Menu Expand
Ruminant Surgery, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book

Ruminant Surgery, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book

Andrew J. Niehaus | David E. Anderson

(2016)

Additional Information

Abstract

This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice focuses on Bovine Surgery. Article topics include: Local, regional, and spinal anesthesia in ruminants; Field sedation and anesthesia of ruminants; Respiratory Surgery; Surgery of the sinuses and eyes; Surgical procedures of the forestomachs; Surgical Management of Abomasal disease; Intestinal surgery; Surgery of the Umbilicus and Related Structures; Female reproductive surgery; Male reproductive surgery; Surgical management of the teats and udder; and more!

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Ruminant Surgery i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITORS iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents vii
Preface: Ruminant Surgery\r vii
Local, Regional, and Spinal Anesthesia in Ruminants\r vii
Field Sedation and Anesthesia of Ruminants\r vii
Surgery of the Sinuses and Eyes\r vii
Respiratory Surgery\r viii
Surgery of the Forestomach\r viii
Surgical Management of Abomasal Disease\r viii
Intestinal Surgery\r viii
Surgery of the Umbilicus and Related Structures\r ix
Urolithiasis\r ix
Surgical Procedures of the Genital Organs of Bulls\r ix
Surgical Procedures of the Genital Organs of Cows\r ix
Surgery of the Distal Limb\r x
Surgical Management of Septic Arthritis\r x
Surgical Management of Fractures and Tendons\r x
Surgical Management of the Teat and the Udder\r x
VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA:\rFOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE\r xii
FORTHCOMING ISSUES xii
March 2017 xii
July 2017 xii
November 2017 xii
RECENT ISSUES xii
July 2016 xii
March 2016 xii
November 2015 xii
Preface:\rRuminant Surgery xiii
Local, Regional, and Spinal Anesthesia in Ruminants 535
Key points 535
INTRODUCTION 535
LOCAL ANESTHETICS 536
ANESTHESIA FOR DEHORNING 536
NASAL ANESTHESIA 537
ANESTHESIA OF THE EYE AND EYELID AND RELAXATION OF THE ORBIT 537
Anesthesia of the Eyelid 537
Anesthesia of the Eye and Orbit and Immobilization of the Globe 539
Retrobulbar Block 539
Peterson Eye Block 539
ANESTHESIA FOR LAPAROTOMY 540
Proximal Paravertebral Nerve Block 541
Distal Paravertebral Nerve Block 542
Inverted L Block 542
Line Block 543
ANESTHESIA FOR REPRODUCTIVE PROCEDURES 543
Caudal Epidural 544
Continuous Caudal Epidural 545
Lumbosacral Epidural 545
Sacral paravertebral nerve block 546
Internal Pudendal Nerve Block 546
Dorsal Penile Nerve Block 548
Local Anesthetic Procedures for Castration 548
ANESTHESIA OF THE TEAT 548
Inverted V Block 548
Ring Block 549
Infusion of the Teat Cistern 549
ANESTHESIA OF THE DISTAL LIMB 551
SUMMARY 551
REFERENCES 552
Field Sedation and Anesthesia of Ruminants 553
Key points 553
INTRODUCTION 553
CONSIDERATIONS FOR ANESTHESIA OF RUMINANTS 554
Fasting 554
Ruminal Tympany and Regurgitation 554
Saliva Production 554
Airway Protection 555
Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems 555
Musculoskeletal System 556
CHEMICAL RESTRAINT OF RUMINANTS 556
Route of Drug Administration 557
Intravenous administration of drugs 557
Drugs Commonly Used for Chemical Restraint of Ruminants 557
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists 557
Phenothiazines 558
Benzodiazepines 558
Opioids 558
Standing Chemical Restraint of Adult Cattle 559
Acepromazine 559
Alpha-2 agonists 559
Xylazine 559
Detomidine 560
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists combined with opioids 560
Combinations of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists ketamine and opioids (ketamine stun) 560
5-10-20 combination 560
10-20-40 and 20-40-80 combinations 560
Inducing Recumbency and General Anesthesia in Adult Cattle 561
Xylazine 562
Ketamine-xylazine-butorphanol 562
Xylazine-ketamine 562
Telazol–xylazine 563
Ketamine-xylazine-guaifenesin infusion (triple-drip) 563
Induction of anesthesia with triple-drip 563
Maintenance of anesthesia with triple-drip 563
Ketamine-Xylazine Infusion 563
Capture of Wild and Aggressive Cattle 564
Recovery from Recumbency and General Anesthesia in Cattle 564
Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists 564
Chemical Restraint of Small Ruminants 566
Acepromazine 566
Benzodiazepines 566
Benzodiazepines and butorphanol 566
Opioids 566
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists 567
