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Near-infrared Nanomaterials

BOOK

Near-infrared Nanomaterials

Fan Zhang

(2016)

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Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN
978-1-78262-393-9
Edition
1
Language
English
Pages
409
Subjects
Medical imaging
Nanosciences
Chemistry
Medicinal chemistry
Nanotechnology
Materials science

Abstract

In the last decade, bioimaging and therapy based on near-infrared (NIR) nanomaterials have played an important role in biotechnology due to their intrinsic advantages when compared with the traditional imaging probe and medicine. NIR nanomaterials allow deeper penetration depth, low detection threshold concentration and better targeted performance.

This book systematically summarises the recent progress in the fabrication and application of NIR nanomaterials for biomedical imaging and therapy, and discusses the advantages, challenges and opportunities available. Near-infrared Nanomaterials contains achapter highlighting the outlook of these materials, detailing novel ideas for the further application of NIR nanomaterials in bioimaging and medicine.

Written by leading experts working in the field, this title will have broad appeal to those working in chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology, biology, bioengineering, biomedical science and biophysics.


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Near-infrared Nanomaterials Preparation, Bioimaging and Therapy Applications i
Foreword vii
Contents xi
Chapter 1 - Lanthanide-Based Near Infrared Nanomaterials for Bioimaging 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Upconversion Nanoparticles (UCNPs) 2
1.2.1 UCNPs Excited at 980 nm 4
1.2.2 Single-Band UCNPs 8
1.2.3 UCNPs Excited at Another Wavelength Range 9
1.2.4 Nd3+ Sensitized UCNPs 12
1.3 Lanthanide Downconversion Nanoparticles (DCNPs) 17
1.3.1 An Explanation: Absorption–Scattering Theory 26
1.3.2 NIR-IIa Window 27
1.4 Upconversion and Downconversion Dual-Mode Luminescence in One Nanoparticle 30
1.5 Conclusion 33
Acknowledgements 34
References 34
Chapter 2 - Near Infrared Quantum Dots for Bioimaging 40
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 NIR QDs 41
2.2.1 Structures and Properties 41
2.2.2 Classification and Preparation 41
2.2.2.1 Group II–VI NIR QDs 45
2.2.2.2 Group IV–VI NIR QDs 46
2.2.2.3 Group III–V NIR QDs 47
2.2.2.4 Group I–VI NIR QDs 47
2.2.2.5 Group I–III–VI NIR QDs 48
2.2.2.6 Group IV NIR QDs 49
2.3 NIR QDs for Bioimaging 50
2.3.1 Surface Chemistry 50
2.3.2 Bioconjugation 52
2.3.3 Bioimaging Based on NIR QDs 55
2.3.3.1 Multicolor Bioimaging 55
2.3.3.2 Multimodality Bioimaging 55
2.3.3.3 Bioimaging Based on Resonance Energy Transfer 55
2.3.3.4 Imaging of Tumors 57
2.3.3.5 Imaging of Lymph Nodes 58
2.3.3.6 Imaging of Blood Vessels 58
2.3.3.7 In vivo Cell Imaging 59
2.3.3.8 Deep Tissue Imaging 60
2.4 Conclusions 60
Acknowledgements 61
References 61
Chapter 3 - Bioimaging Nanomaterials Based on Carbon Dots 70
3.1 Synthesis Methods 70
3.1.1 Synthesis of CDs 70
3.1.2 Synthesis of NDs 71
3.2 Structures and Properties 72
3.2.1 Components and Structure 72
3.2.1.1 Components and Structure of CDs 72
3.2.1.2 Components and Structure of NDs 73
3.2.2 Properties 74
3.2.2.1 Properties of CDs 74
