Ankle Injuries | 836 | ||
| Lateral Ankle Sprain | 836 | ||
| Medial Ankle Sprain | 837 | ||
| High Ankle Sprain | 837 | ||
| Osteochondral Ankle Injuries | 837 | ||
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries | 838 | ||
| PCL Injuries | 839 | ||
| MCL Injuries | 839 | ||
| Osteochondral Knee Injuries | 839 | ||
| Hand Injuries | 840 | ||
| Mallet Finger | 840 | ||
| Jersey Finger | 840 | ||
| Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Dorsal Dislocation | 840 | ||
| Scaphoid Fracture | 841 | ||
| Overuse Injuries | 842 | ||
| Tendinosis | 842 | ||
| Stress Fractures | 843 | ||
| Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis | 844 | ||
| References | 846 | ||
| Connective Tissue Disorders | 846 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus | 847 | ||
| Clinical Features | 847 | ||
| Management | 847 | ||
| Prevention | 847 | ||
| Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus | 847 | ||
| Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 847 | ||
| Treatment of Musculoskeletal Manifestations | 848 | ||
| Treatment of Hematologic Manifestations | 848 | ||
| Treatment of Renal Manifestations | 848 | ||
| Treatment of Nervous System Manifestations | 848 | ||
| Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis | 848 | ||
| Clinical Features | 848 | ||
| Section 13: The Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 875 | ||
| Chlamydia Trachomatis | 875 | ||
| Epidemiology | 875 | ||
| Risk Factors | 875 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 875 | ||
| Prevention | 875 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 876 | ||
| Diagnosis | 876 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 876 | ||
| Treatment | 876 | ||
| Monitoring | 876 | ||
| Complications | 877 | ||
| References | 877 | ||
| Condylomata Acuminata | 877 | ||
| Epidemiology | 878 | ||
| Risk Factors | 878 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 878 | ||
| Prevention | 878 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 878 | ||
| Diagnosis | 878 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 878 | ||
| Treatment | 878 | ||
| Monitoring | 879 | ||
| Complications | 879 | ||
| References | 880 | ||
| Genital Ulcer Disease: Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinale, and Lymphogranuloma | 880 | ||
| Chancroid | 880 | ||
| Section 14: Diseases of the Skin | 889 | ||
| Acne Vulgaris | 889 | ||
| Epidemiology | 889 | ||
| Prevention | 889 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 889 | ||
| Diagnosis | 889 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 889 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 890 | ||
| Treatment | 890 | ||
| References | 890 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis | 890 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 891 | ||
| Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment | 891 | ||
| Management of Atopic Dermatitis and Associated Conditions | 891 | ||
| Daily Maintenance Care | 891 | ||
| Topical and Systemic Medications | 892 | ||
| Food Allergies | 893 | ||
| Infections | 893 | ||
| Inhalant Allergies and Asthma | 893 | ||
| Investigational Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis | 893 | ||
| References | 894 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases of the Skin | 894 | ||
| Common Infections | 894 | ||
| Impetigo | 894 | ||
| Folliculitis | 895 | ||
| Cellulitis | 895 | ||
| Abscess | 895 | ||
| Life-Threatening Infections | 895 | ||
| Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Gangrene | 895 | ||
| Synergistic Necrotizing Cellulitis | 895 | ||
| Clostridial Myonecrosis | 896 | ||
| Necrotizing Fasciitis | 897 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 897 | ||
| Fournier's Gangrene | 897 | ||
| Ecthyma Gangrenosum | 897 | ||
| Sea and Freshwater Infections | 898 | ||
| Conclusions | 898 | ||
| References | 898 | ||
| Bullous Diseases | 898 | ||
| Epidemiology | 898 | ||
| Risk Factors | 898 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 898 | ||
| Prevention | 898 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 898 | ||
| Complications | 898 | ||
| Diagnosis | 899 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 899 | ||
| Treatment | 899 | ||
| Principles | 899 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 899 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 899 | ||
