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Book Details
Abstract
Dramatically updated to reflect recent advances in the basic and clinical neurosciences, Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery, 7th Edition remains your reference of choice for authoritative guidance on surgery of the nervous system. This comprehensive title thoroughly covers all you need to know about functional and restorative neurosurgery, (FRN)/deep brain stimulation (DBS), stem cell biology, radiological and nuclear imaging, and neuro-oncology, as well as minimally-invasive surgeries in spine and peripheral nerve surgery, endoscopic and other approaches for cranial procedures and cerebrovascular diseases. Seventy new chapters and revised content throughout help you master new procedures, new technologies, and essential anatomic knowledge. This unparalleled resource covers the entire specialty with the unquestioned guidance you’ve come to expect from the "Bible of neurological surgery."
- Reorganized content facilitates ease of navigation, so you can find what you need quickly.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- 70 new chapters provide cutting-edge information on Surgical Anatomy of the Skull Base; Coagulation for the Neurosurgeon; Brain Retraction; Optogenetics and Clarity; Ablative Procedures for Parkinson's Disease; Nerve Transfers; Indications and Techniques of Revision Spine Surgery; Traumatic Brain Injury: Proteomic Biomarkers; Acute Surgical and Endovascular Management of Ischemic/Hemorrhagic Stroke; and many more.
- Thorough coverage of new techniques and approaches, including minimally-invasive surgeries in spine and peripheral nerve surgery, endoscopic approaches for cranial procedures, and stereotactic and robot-assisted surgery.
- Each section contains a new chapter providing an expert overview from experienced Section Editors, including a report on ongoing controversies within that subspecialty.
- Updates include expanded coverage of the basic science of CNS infections, increased content on radiology and anatomy, new chapters on various aspects of patient safety, new coverage of anti-coagulation therapy in the elderly, new skull base approaches, an overview of spinal biomechanics for all forms of spinal instrumentation, detailed coverage of intraoperative navigation, improved methods of tumor resection and the role of whole-brain radiotherapy, and much more.
- Reorganized content facilitates ease of navigation, so you can find what you need quickly.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9780323341509v1_WEB | 1 | ||
| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| vol.1 endsheet 2 | 2 | ||
| Half title page | 3 | ||
| AllVolumeEditors | 4 | ||
| Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery, 4-Volume Set | 5 | ||
| Copyright Page | 6 | ||
| Dedication | 7 | ||
| Editor-In-Chief | 8 | ||
| Deputy Editors-In-Chief | 8 | ||
| Section Editors | 9 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 14 | ||
| Video Contents | 27 | ||
| Contributors | 35 | ||
| Foreword | 79 | ||
| Preface | 80 | ||
| I Introduction and General Neurosurgery: Overview and Controversies | 83 | ||
| Overview and Controversies | 83 | ||
| Overview | 83 | ||
| Controversies and Unresolved Questions | 83 | ||
| Question 1: Adult and Pediatric Hydrocephalus: The Role of Third Ventriculostomy and Choroid Plexus Cauterization | 84 | ||
| Question 2: Clotting and the Neurosurgeon | 84 | ||
| Question 3: Correct Surgical Management of Chronic Subdural Hematomas: Do Surgeons Now Have the Definitive Answer? | 84 | ||
| Question 4: Endoscopy: When Should Transfacial Endoscopy or Traditional Open Microsurgery Be Used in Skull Base Surgery? | 85 | ||
| Question 5: Technical Advances: Revolutionary or Evolutionary? | 85 | ||
| Simulation and Robotic Surgery | 86 | ||
| Visualization and Optics | 86 | ||
| Brain Retraction | 87 | ||
| Question 6: Advances in Basic Sciences: New Information and Possible Clinical Implications | 87 | ||
| Question 7: What Should Be the Neurosurgical Involvement in the Critical Care Management of Neurosurgical Patients? | 88 | ||
| Question 8: Neurosurgical Education and Training: Have Duty Hour Restrictions Accomplished the Goals Envisioned by Those Who Advocated for Changes in Neurosurgery Training? | 89 | ||
| References | 90 | ||
| 1 History | 91 | ||
| 1 Historical Overview of Neurosurgery | 91 | ||
| Abstract | 92 | ||
| Neurosurgery in the Prehistoric Period | 91 | ||
| Ancient Egyptian Neurosurgery | 91 | ||
| Classical Period: Greek and Byzantine Neurosurgery | 93 | ||
| Hippocratic School | 93 | ||
| Herophilus of Chalcedon | 93 | ||
| Aulus Aurelius Cornelius Celsus | 94 | ||
| Galen of Pergamon | 95 | ||
| Paulus Aegineta (Paul of Aegina) | 97 | ||
| Islamic/Arabic Medicine: Prescholastic Period | 98 | ||
| Middle Ages: the Age of Medieval Medical Scholasticism | 100 | ||
| Origins of Neurosurgical Practice in the Renaissance | 104 | ||
| Surgeons of the Insurgency: Seventeenth Century | 111 | ||
| Eighteenth Century: an Enlightened Period for Neurosurgery | 116 | ||
| Nineteenth Century: Incunabula Period of Modern Neurosurgery | 122 | ||
| Further Advances in Neurosurgery: Twentieth Century | 130 | ||
| Concluding Thoughts | 130 | ||
| Charles Babbage and the Concept of the Computer | 130 | ||
| Wilhelm Röntgen and the X-Ray | 131 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 131 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 132 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| 2 Surgical Anatomy of the Brain | 137 | ||
| Abstract | 138 | ||
| Cerebrum | 137 | ||
| Lateral Surface: Neural Structures | 137 | ||
| Superficial Anatomy | 137 | ||
| Frontal Lobe. | 137 | ||
| Parietal Lobe. | 137 | ||
| Temporal Lobe. | 137 | ||
| Occipital Lobe. | 137 | ||
| Sylvian Fissure. | 139 | ||
| Insula. | 140 | ||
| Association Fibers of the Cerebrum. | 141 | ||
| Lateral Ventricles. | 142 | ||
| Foramen of Monro. | 142 | ||
| Internal Capsule | 142 | ||
| Corpus Callosum. | 142 | ||
| Optic Radiation. | 143 | ||
| Fornix. | 143 | ||
| Basal Ganglia. | 143 | ||
| Thalamus. | 143 | ||
| Hippocampus. | 143 | ||
| Amygdala. | 143 | ||
| Choroidal Fissure. | 143 | ||
| Third Ventricle | 145 | ||
| Lateral Surface: Arterial Relationships | 145 | ||
| Lateral Surface: Venous Relationships | 145 | ||
| Basal Surface: Neural Relationships | 147 | ||
| Anterior Perforated Substance | 148 | ||
| Basal Surface: Arterial Relationships | 148 | ||
| Basal Surface: Venous Relationships | 150 | ||
| Medial Surface: Neural Relationships | 150 | ||
| Medial Surface: Arterial Relationships | 152 | ||
| Medial Surface: Venous Relationships | 152 | ||
| Arachnoid Membrane | 153 | ||
| Gray Matter and White Matter | 153 | ||
| Posterior Fossa | 153 | ||
| Brainstem | 153 | ||
| Cerebellum | 153 | ||
| Petrosal Surface of the Cerebellum and Fourth Ventricle | 154 | ||
| Tentorial Surface of the Cerebellum and Fourth Ventricle | 155 | ||
| Suboccipital Surface of the Cerebellum and Fourth Ventricle | 155 | ||
| Veins of the Posterior Fossa | 156 | ||
| Arteries of the Posterior Fossa | 158 | ||
| Cerebellopontine Angle Region | 161 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 164 | ||
| References | 165 | ||
| Case Studies | 166 | ||
| Case Study 2-1: Deep Right Frontal Glioma | 166 | ||
| Case Study 2-2: Left Motor Area Glioma | 168 | ||
| Case Study 2-3: Deep Left Parietal Glioma | 173 | ||
| Case Study 2-4: Left Superior Temporal Sulcus Cavernoma | 176 | ||
| Case Study 2-5: Left Occipital Arteriovenous Malformation | 178 | ||
| Case Study 2-6: Left Frontal Opercular Tumor | 183 | ||
| Case Study 2-7: Right Temporoinsular Glioma | 190 | ||