Xylazine and butorphanol 567
Xylazine and ketamine 567
Xylazine and Telazol 567
General Anesthesia of Small Ruminants 567
Ketamine and xylazine 567
Ketamine and benzodiazepines 568
Telazol and xylazine 568
Ketamine-xylazine-guaifenesin infusion (triple-drip) 568
REFERENCES 568
Surgery of the Sinuses and Eyes 571
Key points 571
PARANASAL SINUSES 571
CONDITIONS OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES 572
Sinusitis 572
Sinus Cyst 575
Fracture 575
TREPHINATION 577
Preoperative Planning 577
Preparation and Patient Positioning 577
SURGICAL APPROACH AND PROCEDURE 577
IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE CARE 577
OSTEOTOMY (BONE FLAP) 579
Preoperative Planning 579
Preparation and Patient Positioning 579
SURGICAL APPROACH AND PROCEDURE: FRONTAL SINUS 579
SURGICAL APPROACH AND PROCEDURE: MAXILLARY SINUS 580
IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE CARE 581
EYES 582
SURGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE EYE 582
Neoplasia 582
Ocular squamous cell carcinoma 582
Lymphosarcoma 583
Trauma 583
Cryotherapy 583
Hyperthermia 584
Enucleation 585
Laceration repair 587
Tarsorrhaphy 588
CLINICAL RESULTS 590
SUMMARY 590
REFERENCES 590
Respiratory Surgery 593
Key points 593
INTRODUCTION 593
CLINICAL SIGNS 593
DIAGNOSIS 594
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 595
Tracheotomy and Temporary Tracheostomy Tube Placement 596
SEDATION, LOCAL ANESTHESIA, AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA 598
TRAUMA 599
Nasal Bone Fracture 599
Mandibular Fracture 600
Pharyngeal Trauma 601
Pharyngotomy 603
Fractured Ribs and Tracheal Collapse 603
INFECTIOUS DISEASES 605
Oral Necrobacillosis (Arytenoidal Chondritis) 605
Permanent tracheostomy 606
Tracheolaryngostomy 606
NEOPLASIA AND MASS 608
Lymphoma 608
Nasal Polyps 609
Nasal or Laryngeal Granuloma 610
CONGENITAL DEFECT 610
Cleft Palate 610
Subepiglottic Cyst 611
FUNCTIONAL OBSTRUCTION 611
Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate 611
Pharyngeal Collapse 612
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 612
REFERENCES 612
Surgery of the Forestomach 617
Key points 617
SURGICAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 617
PATHOLOGY OF THE FORESTOMACH 618
Type 1 Vagal Indigestion 618
Type 2 Vagal Indigestion 619
CLINICAL FINDINGS 619
NONSURGICAL THERAPY 620
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES 621
Left Flank Celiotomy 621
Rumenotomy 621
Rumenostomy 624
Rumen Cannulation 625
One-stage rumen cannulation 625
Two-stage rumen cannulation 626
Omasal Impaction 627
Omasal Dilatation and Displacement 627
PERIOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 627
SUMMARY 628
REFERENCES 628
Surgical Management of Abomasal Disease 629
Key points 629
ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENTS 629
PATHOGENESIS OF ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENTS 630
PROGNOSIS 631
Diagnosis 632
MEDICAL THERAPY 633
SURGICAL THERAPY 634
Minimally Invasive Approaches 637
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS OF ABOMASAL FIXATION 639
ABOMASAL ULCERS 639
Other Abomasal Surgery 640
SUMMARY 641
REFERENCES 641
Intestinal Surgery 645
Key points 645
DECISION-MAKING 645
PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 646
PRINCIPLES OF BOVINE INTESTINAL SURGERY 647
Enterectomy 648
Enterotomy 650
GENERAL GUIDELINE FOR POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT 651
Duodenum Outflow Problems 651
Clinical Signs 651
Clinical Pathologic Findings 652
Surgery 652
INTUSSUSCEPTION 654
Clinical Signs 654
Clinical Pathologic Findings 655
Diagnosis 655
Treatment 656
Prognosis 657
HEMORRHAGIC JEJUNAL SYNDROME 657
Clinical Signs 658
Clinical Pathologic Findings 658
Diagnostics 658
Treatment 658
Postoperative Care and Prognosis 660
INTESTINAL VOLVULUS 661
Clinical Signs 662
Clinical Pathologic Findings 663
Diagnosis 663
Treatment 663
Prognosis 664
TRICHOBEZOARS 664
Clinical Signs 664
Clinical Pathologic Findings 665
Diagnosis 665
Treatment 665
Prognosis 666
INCARCERATION, ENTRAPMENT, INTERNAL HERNIATION 666
REFERENCES 667
Surgery of the Umbilicus and Related Structures 673
Key points 673
UMBILICAL REMNANTS 674
EXAMINATION AND CLASSIFICATION 675
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION 675
RESTRAINT 676
INCISION AND CLOSURE 677
SIMPLE HERNIAS 679
OMPHALOPHLEBITIS 680
URACHUS 680
OMPHALOARTERITIS 682
UMBILICAL ABSCESS 682
OTHER CONDITIONS 682
SUMMARY 684
REFERENCES 684
Urolithiasis 687
Key points 687