3.2.2.1.1 Absorption. 74
3.2.2.1.2 Photoluminescence. 74
3.2.2.1.3 Photoinduced Electron Transfer Property. 75
3.2.2.1.4 Proton Adsorption. 75
3.2.2.1.5 Toxicity. 76
3.2.2.2 Properties of NDs 76
3.2.2.2.1 Fluorescence. 76
3.2.2.2.2 Cytotoxicity. 77
3.2.2.2.3 Biocompatibility and Fate in the Body. 78
3.2.2.2.4 Internalization. 79
3.3 Bioimaging Based on CDs 80
3.3.1 Cellular Uptake and Fluorescence Imaging (Ref. 79) 80
3.3.2 Specific Targeting 81
3.3.3 Fluorescence Imaging In vivo 82
3.4 Bioimaging Based on NDs (Ref. 1) 85
3.4.1 NDs for In vitro Bioimaging 86
3.4.1.1 NDs for Non-Targeted In vitro Bioimaging 86
3.4.1.2 NDs for Targeted In vitro Bioimaging 87
3.4.2 NDs for Long-Term In vivo Imaging 88
3.4.2.1 Long-Term In vivo Imaging in C. elegans 88
3.4.2.2 Long-Term In vivo Imaging in Mice and Rats 91
3.4.3 Background-Free In vivo Imaging by ND Fluorescence Modulation 92
3.5 Challenge and Perspectives 93
References 95
Chapter 4 - Near Infrared-Emitting Gold Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging 101
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Synthesis Strategies 103
4.2.1 Surface Ligand Effect 103
4.2.2 Valence State Effect 107
4.3 Renal Clearance and Pharmacokinetics 108
4.3.1 Renal Clearance 109
4.3.2 Pharmacokinetics 114
4.4 In vivo Tumor Imaging 115
4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 119
Acknowledgement 120
References 120
Chapter 5 - Bioimaging Nanomaterials Based on Near Infrared Organic Dyes 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Major NIR Organic Fluorescent Chromophores 126
5.2.1 Bay-Substituted Perylene or Naphthalene Bisimides 126
5.2.2 Cyanine Dyes 128
5.2.3 BODIPY 130
5.2.4 DPP 132
5.2.5 Porphyrin and Porphyrin Analogs 133
5.3 NIR Dye-Based Nanoparticles: Improvement of Stability and Performance 136
5.3.1 NIR Dye-Encapsulated Nanoparticles 136
5.3.2 NIR Dye-Doped Nanoparticles 142
5.4 NIR AIE Nanomaterials for Bioimaging 144
5.4.1 Main Luminescent Principles of AIE Luminogens 145
5.4.2 NIR Organic AIE Nanomaterials for Bioimaging 146
5.4.2.1 Encapsulating an AIE Unit to Develop NIR Organic Nanomaterials 146
5.4.2.2 AIE Morphology Control and Tumor-Targeting Bioimaging 152
5.5 Conclusion 153
References 154
Chapter 6 - Quantum Dots for Bioimaging-Related Bioanalysis 158
6.1 Introduction 158
6.2 QD probe Chemistry and Synthetic Routes 159
6.2.1 Conventional Synthetic Routes 159
6.2.2 Biomolecule-Templated Synthesis 161
6.2.3 Other Methods 161
6.3 New Types of QDs for Bioimaging and Bioanalysis 162
6.3.1 NIR QDs 162
6.3.2 Non-Traditional “QDs” 164
6.3.2.1 Metal Nanoclusters 164
6.3.2.2 Carbon Dots (CDs) 165
6.3.2.3 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) 165
6.3.2.4 Silicon QDs 165
6.3.3 Self-Illuminating QDs 166
6.4 QDs for Bioimaging and Bioanalysis 167
6.4.1 Biolabeling and Bioimaging 167
6.4.1.1 Biofunctionalization 167
6.4.1.2 Cell Imaging 167
6.4.1.3 Animal Imaging 170
6.4.2 QDs for Biosensing 173
6.4.2.1 Protein Detection 173
6.4.2.2 Protease Detection 173
6.4.2.3 DNA and RNA Detection 174
6.4.2.4 Small Molecule Detection 176
6.4.3 Temperature/pH/Oxygen Sensing 176
6.4.4 QDs for Therapy 176
6.4.4.1 Photodynamic Therapy 176
6.4.4.2 Photothermal Therapy 178
6.4.4.3 Drug Delivery 178
6.5 Outlook 178
References 179
Chapter 7 - Upconversion Nanomaterials for Photodynamic Therapy 192