| Case Study 2-8: Right Anterior-Inferior Insular Cavernoma | 196 | ||
| Case Study 2-9: Left Frontoinsular Cortical Dysplasia | 200 | ||
| Case Study 2-10: Left Subcallosal Low-Grade Glioma | 201 | ||
| Case Study 2-11: Left Anterior Interhemispheric Transcallosal Approach to the Body of the Lateral Ventricle | 204 | ||
| Case Study 2-12: Total Callosotomy | 207 | ||
| Case Study 2-13: Left Corticoamygdalohippocampectomy | 209 | ||
| Case Study 2-14: Anterior Interhemispheric Transcallosal Transchoroidal Approach to a Third Ventricle Colloid Cyst | 212 | ||
| Case Study 2-15: Middle Cerebral Artery M1 Aneurysm Pointing Upward | 213 | ||
| Case Study 2-16: Middle Cerebral Artery M1 Aneurysm Pointing Downward | 217 | ||
| Case Study 2-17: Paraclinoid Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm Directed Medially | 220 | ||
| Case Study 2-18: Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm | 222 | ||
| Case Study 2-19: Left Carotid–Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm | 224 | ||
| Case Study 2-20: Left Carotid–Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm | 225 | ||
| Case Study 2-21: Carotid–Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm | 226 | ||
| Case Study 2-22: Aneurysm from the Medial Wall of Ophthalmic Segment of Internal Carotid Artery | 228 | ||
| Case Study 2-23: Tuberculum Sellae Meningioma | 229 | ||
| Case Study 2-24: Right Posterior Interhemispheric Approach | 231 | ||
| Case Study 2-25: Right Medial Temporal Lobe Cavernoma | 233 | ||
| Case Study 2-26: Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm Pointing Downward | 236 | ||
| Case Study 2-27: Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm | 237 | ||
| Case Study 2-28: Motor Area Cortical Dysplasia | 239 | ||
| Case Study 2-29: Left Anterior Petrosal Approach to Pontine Cavernoma | 243 | ||
| Case Study 2-30: Left Cervical (C1) Schwannoma | 247 | ||
| Case Study 2-31: Left Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Cavernoma | 248 | ||
| Case Study 2-32: Fourth Ventricle and Lower Cerebellopontine Angle Ependymoma | 251 | ||
| Case Study 2-33: PICA Aneurysm | 254 | ||
| Case Study 2-34: PICA Aneurysm | 255 | ||
| 3 Surgical Anatomy of the Skull Base | 257 | ||
| Abstract | 258 | ||
| The Far Lateral Approach | 257 | ||
| Surgical Targets | 257 | ||
| Bone Anatomy | 257 | ||
| Surgical Anatomy | 261 | ||
| Positioning | 261 | ||
| Skin Incision | 261 | ||
| Muscular Layer | 261 | ||
| Craniotomy | 262 | ||
| Dural Opening | 262 | ||
| Intradural Anatomy | 262 | ||
| The Retrosigmoid Approach | 264 | ||
| Surgical Targets | 264 | ||
| Bone Anatomy | 264 | ||
| Surgical Anatomy | 265 | ||
| Positioning | 265 | ||
| Skin Incision | 265 | ||
| Muscular Layer | 265 | ||
| Craniotomy | 265 | ||
| Dural Opening | 265 | ||
| Intradural Anatomy | 267 | ||
| The Transpetrosal Approaches | 268 | ||
| Surgical Targets | 268 | ||
| Bone Anatomy | 269 | ||
| Surgical Anatomy | 273 | ||
| Positioning | 273 | ||
| Skin Incision | 273 | ||
| Muscular Layer | 273 | ||
| Craniectomy | 273 | ||
| Dural Opening | 275 | ||
| Intradural Anatomy | 275 | ||
| The Orbitozygomatic Approach | 275 | ||
| Surgical Targets | 275 | ||
| Bone Anatomy | 275 | ||
| Surgical Anatomy | 278 | ||
| Positioning | 278 | ||
| Skin Incision | 278 | ||
| Muscular Layer | 279 | ||
| Craniotomy | 279 | ||
| Dural Opening | 279 | ||
| Intradural Anatomy | 279 | ||
| The Endoscopic Endonasal Approach | 282 | ||
| Surgical Targets | 282 | ||
| Bone Anatomy | 282 | ||
| Surgical Anatomy | 284 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 288 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 288 | ||
| 4 Improving Patient Safety | 289 | ||
| Epidemiology of Patient Safety | 289 | ||
| Errors and Adverse Events | 289 | ||
| Systems Thinking | 290 | ||
| Tools for Improving Patient Safety | 290 | ||
| Finding Errors and Complications | 291 | ||
| Preventing Specific Errors and Complications | 291 | ||
| Wrong-Site Surgery and Checklists | 292 | ||
| Surgical Site Infections | 292 | ||
| Volume-Outcome Relationships | 292 | ||
| Conclusion | 292 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 293 | ||
| References | 294 | ||
| 5 Neuroanesthesia | 296 | ||
| General Preanesthetic Evaluation | 296 | ||
| Medical History | 297 | ||
| General Physical Examination | 298 | ||
| Assessment of System Functions | 298 | ||
| Neurological System | 298 | ||
| Respiratory System | 298 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 299 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 300 | ||
| Renal System | 300 | ||
| Hematologic System | 301 | ||
| Endocrine System | 301 | ||
| Laboratory Investigations | 301 | ||
| Consideration of Specific Neurological Disorders | 301 | ||
| General Principles and Normal Cerebrovascular Physiology | 301 | ||
| Specific Neurosurgical Categories | 302 | ||
| Intracranial Tumors | 302 | ||
| Vascular Diseases | 303 | ||
| Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease. | 303 | ||
| Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. | 303 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformations. | 305 | ||
| Posterior Fossa Procedures | 305 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | 306 | ||
| Spinal Surgery | 306 | ||
| Epilepsy Disorders | 307 | ||
| Neuroradiology | 307 | ||
| Conclusion | 308 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 308 | ||
| References | 309 | ||
| 6 Complication Avoidance in Neurosurgery | 312 | ||
| Complications Related to Patient Positioning | 312 | ||
| Supine Positioning | 312 | ||
| Prone Positioning | 312 | ||
| Lateral Positioning | 313 | ||
| Intraoperative Monitoring | 313 | ||
| Cranial Fixation Complications | 313 | ||
| Dependent Edema | 314 | ||
| Catastrophic Medical Complications | 314 | ||
| Venous Air Embolism | 314 | ||
| Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism | 314 | ||
| Hemorrhagic and Transfusion-Related Issues | 315 | ||
| Wound Complications | 315 | ||
| Risk Factors Related to Anatomy or Technique in Specific Surgeries | 316 | ||
| Cranial Surgery | 316 | ||
| Postoperative Seizures | 316 | ||
| Postoperative Edema and Increased Intracranial Pressure | 316 | ||
| Specific Cranial Disorders | 317 | ||
| Supratentorial Craniotomy. | 317 | ||
| Posterior Fossa Craniotomy. | 318 | ||
| Transsphenoidal Surgery. | 318 | ||
| Cranial Base Surgery. | 319 | ||
| Complications of Stereotactic Brain Surgery | 321 | ||
| Stereotactic Radiosurgery | 321 | ||
| Spine Surgery | 322 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak or Pseudomeningocele Formation | 322 | ||
| Instrumentation-Related Risks | 322 | ||
| Complications of Bracing and Halo Use | 323 | ||
| Anterior Cervical Approach | 323 | ||
| Posterior Cervical Approach | 324 | ||
| Thoracic Spinal Procedures | 325 | ||
| Anterior Lumbar Procedures | 325 | ||
| Posterior Lumbar Procedures | 326 | ||
| Pedicle Screw Fixation | 327 | ||
| Facet Screw Fixation | 327 | ||
| Conclusion | 327 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 327 | ||
| References | 329 | ||
| 7 Coagulation for the Neurosurgeon | 340 | ||
| Abstract | 341 | ||
| Basic Science of Coagulation | 340 | ||
| Hemostasis and Coagulation | 340 | ||
| Coagulation Cascade | 340 | ||
| Cell-Based Model of Coagulation | 340 | ||
| Platelet Activation | 340 | ||
| Antiplatelet Drugs | 340 | ||
| Cyclooxygenase-1 Inhibitors | 342 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 343 | ||
| Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor and P2Y12 Inhibitors | 343 | ||
| Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa Inhibitors | 344 | ||
| Anticoagulant Drugs | 344 | ||