| Azathioprine | 899 | ||
| Mycophenolate Mofetil | 899 | ||
| Methotrexate | 899 | ||
| Cyclophosphamide | 899 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 899 | ||
| Dapsone | 899 | ||
| Tetracycline | 899 | ||
| Niacinamide (Nicotinamide) | 900 | ||
| High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin | 900 | ||
| Rituximab | 900 | ||
| Plasmapheresis and Immunoapheresis | 900 | ||
| Treatment of Individual Disorders | 900 | ||
| Pemphigoid | 900 | ||
| Bullous Pemphigoid | 900 | ||
| Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid | 900 | ||
| Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita | 900 | ||
| Dermatitis Herpetiformis | 901 | ||
| Linear Immunoglobulin A Disease | 901 | ||
| Pemphigus | 901 | ||
| Pemphigus Vulgaris | 901 | ||
| Pemphigus Foliaceous | 901 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Pemphigus | 901 | ||
| References | 902 | ||
| Cancer of the Skin | 902 | ||
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | 902 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 903 | ||
| Neoplasms of Adnexal Origin | 904 | ||
| Sebaceous Carcinoma | 904 | ||
| Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma | 904 | ||
| Fibrohistiocytic Malignancies | 904 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans | 904 | ||
| Atypical Fibroxanthoma | 904 | ||
| Vascular Malignancies | 904 | ||
| Kaposi's Sarcoma | 904 | ||
| Angiosarcoma | 905 | ||
| Other Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers | 905 | ||
| Merkel Cell Carcinoma | 905 | ||
| Paget's Disease | 905 | ||
| Cutaneous Metastases | 905 | ||
| References | 905 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 906 | ||
| Diagnosis | 907 | ||
| Treatment | 907 | ||
| References | 909 | ||
| Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas, Including Mycosis Fungoides and Szary Syndrome | 909 | ||
| Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas | 909 | ||
| Classification | 909 | ||
| Standard Diagnosis and Staging Methods | 909 | ||
| Mycosis Fungoides, Sézary Syndrome, and Variants | 910 | ||
| Clinical Features | 910 | ||
| Histopathologic and Cytologic Features | 910 | ||
| Immunophenotyping | 910 | ||
| Molecular Biology | 910 | ||
| TNMB Staging | 910 | ||
| Treatment | 911 | ||
| Phototherapy | 911 | ||
| Topical Therapy | 911 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 912 | ||
| Apheresis-Based Therapy | 912 | ||
| Cytokine Therapy | 912 | ||
| Tumor-Associated Antigen-Directed Therapies | 912 | ||
| Systemic Chemotherapy | 912 | ||
| Retinoids | 913 | ||
| Enzyme Inhibitors | 913 | ||
| Miscellaneous Therapies | 913 | ||
| Selection of Therapy | 913 | ||
| Lymphoproliferative Disorders Associated with Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome | 913 | ||
| Types and Clinical Features | 913 | ||
| Treatment | 913 | ||
| References | 913 | ||
| Cutaneous Vasculitis | 914 | ||
| Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis | 914 | ||
| Epidemiology | 914 | ||
| Risk Factors | 914 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 914 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 914 | ||
| Diagnosis | 914 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 914 | ||
| Treatment | 914 | ||
| Monitoring | 915 | ||
| Complications | 915 | ||
| Cutaneous Vasculitis Associated with Systemic Vasculitis | 915 | ||
| References | 916 | ||
| Diseases of the Hair | 916 | ||
| Epidemiology | 916 | ||
| Risk Factors | 916 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 916 | ||
| Prevention | 916 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 916 | ||
| Diagnosis | 916 | ||
| Alopecia | 916 | ||
| Hirsutism | 917 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 917 | ||
| Treatment | 918 | ||
| Alopecia | 918 | ||
| Hirsutism | 919 | ||
| Monitoring | 919 | ||
| Complications | 919 | ||
| References | 919 | ||
| Diseases of the Mouth | 919 | ||
| Odontogenic Infection | 920 | ||
| Suspicion of Oral Cancer | 920 | ||
| Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis | 921 | ||
| Oral Candidiasis | 921 | ||
| Xerostomia | 921 | ||
| Aphthous Stomatitis | 922 | ||
| Orofacial Herpes Simplex Infection | 922 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 923 | ||
| Erosive Lichen Planus and Similar Autoimmune Ulcerative Conditions of the Oral Mucosa | 923 | ||