7.1 Introduction 192
7.2 Proof of Concept 193
7.3 In vitro Applications of Upconversion Nanomaterials for PDT 198
7.3.1 Stability of UCNPs in Biological Media Achieved Using Polyethyleneimide 198
7.3.2 Stability of UCNPs in Biological Media Achieved Using Polyethylene Glycol Derivatives 199
7.3.3 Stability of UCNPs in Biological Media Achieved Using a Silica Layer 203
7.3.4 Other Methods of Achieving UCNP Stability in Biological Media 205
7.3.5 Upconversion Nanoparticles Containing Inorganic Photosensitisers 207
7.3.6 Upconversion Nanomaterials Excited with ∼808 nm Irradiation 208
7.4 In vivo Applications of Upconversion Nanomaterials for PDT 212
7.4.1 Stability of UCNPs in Biological Media Achieved Using Polyethylene Glycol Derivatives 212
7.4.2 Stability of UCNPs in Biological Media Achieved Using Polyethyleneimide 215
7.4.3 Stability of UCNPs in Biological Media Achieved Using a Silica Layer 215
7.4.4 Other Methods of Achieving UCNP Stability in Biological Media 219
7.4.5 Upconversion Nanoparticles Containing Prodrugs 221
7.4.6 UCNPs Containing Inorganic Photosensitisers 222
7.5 Conclusions 225
Acknowledgement 228
References 228
Chapter 8 - Near Infrared Nanomaterials for Triggered Drug and Gene Delivery 232
8.1 General Introduction 232
8.2 Nanocarriers for NIR-Triggered Drug or Gene Release 233
8.2.1 Introduction 233
8.2.2 Organic Nanomaterials 234
8.2.3 Inorganic Nanomaterials 235
8.2.4 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Composites 237
8.3 Photoresponsive Nanocarriers 237
8.3.1 Introduction 237
8.3.2 NIR-Responsive Micelle Materials 238
8.3.3 NIR-Responsive Liposomes 241
8.3.4 NIR-Responsive Hydrogels 242
8.3.5 NIR-Responsive Biodegradable Polypeptide Materials 243
8.4 Photocaging of Bioactive Cargos 245
8.4.1 Introduction 245
8.4.2 Direct Blocking of Bioactive Cargos with a Photolabile Caging Moiety 246
8.4.3 Polymer Molecular Nanostructures As Light-Triggered Gatekeepers 249
8.4.4 Nucleic Acids As Light-Triggered Gatekeepers 251
8.5 Photothermal Transduction for NIR-Triggered Nanocarriers 252
8.5.1 Introduction 252
8.5.2 NIR-Triggered Photothermal Therapy 253
8.5.3 NIR-Controllable Drug Release Through Increasing the Diffusion Speed 255
8.5.4 NIR-Controllable Drug Release Based on Thermosensitive Polymers 258
8.5.5 NIR-Triggered Release Through Destroying the Binding Affinity 260
8.6 Current Challenges and Potential Solutions 261
8.6.1 Introduction 261
8.6.2 Multichannel Controlled Drug or Gene Delivery Systems 261
8.6.3 NIR Nanocarriers Based on 808 nm Excited UCNPs 263
8.6.4 Multimodality Imaging-Assisted NIR Nanocarriers 264
8.6.5 NIR-Triggered Combined Therapy 265
8.7 Summary 269
References 269
Chapter 9 - Near Infrared Nanomaterials for Photothermal Therapy 277
9.1 Introduction 277
9.2 Measurement Method for Photothermal Conversion Efficiency 278
9.3 Organic Photothermal Agents 282
9.3.1 Organic Dyes 282
9.3.2 Polymer Nanoparticles 285
9.3.3 Natural Organic Photothermal Agents 288
9.4 Metal-Based Photothermal Agents 290
9.4.1 Au Nanomaterials 291
9.4.1.1 AuNPs 291
9.4.1.2 AuNRs 294
9.4.1.3 AuNSs 296
9.4.1.4 AuNCs 298
9.4.2 Pd Nanosheets 299
9.5 Carbon-Based Photothermal Agents 301
9.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes 302
9.5.2 Graphene 304
9.6 Semiconductor Photothermal Agents 307