| Heparin and Heparinoids | 344 | ||
| Factor Xa Inhibitors | 345 | ||
| Direct Thrombin Inhibitors | 345 | ||
| Vitamin K−Dependent Clotting Factor Inhibitors | 345 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 345 | ||
| Chitosan | 346 | ||
| Nanoparticulate Agents | 346 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 347 | ||
| References | 348 | ||
| 2 Related Symptoms | 350 | ||
| 8 Neuro-ophthalmology | 350 | ||
| 8 Neuro-ophthalmology | 351 | ||
| From the Eye to the Visual Cortex: the Afferent Visual System | 351 | ||
| History | 351 | ||
| Examination | 351 | ||
| Anatomy and Disorders of the Afferent Visual System | 355 | ||
| Anterior Segment Ocular and Retinal Disorders | 355 | ||
| Papilledema | 356 | ||
| Pseudopapilledema | 358 | ||
| Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy | 358 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 359 | ||
| Compressive and Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies | 360 | ||
| Metabolic Optic Neuropathies | 362 | ||
| Hereditary Optic Neuropathies | 362 | ||
| Traumatic Optic Neuropathy | 363 | ||
| The Chiasm | 363 | ||
| Retrochiasmal Visual Pathways | 364 | ||
| Ocular Motility and the Pupil: the Efferent Visual System | 366 | ||
| Ocular Motor Anatomy and Pathophysiology | 366 | ||
| Ocular Motor History and Examination | 366 | ||
| Disorders of the Ocular Motor System | 366 | ||
| Neuromuscular Junction: Ocular Myasthenia Gravis | 367 | ||
| Cranial Nerve: Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III) | 369 | ||
| Cranial Nerve: Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV) | 371 | ||
| Cranial Nerve: Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI) | 371 | ||
| Cranial Nerve: Multiple | 372 | ||
| Supranuclear and Internuclear | 372 | ||
| Eye Movements in Coma | 373 | ||
| Symptomatic Treatment of Diplopia | 373 | ||
| The Pupil | 374 | ||
| Determining the Abnormal Pupil | 374 | ||
| The Abnormally Large Pupil | 374 | ||
| The Abnormally Small Pupil | 375 | ||
| Conclusion | 375 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 375 | ||
| References | 376 | ||
| 9 Neurotology | 379 | ||
| 9 Neurotology | 380 | ||
| Anatomy of the Inner Ear | 380 | ||
| The Cochlear System | 380 | ||
| Physiology of Hearing | 380 | ||
| Transformer Mechanism of the Tympanum | 381 | ||
| Transmission in the Labyrinth | 381 | ||
| Measures of Auditory System Function | 381 | ||
| Subjective Measures of Hearing | 382 | ||
| Tuning Forks | 382 | ||
| Pure-Tone Audiometry | 382 | ||
| Air Conduction. | 382 | ||
| Bone Conduction. | 383 | ||
| Masking. | 383 | ||
| Speech Audiometry | 383 | ||
| Speech Recognition Threshold. | 384 | ||
| Speech Recognition Measures. | 384 | ||
| Objective Measures of Auditory System Function | 385 | ||
| Immittance Studies | 385 | ||
| Tympanometry. | 385 | ||
| Acoustic Reflex. | 385 | ||
| Auditory Brainstem Evoked Response Measures | 386 | ||
| Auditory Neuropathy. | 386 | ||
| Electrically Auditory Evoked Potentials with Cochlear Implant Users. | 386 | ||
| Otoacoustic Emission Measures | 388 | ||
| Measures of Auditory System Function: Summary | 388 | ||
| The Vestibular System | 388 | ||
| Anatomy | 388 | ||
| Physiology | 390 | ||
| Tests of Vestibular Function | 392 | ||
| Spontaneous Nystagmus | 392 | ||
| Labyrinthine Fistula Test | 392 | ||
| Positional Tests | 392 | ||
| Objective Measurement of Vestibular Function | 393 | ||
| Electronystagmography | 393 | ||
| Bithermal Caloric Test. | 393 | ||
| Gaze Test. | 394 | ||
| Positional Test. | 394 | ||
| Hallpike Maneuver. | 394 | ||
| Saccade Test. | 394 | ||
| Pursuit Tests. | 395 | ||
| Rotational Tests | 395 | ||
| Visual-Vestibular Interaction | 396 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Vertigo | 396 | ||
| Differentiating Between Peripheral and Central Lesions | 397 | ||
| Vertigo of Peripheral Origin | 398 | ||
| Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. | 398 | ||
| Meniere’s Disease. | 398 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 398 | ||
| Secondary Endolymphatic Hydrops. | 398 | ||
| Vestibular Neuronitis. | 399 | ||
| Superior Canal Dehiscence Syndrome. | 399 | ||
| Posttraumatic Vertigo. | 399 | ||
| Drug-Induced Ototoxicity. | 399 | ||
| Vertigo of Central Origin | 400 | ||
| Brainstem Lesions. | 400 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis. | 400 | ||
| Migraine. | 400 | ||
| Vascular Accidents. | 400 | ||
| Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency. | 400 | ||
| Tumors of the Posterior Cranial Fossa. | 401 | ||
| Indications for Vestibular Neurectomy | 401 | ||
| Indications for Cochlear and Auditory Brainstem Implantation | 401 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 402 | ||
| References | 403 | ||
| 10 Neurourology | 405 | ||
| 10 Neurourology | 406 | ||
| Urologic Anatomy and Physiology | 406 | ||
| Evaluation of Neurourologic Disorders | 408 | ||
| History | 408 | ||
| Additional History | 408 | ||
| Physical Examination | 408 | ||
| Neurourologic Examination | 408 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 409 | ||
| Radiologic Studies | 409 | ||
| Upper Urinary Tract Imaging | 409 | ||
| Lower Urinary Tract Imaging | 409 | ||
| Urodynamic Testing of the Lower Urinary Tract | 410 | ||
| Cystometry. | 410 | ||
| Pressure-Flow Studies and Uroflowmetry. | 411 | ||
| Electromyography. | 411 | ||
| Videourodynamics. | 411 | ||
| Neurourologic Diseases | 412 | ||
| Suprapontine Lesions | 412 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 412 | ||
| Brain Tumors | 412 | ||
| Supraspinal Neurodegenerative Disorders | 412 | ||
| Spinal Lesions | 413 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 413 | ||
| Spinal Shock | 413 | ||
| Suprasacral Cord Injury | 413 | ||
| Spinal Stenosis | 413 | ||
| Neurospinal Dysraphism | 413 | ||
| Disease at or Distal to the Sacral Spinal Cord | 414 | ||
| Sacral Spinal Cord Injury | 414 | ||
| Disk Disease | 414 | ||
| Radical Pelvic Surgery | 414 | ||
| Treatment of Neurourologic Diseases | 415 | ||
| Failure to Store Urine (Incontinence) | 415 | ||
| Management of Detrusor Overactivity or Impaired Compliance | 415 | ||
| Timed Voiding and Pelvic Floor Exercises. | 415 | ||
| Medications. | 416 | ||
| Sacral Neuromodulation. | 416 | ||
| Augmentation Cystoplasty. | 416 | ||
| Management of Outlet Deficiency | 416 | ||
| Injectable Bulking Agents. | 416 | ||
| Sling Procedures. | 417 | ||
| Artificial Urinary Sphincters. | 417 | ||
| Bladder Neck Closure. | 417 | ||
| 9780323341509v2_WEB | 1929 | ||
| Front Cover | 1929 | ||
| Half title page | 1930 | ||
| AllVolumeEditors | 1931 | ||
| Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery, 4-Volume Set | 1932 | ||
| Copyright Page | 1933 | ||
| Dedication | 1934 | ||
| Editor-In-Chief | 1935 | ||
| Deputy Editors-In-Chief | 1935 | ||
| Section Editors | 1936 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 1941 | ||
| Video Contents | 1954 | ||
| Contributors | 1962 | ||
| Foreword | 2006 | ||
| Preface | 2007 | ||
| V Oncology: Overview and Controversies | 2010 | ||
| Overview and Controversies | 2010 | ||
| Controversies in Neuro-Oncology | 2010 | ||
| Aggressive Resection versus Partial Resection and Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Craniopharyngiomas | 2010 | ||
| Radiation Therapy versus Surgery for Glomus Jugulare Tumors | 2011 | ||
| The Role of Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Glioma Surgery | 2011 | ||
| Management of Recurrent Cushing’s Disease | 2012 | ||
| Endoscopic versus Open Approaches to Anterior Cranial Fossa Tumors | 2012 | ||
| Salvage Therapy in Recurrent Glioblastoma | 2013 | ||