| Corticosteroid Treatment of Immune-Mediated Oral Ulcers | 924 | ||
| Osteonecrosis of the Jaw | 924 | ||
| References | 924 | ||
| Diseases of the Nails | 924 | ||
| Anatomy | 924 | ||
| Physiology | 925 | ||
| Function | 925 | ||
| Diseases | 925 | ||
| Onychomycosis | 925 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 925 | ||
| Section 15: The Urogenital Tract | 991 | ||
| Acute Renal Failure | 991 | ||
| Epidemiology and Definitions | 991 | ||
| Classification | 991 | ||
| Prerenal Azotemia | 992 | ||
| Glomerular Disease | 993 | ||
| Acute Tubular Necrosis | 993 | ||
| Interstitial Disease | 994 | ||
| Obstructive Disease | 994 | ||
| Treatment | 994 | ||
| Emerging Issues | 994 | ||
| References | 995 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 995 | ||
| Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease | 996 | ||
| Approach to the Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease | 996 | ||
| Clinical and Laboratory Abnormalities in Chronic Kidney Disease | 997 | ||
| Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia | 997 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 997 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 997 | ||
| Abnormal Divalent in Metabolism | 997 | ||
| Anemia | 997 | ||
| Hypertension | 997 | ||
| Volume Overload | 998 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Renal Failure | 998 | ||
| Management of Chronic Kidney Disease | 998 | ||
| Staging | 998 | ||
| Stage 0 (GFR >90mL/min/1.73m2 with Risk Factors for Renal Disease) | 998 | ||
| Stage 1 (GFR >90mL/min/1.73m2) | 998 | ||
| Stage 2: Mild CKD (GFR 60 to 90mL/min/1.73m2) | 998 | ||
| Stage 3: Moderate CKD (GFR 30 to 59mL/min/1.73m2) | 998 | ||
| Stage 4: Moderate to Severe CKD (GFR 15 to 29mL/min/1.73m2) | 998 | ||
| Stage 5: Severe CKD (GFR <15mL/min/1.73m2) | 998 | ||
| General Approach to Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease | 998 | ||
| Factors Causing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | 998 | ||
| Intraglomerular Hypertension and Glomerular Hypertrophy | 999 | ||
| Proteinuria | 999 | ||
| Tubulointerstitial Disease | 999 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 999 | ||
| Calcium-Phosphate Deposition | 999 | ||
| Increased Glomerular Prostaglandin Production | 999 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 999 | ||
| Specific Treatment Measures | 999 | ||
| Measures Designed to Reduce the Rate of Progression of Renal Failure | 999 | ||
| Control of Systemic and Intraglomerular Hypertension | 999 | ||
| Protein Restriction | 999 | ||
| Control of Lipids | 999 | ||
| Measures Designed to Treat Significant Laboratory Abnormalities | 999 | ||
| Anemia | 999 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 1000 | ||
| Divalent Ion Metabolism | 1000 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 1000 | ||
| Elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen Concentration | 1000 | ||
| Volume Overload | 1000 | ||
| References | 1000 | ||
| Malignant Tumors of the Urogenital Tract | 1000 | ||
| Carcinoma of the Prostate | 1003 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1003 | ||
| Treatment | 1004 | ||
| Tumors of the Renal Parenchyma | 1004 | ||
| Renal Cell Carcinoma | 1004 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1004 | ||
| Treatment | 1005 | ||
| Benign Renal Tumors | 1005 | ||
| Metastatic Renal Lesions | 1005 | ||
| Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter | 1005 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1005 | ||
| Section 16: Men's Health | 1029 | ||
| Bacterial Infections of the Male Urinary Tract | 1029 | ||
| Distinguishing Complicated from Uncomplicated Infections | 1029 | ||
| Natural History | 1029 | ||
| Diagnosis and Localization | 1030 | ||
| Treatment | 1030 | ||
| Uncomplicated Infections | 1030 | ||
| Complicated Infections | 1030 | ||
| Prostatitis | 1031 | ||
| Long-Term Care Patients | 1031 | ||
| References | 1031 | ||
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | 1029 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1032 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1032 | ||
| Symptoms | 1032 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1032 | ||
| Treatment | 1033 | ||
| Active Surveillance and Watchful Waiting | 1033 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 1033 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 1034 | ||