9.6.1 Cu-Based Photothermal Agents 307
9.6.2 W-Based Photothermal Agents 310
9.6.3 Other Semiconductors 312
9.7 Multifunctional Photothermal Agents 313
9.7.1 Synergetic Therapy 313
9.7.2 Imaging-Guided PAT 314
9.8 Conclusions and Outlook 315
References 316
Chapter 10 - Near Infrared-Triggered Synergetic Cancer Therapy Using Multifunctional Nanotheranostics 322
10.1 Introduction 322
10.2 NIR-Triggered Drug Delivery 324
10.3 Combined Chemotherapy with PTT 326
10.3.1 Plasmonic Nanoparticles 327
10.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 329
10.3.3 Other Inorganic Nanomaterials 330
10.3.3.1 Single-Layer MoS2 330
10.3.3.2 Hollow Mesoporous Prussian Blue Nanoparticles 332
10.3.4 Organic Nanomaterials 332
10.4 Combined Chemotherapy with PDT 333
10.5 Combined Chemotherapy with Radiotherapy 334
10.6 Combined PDT with PTT 337
10.6.1 Use of Two Different Light Sources 337
10.6.1.1 Combination of Two Functional Agents into One System 337
10.6.1.2 Single Nanoparticles Excited by Two Light Sources 338
10.6.2 Nanomaterials Using a Single-Wavelength Light Source 339
10.7 Combined PDT with Radiotherapy 343
10.8 Combined PTT with Radiotherapy 346
10.9 Multimodal Synergetic Therapy 348
10.10 Summary and Outlook 348
Acknowledgements 350
References 351
Chapter 11 - Nanotoxicity of Near Infrared Nanomaterials 355
11.1 Introduction 355
11.2 Properties and Applications of Near Infrared Nanomaterials 357
11.2.1 Physical Properties of Near Infrared Nanomaterials 357
11.2.1.1 Fluorescent Properties 357
11.2.1.2 Photothermal Properties 359
11.2.2 Applications of Near Infrared Nanomaterials 359
11.3 Analysis of Toxicity of Near Infrared Nanomaterials 360
11.3.1 Nanotoxicity Mechanisms of Near Infrared Nanomaterials 360
11.3.2 In vitro vs. In vivo Assays 362
11.3.3 Effects of Physicochemical Properties on Nanotoxicity 363
11.3.3.1 Effect of Size and Surface Area 363
11.3.3.2 Effect of Composition 364
11.3.3.3 Effect of Degradability 365
11.4 In vitro and In vivo Nanotoxicity of Near Infrared Nanomaterials 365
11.4.1 Nanotoxicity of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 365
11.4.1.1 Nanotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 365
11.4.1.1.1 In vitro Studies. 365
11.4.1.1.2 In vivo Studies. 368
11.4.1.2 Nanotoxicity of Graphene, Graphene Oxide, and Their Derivatives 372
11.4.1.2.1 In vitro Studies. 372
11.4.1.2.2 In vivo Studies. 375
11.4.2 Nanotoxicity of Quantum Dots 377
11.4.2.1 In vitro Studies 379
11.4.2.2 In vivo Toxicity 380
11.4.3 Nanotoxicity of Noble Metal-Based Nanoparticles 381
11.4.3.1 In vitro Studies 382
11.4.3.2 In vivo Studies 383
11.4.4 Nanotoxicity of Upconversion Nanoparticles 385
11.4.4.1 In vitro Studies 386
11.4.4.2 In vivo Studies 387
11.4.5 Nanotoxicity of Narrow-Bandgap Semiconductors 388
11.4.5.1 In vitro Studies 388
11.4.5.2 In vivo Studies 389
11.5 Conclusions, Remarks, and Perspectives 389
11.5.1 Challenge 1: The toxicity Mechanisms of NIR NMs 390
11.5.2 Challenge 2: Standardized NIR NMs for Toxicity Tests 390
11.5.3 Challenge 3: Theoretical Modelling for Cellular and Molecular Interactions of Nanoparticles 390
11.5.4 Challenge 4: Systematic Knowledge Frameworks for Nanotoxicology 390
Acknowledgements 391
References 391
Subject Index 403

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