| The Role of Radiotherapy for Intracranial Ependymomas | 2014 | ||
| Management of Small Vestibular Schwannomas | 2014 | ||
| Observation | 2015 | ||
| Stereotactic Radiosurgery | 2015 | ||
| Surgical Resection | 2015 | ||
| Comparative Studies and Final Considerations | 2015 | ||
| Stereotactic Radiosurgery Alone vs. Stereotactic Radiosurgery with Whole-Brain Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Brain Metastasis | 2015 | ||
| Management of Recurrent Atypical Meningiomas | 2016 | ||
| Management of Asymptomatic Meningiomas | 2017 | ||
| References | 2018 | ||
| 1 Basic Science of Neurooncology | 2024 | ||
| 110 Brain Tumors | 2024 | ||
| Astrocytomas | 2024 | ||
| Diffuse Astrocytomas | 2024 | ||
| Circumscribed Astrocytomas | 2025 | ||
| Oligodendroglial and Oligoastrocytic Glial Tumors | 2025 | ||
| Ependymal Tumors | 2026 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Tumors | 2027 | ||
| Other Neuroepithelial Tumors | 2027 | ||
| Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors | 2027 | ||
| Pineal Region Tumors | 2028 | ||
| Germ Cell Tumors | 2028 | ||
| Embryonal Tumors | 2029 | ||
| Tumors of the Meninges | 2030 | ||
| Tumors of the Sellar Region (Excluding Pituitary Adenoma) | 2030 | ||
| Lymphoma | 2031 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors of the Central Nervous System | 2031 | ||
| Molecular Classification of Brain Tumors | 2032 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2033 | ||
| References | 2034 | ||
| 111 Brain Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy | 2035 | ||
| The Immune System | 2035 | ||
| Innate Immune System | 2035 | ||
| Adaptive Immune System | 2035 | ||
| Immune Memory | 2035 | ||
| Modulation of the Immune System | 2035 | ||
| Refuting the Concept of Immune Privilege | 2036 | ||
| Immunosuppression in Glioblastoma | 2037 | ||
| Prognostic Impact of Immune Status in Glioblastoma | 2039 | ||
| The Role of Neurosurgery in Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma | 2039 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 2039 | ||
| Dendritic Cell Vaccines | 2039 | ||
| Peptide Vaccines | 2040 | ||
| Adoptive Transfer of Effector Cells | 2041 | ||
| Antibody Approaches | 2041 | ||
| Emerging Therapeutics | 2041 | ||
| Summary | 2043 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2043 | ||
| References | 2044 | ||
| 112 Brain Tumor Stem Cells | 2048 | ||
| The Neurosphere Assay and the Discovery of Adult Neurogenesis | 2048 | ||
| Development of the Brain Tumor Stem Cell Hypothesis | 2048 | ||
| Markers for Neural Stem Cells and Brain Tumor Stem Cells | 2049 | ||
| Brain Tumor Stem Cell of Origin | 2050 | ||
| Molecular Pathways Altered in Brain Tumor Stem Cells | 2052 | ||
| Clinical Implications and Future Directions | 2053 | ||
| Conclusion | 2054 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2054 | ||
| References | 2056 | ||
| 113 Molecular Genetics and the Development of Targets for Glioma Therapy | 2058 | ||
| Detecting Molecular Alterations in Cancer | 2058 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 2058 | ||
| DNA Sequencing | 2059 | ||
| Whole-Genome DNA Sequencing | 2059 | ||
| Next-Generation Platforms for Whole-Genome DNA Sequencing. | 2059 | ||
| Exome Sequencing | 2059 | ||
| RNA Sequencing | 2060 | ||
| Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing | 2060 | ||
| Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization | 2061 | ||
| Comparative Genomic Hybridization Assays and Copy Number Alterations | 2062 | ||
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping Assays | 2062 | ||
| Gene Expression Assays: Complementary DNA Arrays, MicroRNA Arrays, and Proteomics | 2062 | ||
| Whole-Genome Methylation Profiling | 2063 | ||
| Glioma Analysis Using Molecular Tools | 2063 | ||
| The Cancer Genome Atlas and REMBRANDT | 2064 | ||
| Results from Human Glioma Analysis | 2064 | ||
| Copy Number Alterations | 2064 | ||
| Somatic Mutations | 2064 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis 1. | 2064 | ||
| Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase. | 2064 | ||
| Key Pathway Alterations | 2064 | ||
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. | 2064 | ||
| Retinoblastoma. | 2064 | ||
| TP53. | 2065 | ||
| Models for Evaluating Molecular Alterations in Glioma | 2065 | ||
| In Vitro Models | 2065 | ||
| DNA Construction and Gene Expression in Vitro | 2065 | ||
| Transfection and Transduction | 2065 | ||
| In Vivo Models | 2065 | ||
| Transgenic Mice | 2065 | ||
| Knockout Mice | 2066 | ||
| Somatic Cell Gene Transfer | 2066 | ||
| Lessons from Mouse Models of Glioma | 2067 | ||
| Targeted Therapy for Glioma: Progress and Failures | 2067 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 2067 | ||
| Virus-Mediated Gene Therapy | 2068 | ||
| Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies | 2068 | ||
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapies | 2068 | ||
| O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase and Temozolomide Therapy | 2068 | ||
| Metabolism and Targeting of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations | 2068 | ||
| Genome Editing | 2068 | ||
| Clinical Research: Designing Effective Clinical Trials Based on Molecular Targets in Gliomas | 2069 | ||
| Conclusion | 2069 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2069 | ||
| References | 2070 | ||
| 114 Genetic Origins of Brain Tumors | 2072 | ||
| Clonal Expansion of Malignant Tumors | 2072 | ||
| Inherited Mutations and Familial Syndromes | 2072 | ||
| Tumor Suppressors, Oncogenes, and Mutator Genes | 2074 | ||
| Different Types of DNA Mutations and Alterations | 2075 | ||
| The Spectrum of Mutations That Underlay Brain Cancers | 2075 | ||
| Glioblastomas | 2075 | ||
| Other Gliomas | 2078 | ||
| Medulloblastomas | 2078 | ||
| Perspectives in Brain Tumor Genomics and Genetics | 2079 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2079 | ||
| References | 2080 | ||
| 115 Malignant Glioma Microenvironment | 2082 | ||
| The Tumor Microenvironment | 2082 | ||
| Malignant Glioma Invasion | 2082 | ||
| Interactions of Malignant Gliomas with the Neural Extracellular Matrix | 2083 | ||
| Therapeutic Relevance of the Glioma-Associated Extracellular Matrix | 2086 | ||
| Interactions of Malignant Gliomas with Astrocytes | 2086 | ||
| Therapeutic Relevance of Glioma-Associated Astrocytes | 2087 | ||
| Interaction of Malignant Gliomas with Vascular Cells | 2087 | ||
| Therapeutic Relevance of the Glioma-Associated Vasculature | 2088 | ||
| Interaction of Glioma Cells with Microglia and Macrophages | 2088 | ||
| Therapeutic Relevance of Glioma-Associated Microglia | 2090 | ||
| Interaction of Glioma Cells with Adaptive Immune Cells | 2090 | ||
| Therapeutic Relevance of Glioma-Associated T Cells | 2090 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus in the Microenvironment of Gliomas | 2091 | ||
| Therapeutic Relevance of Glioma-Associated Cytomegalovirus | 2091 | ||
| Conclusion and Future Perspectives | 2092 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2092 | ||
| The tumor microenvironment and malignant glioma invasion | 2092 | ||
| Glioma-associated extracellular matrix and astroglia | 2092 | ||
| Glioma-associated vasculature | 2092 | ||
| Glioma-associated microglia | 2092 | ||
| Glioma-associated immune cells and human cytomegalovirus | 2092 | ||
| References | 2093 | ||
| 116 Angiogenesis and Brain Tumors | 2099 | ||
| Abstract | 2100 | ||
| Key Words: | 2100 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 2099 | ||
| Angiotherapy: a Novel Approach to Glioma Therapy | 2101 | ||
| Mechanisms of Tumor Angiogenesis | 2103 | ||
| Angiogenic Switch | 2103 | ||