| α-Blocker Medications | 1034 | ||
| 5α-Reductase Inhibitors | 1034 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Procedures | 1034 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 1034 | ||
| References | 1035 | ||
| Epididymitis | 1035 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1035 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1035 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1035 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1035 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1035 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1036 | ||
| Therapy/Treatment | 1036 | ||
| Complications | 1036 | ||
| References | 1036 | ||
| Erectile Dysfunction | 1036 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1036 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1036 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1036 | ||
| Prevention | 1037 | ||
| Clinical Manifestation | 1037 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1037 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1037 | ||
| Therapy | 1037 | ||
| Monitoring | 1037 | ||
| Complications | 1038 | ||
| References | 1038 | ||
| Prostatitis | 1038 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1039 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1039 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1039 | ||
| Prevention | 1039 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1039 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1039 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1039 | ||
| Therapy (or Treatment) | 1039 | ||
| Monitoring | 1039 | ||
| Complications | 1040 | ||
| References | 1040 | ||
| Section 17: Women's Health | 1041 | ||
| Abnormal Uterine Bleeding | 1041 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1041 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1041 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1041 | ||
| Treatment | 1041 | ||
| References | 1042 | ||
| Amenorrhea | 1043 | ||
| Definition | 1043 | ||
| Menstrual Cycle | 1043 | ||
| Etiology | 1043 | ||
| Hypothalamic Compartment | 1043 | ||
| Constitutional Delay | 1044 | ||
| Congenital Causes | 1044 | ||
| Acquired Causes | 1044 | ||
| Pituitary Compartment | 1044 | ||
| Ovarian Compartment | 1044 | ||
| Outflow Tract Compartment | 1044 | ||
| Other Causes | 1044 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1044 | ||
| History | 1044 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1045 | ||
| Investigations | 1045 | ||
| Initial Investigations | 1045 | ||
| Follow-up Investigations | 1045 | ||
| References | 1045 | ||
| Bacterial Infections of the Urinary Tract in Women | 1045 | ||
| Acute Cystitis (Urinary Tract Infection) | 1046 | ||
| Acute Pyelonephritis | 1047 | ||
| Urethritis | 1047 | ||
| Asymptomatic Bacteruria | 1047 | ||
| Recurrent Cystitis | 1047 | ||
| Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection | 1047 | ||
| References | 1047 | ||
| Breast Disease | 1047 | ||
| Nonproliferative Lesions | 1048 | ||
| Breast Cysts and Fibrocystic Breast Disease | 1048 | ||
| Mastitis and Duct Ectasia | 1048 | ||
| Proliferative Benign Breast Diseases | 1049 | ||
| Proliferative Lesions with No Increased Risk for Subsequent Cancer: Fibroadenoma | 1049 | ||
| Proliferative Lesions with Minimal Increased Risk for Subsequent Breast Cancer | 1049 | ||
| Multiple Peripheral Papillomas | 1049 | ||
| Sclerosing and Microglandular Adenosis | 1049 | ||
| Proliferative Lesions with a Fourfold to Fivefold Risk for Subsequent Breast Cancer: Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia and Atypic... | 1049 | ||
| Other Benign Breast Lesions: Fat Necrosis, Hamartoma, Mondor's Disease, Radial Scars, and Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia | 1049 | ||
| Risk Factors for Breast Cancer | 1050 | ||
| BRCA Gene Mutations | 1050 | ||
| Screening Techniques | 1050 | ||
| Workup of a Breast Mass | 1050 | ||
| Dominant Palpable Mass | 1050 | ||
| Masses Revealed on Screening Mammograms | 1050 | ||
| In Situ Diseases | 1051 | ||
| Lobular Carcinoma In Situ | 1051 | ||
| Section 18: Pregnancy and Antepartum Care | 1097 | ||
| Section 19: Children's Health | 1115 | ||
| Acute Leukemia in Children | 1115 | ||
| Classification | 1115 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1115 | ||
| Prognosis | 1115 | ||
| Etiology | 1115 | ||