RISK FACTORS AND UROLITH COMPOSITION 687
CLINICAL SIGNS 688
ANCILLARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 688
INITIAL CARE 689
TREATMENT 690
Cystocentesis and Bladder Irrigation with an Acidic Solution 692
TUBE CYSTOSTOMY 692
Percutaneous 692
Laparoscopic 693
Laparotomy 693
Bladder Marsupialization 695
PREPUBIC URETHROSTOMY 696
PERINEAL URETHROSTOMY 696
PRESCROTAL URETHROTOMY 697
Urethroscopy and Laser Lithotripsy 697
Vesicopreputial Anastomosis 697
Penile Amputation 698
REFERENCES 698
Surgical Procedures of the Genital Organs of Bulls 701
Key points 701
PRESURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 701
Examination of the Genital Organs of the Bull 701
SURGERY OF THE PREPUCE AND PENIS 703
Management of Preputial Injuries 703
Preputial amputation 707
Reefing 707
Preputial stoma 709
Penile Fibropapilloma 710
Persistent Frenulum 711
Penile Hematoma 711
Penile Deviation 713
Vascular Shunts 717
Penile–Prepuce Translocation 717
SURGERY OF THE EPIDIDYMIS AND TESTES 720
Caudal Epididymectomy 720
Cryptorchidism 721
Unilateral orchidectomy 721
SURGERY OF THE ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS 723
Seminal Vesiculitis 723
REFERENCES 723
Surgical Procedures of the Genital Organs of Cows 727
Key points 727
PRESURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 727
History 727
Examination of the Genital Organs of the Cow 727
Surgery of the Vestibule, Vagina, and Cervix 729
Episiotomy 729
Pneumovagina 730
Urovagina 731
Rectovestibular laceration and fistula 734
Vaginal eversion 735
Short-term options 738
Caslick vulvoplasty 738
Insertion of a perivulvar retention stitch (Buhner stitch) 739
Bootlace technique 740
Horizontal mattress suture (Halstead) technique 740
Deep vertical mattress suture technique 741
Surgery of the Uterus and Ovaries 742
Uterine eversion 742
Uterine amputation 745
Ovariectomy 746
Vaginal approach 747
Flank approach 748
REFERENCES 749
Surgery of the Distal Limb 753
Key points 753
INTRODUCTION 753
INDICATIONS 755
INSTRUMENTS 755
SURGICAL PREPARATION 756
AFTERCARE 757
COMPLICATIONS 758
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES 758
RESECTION OF THE APEX OF THE PEDAL BONE 759
SEQUESTRA OF THE PEDAL BONE 761
NON-HEALING CLAW LESIONS 761
RESECTION OF THE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT 762
RESECTION OF BOTH FLEXOR TENDONS WITHIN THE COMMON DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON SHEATH 763
CLAW AMPUTATION 765
FRACTURES AND LUXATIONS 766
RESECTION OF THE PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT OR THE FETLOCK JOINT 769
SUMMARY 770
REFERENCES 770
Surgical Management of Septic Arthritis 777
Key points 777
ETIOLOGY 777
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 778
DIAGNOSIS 779
Clinical Presentation 779
Medical Imaging 780
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 781
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS 783
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY 786
CONTROL OF THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS 788
PAIN MANAGEMENT 788
SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 789
Tidal Irrigation 789
Through-and-through Lavage 789
Arthrotomy 790
Arthroscopy 791
ARTHRODESIS/FACILITATED ANKYLOSIS 791
PROGNOSIS 791
SUMMARY 792
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 792
REFERENCES 793
Surgical Management of Fractures and Tendons 797
Key points 797
FRACTURES 797
EMERGENCY TREATMENT 798
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING 799
PRINCIPLES OF REPAIR 799
EXTERNAL SKELETAL FIXATION 800
Advantages 801
Disadvantages 801
Technique 802
TRANSFIXATION PIN CASTS 803
TENDON SURGERY 804
FLEXOR TENDON CONTRACTURE 804
SPASTIC PARESIS 805
SEPTIC TENOSYNOVITIS 808
SUMMARY 810
REFERENCES 810
Surgical Management of the Teat and the Udder 813
Key points 813
ANATOMY OF THE TEAT AND THE UDDER 813
DIAGNOSIS OF SURGICAL CONDITIONS 814
Clinical Examination 814
Ultrasonography of the Teat and the Udder 815
Radiography of the Teat 816
Theloscopy 816
RESTRAIN AND ANESTHESIA 816
TRAUMATIC TEAT LACERATIONS 817
Defining the Laceration 817
Surgical Repair of Teat Laceration 817
Postoperative Care 819
Complications 820
CONGENITAL DISORDERS 820
Atresia 821
Conjoined Supernumerary Teat 821
MILK OUTFLOW DISTURBANCES 824
Diagnosis 824
Parietal Fibrosis 825
Fibrosis of the Streak Canal and the Rosette of Fürstenberg 827
Surgical Excision of Intracisternal Masses 829
Surgical Correction of Varicose Vein 830
MASTECTOMY 830
REFERENCES 831
Index 833