| Normalization Hypothesis and the Normalization Window | 2105 | ||
| Vascular Niche and Glioma Progenitor and Stem Cells | 2105 | ||
| Enhanced Immune Surveillance and Tumor Immunity | 2106 | ||
| Reduction of Vasogenic Edema, Radioprotection, and Radiosensitization | 2108 | ||
| Clinical Experience with the Use of Bevacizumab | 2110 | ||
| Bevacizumab Resistance, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Evasion, and Glioma Recurrence | 2114 | ||
| Role of Anti−Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Other Central Nervous System Tumors | 2117 | ||
| Recurrent Oligodendrogliomas | 2117 | ||
| Acoustic Neuromas | 2117 | ||
| Meningiomas | 2117 | ||
| Pituitary Adenomas and Carcinomas | 2118 | ||
| Brain Metastases | 2118 | ||
| Pediatric Brain Tumors | 2118 | ||
| Current Trends and Future Directions | 2118 | ||
| Conclusion | 2122 | ||
| Online Resources of Angiogenesis in Brain Tumors | 2123 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2123 | ||
| References | 2124 | ||
| 117 Delivery of Therapy to Brain Tumors | 2134 | ||
| The Blood-Brain Barrier | 2134 | ||
| The Blood-Tumor Barrier | 2134 | ||
| The Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier | 2135 | ||
| Drug Modifications for Enhanced Drug Delivery to Brain Tumors | 2135 | ||
| Lipophilic Analogues | 2135 | ||
| Lipophilic Prodrugs | 2135 | ||
| Antibody- and Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy | 2135 | ||
| Receptor-/Vector-Mediated Drug Targeting | 2136 | ||
| Barrier Disruption Strategies for Enhancing Drug Delivery | 2136 | ||
| Osmotic Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier | 2136 | ||
| Biochemical Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier | 2137 | ||
| Ultrasonography-Mediated Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier | 2137 | ||
| Methods for Direct Delivery of Drugs to the Brain Parenchyma | 2137 | ||
| Implanted Polymers | 2138 | ||
| Intracavitary Delivery Systems | 2138 | ||
| Convection-Enhanced Delivery | 2138 | ||
| Other Approaches for Enhancing Delivery of Drugs to the Brain | 2139 | ||
| Intraventricular/Intrathecal Drug Delivery | 2139 | ||
| Intra-arterial Therapy | 2139 | ||
| Liposomal Drug Encapsulation | 2139 | ||
| Nanoparticulate Systems | 2139 | ||
| Magnetic Microspheres | 2140 | ||
| Conclusion | 2140 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2140 | ||
| References | 2141 | ||
| 118 Epidemiology of Brain Tumors | 2144 | ||
| Descriptive Epidemiology | 2144 | ||
| Survival Time after Diagnosis of Glioma and Meningioma | 2144 | ||
| Glioma | 2144 | ||
| Meningioma | 2144 | ||
| Prognostic Factors for Glioma | 2144 | ||
| Prognostic Factors for Meningioma | 2146 | ||
| Genetic Risk Factors for Primary Brain Tumors | 2146 | ||
| Genome-wide Association Studies | 2147 | ||
| Telomere Biology and Glioma | 2148 | ||
| Environmental Risk Factors | 2149 | ||
| Allergic Conditions and Associated Immunologic Factors | 2149 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation | 2149 | ||
| Cellular Telephone Use | 2150 | ||
| Reproductive and Hormonal Factors | 2150 | ||
| Environmental Factors for Which Evidence Is Inconclusive | 2150 | ||
| Conclusion | 2151 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2151 | ||
| References | 2152 | ||
| 119 Local Therapies for Gliomas | 2155 | ||
| Local Therapies for Gliomas | 2155 | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption | 2155 | ||
| General Features | 2155 | ||
| Technologic Application | 2155 | ||
| Advantages and Limitations | 2155 | ||
| Clinical Application | 2156 | ||
| Selective Intra-arterial Chemotherapeutic Delivery | 2156 | ||
| General Features | 2156 | ||
| Technologic Application | 2156 | ||
| Advantages and Limitations | 2156 | ||
| Clinical Application | 2157 | ||
| Intrathecal and Intraventricular Administration | 2157 | ||
| 9780323341509v3_WEB | 3834 | ||
| Front Cover | 3834 | ||
| Half title page | 3835 | ||
| AllVolumeEditors | 3836 | ||
| Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery, 4-Volume Set | 3837 | ||
| Copyright Page | 3838 | ||
| Dedication | 3839 | ||
| Editor-In-Chief | 3840 | ||
| Deputy Editors-In-Chief | 3840 | ||
| Section Editors | 3841 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 3846 | ||
| Video Contents | 3859 | ||
| Contributors | 3867 | ||
| Foreword | 3911 | ||
| Preface | 3912 | ||
| VIII Peripheral Nerve: Overview and Controversies | 3915 | ||
| Overview and Controversies | 3915 | ||
| Overview | 3915 | ||
| Controversies in Peripheral Nerve Surgery | 3915 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods | 3915 | ||
| Surgical Approaches | 3916 | ||
| Delay in Approach after Blunt Trauma | 3917 | ||
| Autograft versus Synthetics | 3918 | ||
| References | 3920 | ||
| 1 Functional Disorders in Children | 3921 | ||
| 244 Pathophysiology of Surgical Nerve Disorders | 3921 | ||
| Grading of Peripheral Nerve Injuries | 3921 | ||
| Mechanisms of Nerve Injuries | 3921 | ||
| Direct Nerve Injury (Trauma) | 3921 | ||
| Medium to High Energy | 3921 | ||
| Transection. | 3921 | ||
| Neuroma-in-Continuity (Stretch, Traction, and Contusion). | 3922 | ||
| Avulsion Injury. | 3924 | ||
| Low Energy | 3926 | ||
| Entrapment Neuropathies. | 3926 | ||
| Compartment Syndromes. | 3926 | ||
| Injection. | 3927 | ||
| Indirect Nerve Injury (Complex Nerve Injuries) | 3927 | ||
| Electrical | 3927 | ||
| Thermal | 3927 | ||
| Irradiation | 3928 | ||
| Neurobiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury | 3928 | ||
| Regenerative Response after Nerve Injury | 3928 | ||
| Initial Phase of Regeneration | 3928 | ||
| Role of Schwann Cells in Axonal Regeneration | 3928 | ||
| Experimental Paradigms and Assessment of Axonal Regeneration | 3928 | ||
| Neuronal Attrition and Misdirection after Nerve Injury | 3929 | ||
| Chronic Schwann Cell Denervation | 3929 | ||
| Chronic Neuronal Axotomy | 3930 | ||
| Misdirection of Regenerating Axons | 3930 | ||
| Pathophysiologic Basis of Surgical Management for Nerve Injuries | 3931 | ||
| Conclusion and Future Directions | 3931 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 3932 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 3932 | ||
| References | 3933 | ||
| 2 Approach to the Patient with Peripheral Nerve Disorders | 3936 | ||
| 245 Peripheral Nerve Examination, Evaluation, and Biopsy | 3936 | ||
| History | 3936 | ||
| Pain | 3936 | ||
| Sensory Loss | 3937 | ||
| Motor Deficit | 3937 | ||
| Risk Factors | 3937 | ||
| Physical Examination | 3937 | ||
| General | 3937 | ||
| Inspection | 3938 | ||
| Orthopedic Assessment | 3938 | ||
| Motor Examination | 3938 | ||
| Sensibility Testing | 3939 | ||
| Autonomic Testing | 3940 | ||
| Reflex Tests | 3941 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Examination | 3941 | ||
| Diagnostic Confirmation | 3941 | ||
| Biopsy | 3941 | ||
| Conclusion | 3942 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 3942 | ||
| References | 3943 | ||
| 246 Peripheral Neuropathies | 3944 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of Peripheral Nerves | 3944 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathy | 3944 | ||
| Electrodiagnostic Evaluation | 3945 | ||
| Laboratory, Radiologic, and Other Studies in Peripheral Neuropathy | 3945 | ||
| Common Neuropathies: Metabolic | 3948 | ||
| Diabetic and Metabolic Peripheral Neuropathy | 3948 | ||
| Chronic Renal Failure | 3949 | ||
| Common Neuropathies: Immune Mediated | 3949 | ||
| Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy | 3949 | ||
| Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy | 3949 | ||
| Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Variants | 3950 | ||