| Predispositions | 1115 | ||
| Cellular Pathogenesis | 1116 | ||
| Molecular Pathogenesis | 1116 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1117 | ||
| Medical Emergencies in Childhood Leukemia | 1117 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1118 | ||
| Risk Stratification | 1119 | ||
| Treatment | 1119 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 1120 | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia | 1120 | ||
| Relapse | 1120 | ||
| Late Effects | 1121 | ||
| References | 1121 | ||
| Adolescent Health | 1121 | ||
| Setting the Stage for the Adolescent Visit | 1121 | ||
| Consent and Confidentiality Laws-Consent does not Equal Confidential | 1122 | ||
| The HEADS Interview | 1122 | ||
| Home/Education/Employment/Activities/Accident Prevention | 1123 | ||
| Diet/Disordered Eating | 1123 | ||
| Drugs (Substance Use) | 1123 | ||
| Depression/Suicide/Self-Harm | 1123 | ||
| Sex | 1123 | ||
| Sleep/Social Media | 1124 | ||
| Summary | 1124 | ||
| References | 1124 | ||
| Asthma in Children | 1124 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1125 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1125 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1125 | ||
| Prevention | 1125 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1125 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1125 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1126 | ||
| Treatment | 1126 | ||
| Medications | 1128 | ||
| Rescue Medications | 1128 | ||
| Controller Medications | 1128 | ||
| Acute Asthma Exacerbations | 1130 | ||
| Monitoring | 1131 | ||
| Complications | 1131 | ||
| References | 1131 | ||
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 1132 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1132 | ||
| Treatment | 1132 | ||
| Stimulants | 1132 | ||
| Nonstimulants | 1134 | ||
| Psychosocial Treatments | 1135 | ||
| References | 1135 | ||
| Bronchiolitis | 1135 | ||
| Epidemiology and Virology | 1135 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1135 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1136 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1136 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1136 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1136 | ||
| Treatment | 1136 | ||
| Outpatient Management | 1136 | ||
| Inpatient Management | 1136 | ||
| Prevention | 1136 | ||
| Immunoprophylaxis | 1136 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 1137 | ||
| Complications | 1137 | ||
| References | 1137 | ||
| Care of the High-Risk Neonate | 1137 | ||
| Prematurity | 1138 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1138 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Treatment | 1138 | ||
| Complications | 1139 | ||
| Abnormal Transition | 1139 | ||
| Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn | 1139 | ||
| Section 20: Physical and Chemical Injuries | 1195 | ||
| Burns | 1195 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1195 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1195 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1195 | ||
| Burning Tissue | 1195 | ||
| Prevention | 1195 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1196 | ||
| Special Situations | 1197 | ||
| Ocular Injuries | 1197 | ||
| Nonaccidental Trauma | 1197 | ||
| Chemical Burns | 1197 | ||
| Electrical Injuries | 1197 | ||
| Therapy (or Treatment) | 1198 | ||
| First Aid and Office Management | 1198 | ||
| Hospital Management | 1198 | ||
| Burn Management | 1199 | ||
| Burn Center Referral Criteria | 1200 | ||
| Monitoring | 1200 | ||
| Transfer | 1200 | ||
| Complications | 1200 | ||
| References | 1201 | ||
| Disturbances Due to Cold | 1201 | ||
| Accidental Hypothermia | 1202 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1202 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1202 | ||
| Skin | 1202 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 1203 | ||
| Renal System | 1204 | ||
| Respiratory System | 1204 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 1204 | ||
| Coagulation | 1204 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1204 | ||
| Emergency Department Evaluation | 1204 | ||
| Rewarming Strategies | 1204 | ||
| Passive External Warming | 1204 | ||
| Active External Rewarming | 1204 | ||
| Active Core Rewarming | 1205 | ||