| Plasma Cell Dyscrasias and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Uncertain Significance | 3950 | ||
| Neuropathies of Vasculitis | 3950 | ||
| Common Neuropathies: Hereditary | 3951 | ||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy) | 3951 | ||
| Other Inherited Neuropathies | 3951 | ||
| Common Neuropathies: Infectious | 3951 | ||
| Common Neuropathies: Environmental and Toxic | 3952 | ||
| Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies | 3952 | ||
| Toxic Neuropathies | 3953 | ||
| Common Neuropathies: Critical Illness | 3953 | ||
| Skin and Peripheral Nerve Biopsy | 3954 | ||
| Conclusion | 3954 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 3954 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 3954 | ||
| References | 3955 | ||
| 247 Monitoring of Neural Function | 3958 | ||
| Electromyography | 3958 | ||
| Nerve Conduction Velocity | 3958 | ||
| Other Peripheral Neurodiagnostics | 3959 | ||
| Combined Central and Peripheral Tests | 3961 | ||
| Common Clinical Disorders | 3962 | ||
| Surgical Applications | 3962 | ||
| General Use of Intraoperative Neurodiagnostic Monitoring | 3965 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 3965 | ||
| References | 3966 | ||
| 248 Imaging for Peripheral Nerve Disorders | 3967 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Magnetic Resonance Neurography | 3967 | ||
| Diffusion-Based Tractographic Techniques | 3967 | ||
| T2-Based Neurography | 3968 | ||
| The Physiologic Foundation of T2-Based Neurography | 3968 | ||
| Optimizing Performance of the Main Magnet of Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 3968 | ||
| Spatial Resolution and Signal-to-Noise Performance | 3969 | ||
| Phased-Array Coils | 3969 | ||
| Intravenous Gadolinium Contrast Agent | 3969 | ||
| Image Plane Orientation | 3969 | ||
| Nerve Image Reconstruction, Three-Dimensional Reconstruction, and Partial Volume Averaging | 3969 | ||
| Conspicuity and Maximum Intensity Projection Images | 3969 | ||
| Dynamic Three-Dimensional Analysis | 3971 | ||
| Classes of Image Findings | 3971 | ||
| Imaging in the Setting of Nerve Entrapment and Pain | 3971 | ||
| Image Findings in Brachial Plexus Studies | 3971 | ||
| Thoracic Outlet Syndromes | 3971 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Neuritis | 3972 | ||
| Lumbar Foraminal Pathology | 3972 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Neurography in the Pelvis | 3972 | ||
| Distal Entrapments | 3973 | ||
| Nerve Adhesions | 3974 | ||
| Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy | 3975 | ||
| Nerve Trauma | 3975 | ||
| Obstetric Injury to the Brachial Plexus | 3976 | ||
| Follow-up of Nerve-Grafting Procedures | 3976 | ||
| Nerve Tumors | 3978 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Findings in Systemic Neuropathies | 3978 | ||
| Diagnosis of Diseases Affecting Muscle | 3979 | ||
| Imaging of Denervated Muscle | 3979 | ||
| Muscle Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Setting of Nerve Injury | 3980 | ||
| Myopathic and Neuropathic Effects on Muscle Image Patterns | 3980 | ||
| Conclusion | 3980 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 3980 | ||
| References | 3982 | ||
| 3 Management of Peripheral Nerve Entrapment | 3984 | ||
| 249 Distal Entrapment Syndromes | 3984 | ||
| Median Nerve | 3984 | ||
| Anatomy | 3984 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3985 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 3986 | ||
| Conservative Treatment | 3986 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 3986 | ||
| Open Technique | 3986 | ||
| Endoscopic Techniques | 3987 | ||
| Ulnar Nerve | 3988 | ||
| Anatomy | 3988 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3989 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 3990 | ||
| Conservative Treatment | 3990 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 3990 | ||
| Common Peroneal Nerve | 3992 | ||
| Anatomy | 3992 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3992 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 3992 | ||
| Conservative Treatment | 3993 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 3993 | ||
| Posterior Tibial Nerve | 3994 | ||
| Anatomy | 3994 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3994 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 3994 | ||
| Conservative Treatment | 3994 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 3994 | ||
| Double Crush Syndrome | 3995 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 3996 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 3996 | ||
| References | 3997 | ||
| 250 Brachial Plexus Nerve Entrapments and Thoracic Outlet Syndromes | 4001 | ||
| Subcategorization in the Definition of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 4001 | ||
| Neurogenic, Vascular, and Nonspecific Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 4001 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Nerve Entrapment Syndromes | 4002 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 4002 | ||
| Physical Examination Findings | 4002 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 4003 | ||
| Scalene Syndrome and Other Proximal Entrapments | 4003 | ||
| Entrapments in the Midplexus | 4005 | ||
| Involvement of the Axillary Nerve and Distal Plexus | 4006 | ||
| Imaging Diagnosis of Plexitis | 4006 | ||
| Summary of Diagnostic Imaging Approaches | 4006 | ||
| Image-Guided Injections of the Scalene Muscles and Distal Plexus | 4006 | ||
| Neuroplasty Surgery for Thoracic Outlet Syndromes | 4009 | ||
| Neuroplasty Approaches | 4009 | ||
| Procedure for Supraclavicular Approach | 4009 | ||
| Procedure for Transaxillary Approach for Neuroplasty of the Distal Plexus and Axillary Nerve | 4011 | ||
| First Rib Resection | 4012 | ||
| Image Diagnosis and Surgical Outcomes | 4013 | ||
| Outcome Studies Review | 4013 | ||
| Conclusion | 4008 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4008 | ||
| References | 4015 | ||
| 251 Piriformis Syndrome, Obturator Internus Syndrome, Pudendal Nerve Entrapment, and Other Pelvic Entrapments | 4017 | ||
| Diagnosis and Management of Pelvic Sciatic Syndromes | 4018 | ||
| Physical Examination Findings in Pelvic Sciatic Nerve Entrapment Syndromes | 4018 | ||
| Neurography Results for Sciatica of Non-Disk Origin | 4018 | ||
| Open Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Injections for Piriformis Syndrome | 4019 | ||
| Minimal Access Surgery for Pelvic Entrapment of the Sciatic Nerve | 4020 | ||
| Diagnosis and Management of Pudendal Syndromes | 4022 | ||
| Entrapments of the Pudendal Nerve and the Nerve to the Obturator Internus | 4022 | ||
| Presentation | 4024 | ||
| Physical Examination Findings | 4024 | ||
| Management with Open MRI–Guided Injections | 4024 | ||
| Surgical Management of Pudendal Nerve Entrapment | 4024 | ||
| The Anterior Pelvis: Ilioinguinal, Femoral, Obturator, and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerves | 4025 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4025 | ||
| References | 4027 | ||
| 4 Management and Repair of Peripheral Nerve Injuries | 4029 | ||
| 252 Techniques in Nerve Reconstruction and Repair | 4029 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 4029 | ||
| Pathologic Principles and Surgical Indications | 4030 | ||
| General Consideration for Surgery and Operative Principles | 4031 | ||
| Nerve Repair Technique | 4032 | ||
| Epineurial Repair | 4032 | ||
| Fascicular Repair | 4032 | ||
| Grouped Fascicular Repair | 4033 | ||
| End-to-Side Repair | 4033 | ||
| Nerve Autograft Repair | 4033 | ||
| Nerve Graft Harvesting Techniques | 4034 | ||
| Nerve Tube Repair | 4034 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 4034 | ||
| Envisioning of Prospects for How to Improve Results of Nerve Repair | 4035 | ||
| Conclusion | 4035 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4035 | ||
| References | 4037 | ||
| 253 Nerve Transfers | 4039 | ||
| Intercostal Transfer | 4039 | ||
| Spinal Accessory Transfer | 4039 | ||
| Contralateral C7 Transfer | 4041 | ||
| Other Commonly Used Transfers | 4041 | ||
| Conclusion | 4042 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4042 | ||
| References | 4044 | ||
| 254 Management of Acute Peripheral Nerve Injuries | 4046 | ||
| Classification of Acute Nerve Injuries | 4046 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Nerve Injuries | 4046 | ||
| Management of Acute Nerve Injuries According to the Biomechanical Classification | 4046 | ||
| Overall Approach to Management of Acute Nerve Injuries | 4046 | ||
| Management of Type A Injuries | 4046 | ||
| Transection | 4046 | ||
| Stretch, Traction, and Contusion with or without Lesion-in-Continuity | 4047 | ||
| Avulsion | 4048 | ||
| Compartment Syndromes | 4051 | ||
| Management of Type C Acute Nerve Injuries | 4051 | ||
| Electrical Nerve Injuries | 4051 | ||
| Thermal Injuries | 4051 | ||
| Irradiation Injuries | 4051 | ||
| Injection Injuries | 4051 | ||
| Approach to Intraoperative Management of Acute Nerve Injuries: Microsurgery | 4052 | ||
| Intraoperative Nerve Action Potential | 4053 | ||
| Conclusion | 4053 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4053 | ||
| References | 4054 | ||
| 255 Early Management of Brachial Plexus Injuries | 4055 | ||
| Anatomy | 4055 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Classification | 4055 | ||
| Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries | 4056 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 4056 | ||
| Associated Injuries | 4057 | ||
| Preoperative Ancillary Investigations | 4057 | ||
| Therapy/Management | 4058 | ||
| Surgical Exposures | 4059 | ||
| Supraclavicular Exposure. | 4059 | ||
| Infraclavicular Exposure. | 4059 | ||
| Posterior Exposure. | 4060 | ||
| Surgery in Brachial Plexus Repair | 4060 | ||
| Nerve Grafting. | 4060 | ||
| Nerve Transfer. | 4060 | ||
| Shoulder Function | 4060 | ||
| Spinal Accessory Nerve. | 4060 | ||
| Triceps Nerve Branch. | 4060 | ||
| Elbow Flexion | 4060 | ||
| Intercostal Nerve. | 4060 | ||
| Fascicles of the Ulnar and Median Nerve. | 4060 | ||
| Contralateral C7. | 4060 | ||
| Novel Nerve Transfer Techniques | 4060 | ||
| Clinical Outcome of Brachial Plexus Surgery in Adults | 4061 | ||
| Birth-Related Injuries of the Brachial Plexus | 4061 | ||
| Timing of and Selection for Surgery | 4061 | ||
| Clinical Outcome after Nerve Surgical Treatment of Birth-Related Brachial Plexus Injury | 4061 | ||
| Shoulder Function | 4062 | ||
| Elbow Flexion | 4063 | ||
| Hand Function | 4063 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4063 | ||
| References | 4064 | ||
| 256 Secondary Procedures for Brachial Plexus Injuries | 4066 | ||
| Tendon Transfer | 4066 | ||
| General Principles | 4066 | ||
| Tissue Equilibrium | 4066 | ||
| Pain Control | 4066 | ||
| Availability | 4066 | ||
| Muscle Strength | 4066 | ||
| Excursion | 4066 | ||
| Direction | 4066 | ||
| Synergy | 4066 | ||
| Tension | 4066 | ||
| Tendon Transfer for Shoulder Function | 4067 | ||
| Transfer of the Trapezius | 4067 | ||
| Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major Transfer | 4068 | ||
| Tendon Transfer for Elbow Flexion | 4068 | ||
| Steindler Procedure | 4068 | ||
| Pectoralis Major Transfer | 4068 | ||
| Latissimus Dorsi Transfer | 4069 | ||
| Tendon Transfer for Elbow Extension | 4069 | ||
| Tendon Transfer for Wrist Stabilization | 4069 | ||
| Tendon Transfer for the Hand | 4069 | ||
| Functioning Free Muscle Transfer | 4070 | ||
| Functioning Free Muscle Transfer for Elbow Function | 4070 | ||
| Functioning Free Muscle Transfer for Prehensile Function | 4070 | ||
| Double Functioning Free Muscle Transfer | 4070 | ||
| Arthrodesis | 4071 | ||
| Tenodesis | 4071 | ||
| Corrective Osteotomy | 4071 | ||
| Amputation/Prostheses | 4072 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 4072 | ||
| Cortical Reorganization and Training | 4072 | ||
| Muscle Stimulation | 4072 | ||
| Splinting | 4073 | ||
| Pain Management | 4073 | ||
| Conclusion | 4073 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4073 | ||
| References | 4074 | ||
| 257 Nerve Injuries of the Lower Extremity | 4076 | ||
| Epidemiology | 4076 | ||
| Lumbosacral Plexus Injuries | 4076 | ||
| Obturator Nerve | 4076 | ||
| Femoral Nerve | 4076 | ||
| Surgery | 4076 | ||
| Results | 4076 | ||
| Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve | 4079 | ||
| Sciatic Nerve and Other Nerves of the Posterior Pelvis | 4080 | ||
| Surgery | 4081 | ||
| Results | 4081 | ||
| Peroneal Nerve | 4081 | ||
| Surgery | 4083 | ||
| Results | 4085 | ||
| Posterior Tibial Nerve | 4085 | ||
| Surgery | 4086 | ||
| Results | 4087 | ||
| Conclusion | 4089 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 4089 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4089 | ||
| References | 4090 | ||
| 5 Management of Peripheral Nerve Tumors | 4092 | ||
| 258 Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Peripheral Nerve | 4092 | ||
| Benign Tumors of Neural Sheath Origin | 4092 | ||
| Schwannoma | 4092 | ||
| Surgical Approach | 4092 | ||
| Neurofibroma | 4093 | ||
| Surgical Approach | 4097 | ||
| Surgical Outcome | 4097 | ||
| Benign Tumors of Non–Neural Sheath Origin | 4097 | ||
| Desmoid Tumors | 4098 | ||
| Ganglion Cysts | 4098 | ||
| Myoblastoma or Granular Cell Tumor | 4099 | ||
| Lymphangiomas | 4099 | ||
| Lipomas | 4099 | ||
| Meningiomas | 4100 | ||
| Localized Hypertrophic Neuropathy (Onion Whorl Disease) | 4100 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Brachial Plexus Lesions (Actinic Plexitis) | 4101 | ||
| Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors | 4102 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 4102 | ||
| Diagnosis | 4102 | ||
| Imaging | 4103 | ||
| Treatment | 4103 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 4104 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 4104 | ||
| Pathology | 4104 | ||
| Prognosis | 4105 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4105 | ||
| References | 4106 | ||
| 6 Management of Pain and Complications in Peripheral Nerve Surgery | 4109 | ||
| 259 Pain, Complications, and Iatrogenic Injury in Nerve Surgery | 4109 | ||
| Pain and Peripheral Nerve Injury | 4109 | ||
| Complications and Their Avoidance in Peripheral Nerve Surgery | 4111 | ||
| Iatrogenic Peripheral Nerve Injuries | 4112 | ||
| Iatrogenic Injury Secondary to Patient Positioning and Preparation | 4112 | ||
| Iatrogenic Injury during Procedures or Surgery on Nonneural Tissues | 4113 | ||
| Iatrogenic Injury of Peripheral Nerves during Spine Surgery | 4114 | ||
| Iatrogenic Injury during Peripheral Nerve Surgery | 4114 | ||
| Conclusion | 4115 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4115 | ||
| References | 4116 | ||
| 260 Neuroelectronic Systems | 4117 | ||
| Patient Population | 4117 | ||
| Targeted Muscle Reinnervation | 4117 | ||
| Surgery | 4117 | ||
| Bionic Reconstruction | 4118 | ||
| Surgery | 4118 | ||
| Intermediate Rehabilitation | 4118 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 4119 | ||
| Alternative Neuroelectronic Techniques | 4119 | ||
| Conclusion | 4119 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4121 | ||
| References | 4122 | ||
| IX Radiation: Overview and Controversies | 4123 | ||
| Overview and Controversies | 4123 | ||
| Controversies in Radiation Therapy | 4123 | ||