| Peripheral Cold Injuries | 1205 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1205 | ||
| Clinical Presentation of Local Extremity Issues | 1205 | ||
| Frostnip and Frostbite | 1205 | ||
| Chilblain | 1206 | ||
| Trench Foot and Immersion Foot | 1206 | ||
| Treatment | 1206 | ||
| Sequelae | 1206 | ||
| Therapeutic Hypothermia Considerations | 1206 | ||
| References | 1208 | ||
| Heat-Related Illness | 1209 | ||
| Heat Stroke | 1210 | ||
| Heat Exhaustion | 1211 | ||
| Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps | 1211 | ||
| References | 1211 | ||
| High-Altitude Sickness | 1211 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 1212 | ||
| Physiologic Adaptation and Pathophysiology | 1212 | ||
| Prevention | 1212 | ||
| Symptomatic Acclimatization and Disrupted Sleep | 1213 | ||
| High-Altitude Headache | 1213 | ||
| High-Altitude Syndromes | 1213 | ||
| Acute Mountain Sickness | 1213 | ||
| High-Altitude Cerebral Edema | 1213 | ||
| High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema | 1213 | ||
| Special Populations | 1214 | ||
| Children and Pregnant Women | 1214 | ||
| Patients with Cardiopulmonary Disease | 1214 | ||
| References | 1214 | ||
| Marine Poisonings, Envenomations, and Trauma | 1214 | ||
| Ingestions | 1215 | ||
| Ciguatera | 1215 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1215 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1215 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1215 | ||
| Treatment | 1215 | ||
| Prevention | 1215 | ||
| Scombroid | 1216 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1216 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1216 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1216 | ||
| Treatment | 1216 | ||
| Other Ingested Toxins | 1216 | ||
| Envenomations | 1217 | ||
| Jellyfish | 1217 | ||
| Section 21: Preventive Health | 1279 | ||
| Immunization Practices | 1279 | ||
| Definitions and Background | 1279 | ||
| Physiology of Vaccines | 1279 | ||
| Immunization Recommendations | 1279 | ||
| Disease Prevention | 1279 | ||
| Immunization Responsibility | 1279 | ||
| General Principles for Vaccine Scheduling | 1279 | ||
| Route of Administration | 1289 | ||
| Storage | 1289 | ||
| Vaccine Safety | 1289 | ||
| Contraindications and Adverse Events | 1289 | ||
| Barriers | 1289 | ||
| Recording Vaccinations | 1289 | ||
| Special Populations | 1290 | ||
| Children | 1290 | ||
| Breast-feeding | 1290 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1290 | ||
| Altered Immunocompetence | 1290 | ||
| Health Care Personnel | 1290 | ||
| Travel Medicine | 1290 | ||
| General Medical Advice | 1291 | ||
| Routine Immunizations | 1292 | ||
| Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine (MMR) | 1292 | ||
| Poliovirus Vaccine | 1292 | ||
| Tetanus-Diphtheria-Pertussis Vaccine | 1292 | ||
| Varicella Vaccine | 1292 | ||
| Influenza Vaccine | 1292 | ||
| Pneumococcal Vaccine | 1292 | ||
| Routine Travel Vaccines | 1292 | ||
| Hepatitis A Vaccine | 1292 | ||
| Typhoid Vaccine | 1292 | ||
| Geographically Required Vaccines | 1292 | ||
| Yellow Fever Vaccine (YF-VAX) | 1292 | ||
| Cholera Vaccine | 1292 | ||
| Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine | 1292 | ||
| Meningococcal Vaccine | 1293 | ||
| Special Circumstances Vaccines | 1293 | ||
| Hepatitis B Vaccine | 1293 | ||
| Rabies Vaccine | 1293 | ||
| Other Vaccines | 1293 | ||
| Malaria Prophylaxis | 1293 | ||
| Personal Protection | 1293 | ||
| Traveler's Diarrhea | 1293 | ||
| Prevention | 1293 | ||
| Treatment | 1294 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 1294 | ||
| Other Travel Medicine Issues | 1295 | ||
| Altitude Sickness | 1295 | ||
| Motion Sickness | 1295 | ||
| Air Travel | 1295 | ||
| Motor Vehicle Safety | 1295 | ||
| Sun, Heat, Water | 1295 | ||
| Conclusion | 1295 | ||
| References | 1296 | ||
| Section 22: Appendices | 1297 | ||
| Biologic Agents Reference Chart | 1297 | ||
| Popular Herbs and Nutritional Supplements | 1303 | ||
| References | 1311 | ||
| Reference Intervals for the Interpretation of Laboratory Tests | 1312 | ||
| Defining Normal Values | 1312 | ||
| International System of Units | 1312 | ||
| Tables of Reference Intervals | 1313 | ||
| References | 1321 | ||
| Toxic Chemical Agents Reference Chart: Symptoms and Treatment | 1322 | ||
| Index | 1327 | ||
| Back End Sheet | ES5 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ES3 |