| Appropriate Number of Tumors for Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis | 4123 | ||
| 9780323341509v4_WEB | 5041 | ||
| Front Cover | 5041 | ||
| Half title page | 5042 | ||
| AllVolumeEditors | 5043 | ||
| Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery, 4-Volume Set | 5044 | ||
| Copyright Page | 5045 | ||
| Dedication | 5046 | ||
| Editor-In-Chief | 5047 | ||
| Deputy Editors-In-Chief | 5047 | ||
| Section Editors | 5048 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 5053 | ||
| Video Contents | 5066 | ||
| Contributors | 5074 | ||
| Foreword | 5118 | ||
| Preface | 5119 | ||
| XI Trauma: Overview and Controversies | 5122 | ||
| Overview and Controversies | 5122 | ||
| Overview | 5122 | ||
| Controversies and Unresolved Questions Related to Traumatic Brain Injury | 5122 | ||
| Decompressive Craniectomy | 5122 | ||
| Definitions | 5122 | ||
| Clinical Trials of Secondary Decompressive Craniectomy | 5123 | ||
| RESCUE-ASDH: Clinical Trial of Primary Decompressive Craniectomy | 5123 | ||
| Decompressive Craniotomy: Conclusion | 5123 | ||
| Monitoring the Brain after Traumatic Brain Injury | 5123 | ||
| Management of Traumatic Brain Injury in Elderly Patients | 5124 | ||
| Concussion and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | 5124 | ||
| Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brian Injury | 5124 | ||
| Reasons for Failure of Past Clinical Trials | 5124 | ||
| Clinical Perspective. | 5124 | ||
| Translational Perspective. | 5125 | ||
| Methodologic Perspective. | 5125 | ||
| Generalizability | 5125 | ||
| Translating Experimental Efficacy into Clinical Benefit | 5126 | ||
| Influence of Sponsor | 5126 | ||
| New International Efforts to Improve Clinical Research | 5126 | ||
| Future Directions | 5126 | ||
| References | 5127 | ||
| 1 Basic and Clinical Science | 5129 | ||
| 336 Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury | 5129 | ||
| Definitions | 5129 | ||
| Epidemiology | 5129 | ||
| Incidence | 5129 | ||
| Prevalence | 5129 | ||
| Mortality Rate | 5129 | ||
| Limitations and Gaps in Knowledge of Epidemiology in Traumatic Brain Injury | 5130 | ||
| Classification of Traumatic Brain Injury | 5130 | ||
| The Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury From A Global Perspective | 5131 | ||
| Incidence | 5131 | ||
| Regional Variations | 5132 | ||
| Populations at Risk | 5132 | ||
| Mortality Rates | 5133 | ||
| Cause of Injury | 5133 | ||
| Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury Are Aging | 5134 | ||
| The Long and Winding Road of the Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury | 5135 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 5135 | ||
| References | 5136 | ||
| 337 Biomechanical Basis of Traumatic Brain Injury | 5139 | ||
| Overview | 5139 | ||
| Clinical Classification of Brain Injuries | 5139 | ||
| Biomechanical Mechanisms of Injury | 5139 | ||
| Types of Biomechanical Loading | 5139 | ||
| Tissue Properties and Responses to Loading | 5140 | ||
| Mechanistic Causes of Head Injuries | 5141 | ||
| Contact Injuries | 5141 | ||
| Local Contact Effects | 5141 | ||
| Remote Contact Effects | 5142 | ||
| Head Motion (Inertial) Injuries | 5142 | ||
| Types of Head Acceleration | 5143 | ||
| Determinants of Acceleration Injury | 5143 | ||
| Blast-Induced Brain Injuries | 5144 | ||
| Predominant Clinical Consequences of Injury Mechanisms | 5145 | ||
| Skull Fracture | 5145 | ||
| Linear Fracture | 5145 | ||
| Depressed Fracture | 5145 | ||
| Basilar Fracture | 5145 | ||
| Focal Brain Injury | 5145 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 5145 | ||
| Coup Contusions | 5146 | ||
| Contrecoup Contusions | 5146 | ||
| Intermediate Coup Contusions | 5146 | ||
| Intracerebral Hematoma | 5146 | ||
| Tissue Tear Hemorrhages | 5146 | ||
| Subdural Hematoma | 5147 | ||
| Diffuse Brain Injury | 5147 | ||
| Cerebral Concussion | 5147 | ||
| Diffuse Axonal Injury | 5147 | ||
| Conclusion | 5147 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 5148 | ||
| References | 5149 | ||
| 338 Neuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury | 5150 | ||
| Increased Intracranial Pressure and Herniation | 5150 | ||
| Brain Herniation Syndromes | 5150 | ||
| Cingulate Herniation | 5150 | ||
| Uncal Herniation | 5150 | ||
| Central Herniation | 5151 | ||
| Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation | 5151 | ||
| Fungus Cerebri | 5152 | ||
| Cerebral Edema | 5152 | ||
| Anatomic Structures Involved in Traumatic Brain Injury | 5152 | ||
| Scalp | 5152 | ||
| Skull | 5152 | ||
| Dura | 5153 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 5153 | ||
| Subdural Hematoma | 5153 | ||
| Acute Subdural Hematoma | 5153 | ||
| Chronic Subdural Hematoma | 5154 | ||
| Brain Parenchymal Injury | 5154 | ||
| Concussion | 5154 | ||
| Contusion | 5154 | ||
| Penetrating Brain Injury | 5156 | ||
| Traumatic Axonal Injury | 5157 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Damage | 5159 | ||
| Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 5159 | ||
| Traumatic Intraventricular Hemorrhage | 5160 | ||
| Long-Term Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury | 5160 | ||
| Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy | 5160 | ||
| Catastrophic Injuries | 5161 | ||
| Conclusion | 5162 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 5162 | ||
| References | 5163 | ||
| 339 Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury | 5165 | ||
| Outcome Measures | 5165 | ||
| Conclusion | 5165 | ||
| 339 Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury | 5166 | ||
| Outcome Measures | 5166 | ||
| Caveats and Conclusion | 5169 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 5169 | ||
| References | 5169 | ||
| 340 Genetics of Traumatic Brain Injury | 5171 | ||
| Abstract | 5172 | ||
| Key Words | 5172 | ||
| Neurodegeneration Pathways | 5171 | ||
| Apolipoprotein E | 5171 | ||
| Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor | 5173 | ||
| Inflammatory Pathways | 5174 | ||
| Interleukin-1 | 5174 | ||
| Interleukin-6 | 5174 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-α | 5176 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme | 5176 | ||
| Oncogene Pathways | 5176 | ||
| B-Cell Lymphoma 2 | 5176 | ||
| Tumor Protein 53 | 5176 | ||
| Poly(Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose) Polymerase 1 | 5176 | ||
| Neuroprotective Pathways | 5177 | ||
| Neprilysin | 5177 | ||
| Neuroglobin | 5177 | ||
| Neurotransmitter Pathways | 5177 | ||
| Dopamine D2 Receptor | 5177 | ||
| Catechol-O-Methyltransferase | 5177 | ||
| Solute Carrier Family 6, Member 4 | 5178 | ||
| Additional Neurotransmission Pathways | 5178 | ||
| Conclusion | 5178 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 5178 | ||
| References | 5179 | ||
| 341 Neurochemical Pathomechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury | 5182 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Brain Injury | 5182 | ||
| Relationship Between Mechanical Forces and Brain Injury | 5182 | ||
| Primary Injury: Molecular and Microscopic Aspects | 5182 | ||
| Focal versus Diffuse Primary Brain Injury | 5182 | ||
| Diffuse Primary Brain Injury | 5182 | ||
| Focal Primary Brain Injury | 5183 | ||
| Damage to Cells/Tissue | 5183 | ||
| Neurons | 5183 | ||
| Axons | 5183 | ||
| Clinical Implications. | 5183 | ||
| Astrocytes | 5184 | ||
| Shear Effect on the Microvasculature | 5184 | ||
| Ion Channels | 5184 | ||
| Synapses | 5186 | ||
| Secondary Injury Processes | 5187 | ||
| Hypoxia-Ischemia | 5187 | ||
| Genesis of Ischemic Brain Damage After Severe Human Traumatic Brain Injury | 5187 | ||
| Infarction versus Selective Neuronal Loss | 5187 |