BOOK
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, Global Edition
David M. Levine | David F. Stephan | Kathryn A. Szabat
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For undergraduate business statistics courses.
Analyzing the Data Applicable to Business
This text is the gold standard for learning how to use Microsoft Excel® in business statistics, helping students gain the understanding they need to be successful in their careers. The authors present statistics in the context of specific business fields; full chapters on business analytics further prepare students for success in their professions. Current data throughout the text lets students practice analyzing the types of data they will see in their professions. The friendly writing style include tips throughout to encourage learning.
The book also integrates PHStat, an add-in that bolsters the statistical functions of Excel.
MyStatLab™ not included. Students, if MyStatLab is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MyStatLab should only be purchased when required by an instructor.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| A Roadmap for Selectinga Statistical Method | 1 | ||
| Title Page | 3 | ||
| Copyright Page | 4 | ||
| About the Authors | 6 | ||
| Brief Contents | 7 | ||
| Contents | 8 | ||
| Preface | 17 | ||
| Resources for Success | 23 | ||
| First Things First | 25 | ||
| Using Statistics: “The Price of Admission” | 25 | ||
| Now Appearing on Broadway . . . and Everywhere Else | 26 | ||
| FTF.1 Think Differently About Statistics | 26 | ||
| Statistics: A Way of Thinking | 26 | ||
| Analytical Skills More Important than Arithmetic Skills | 27 | ||
| Statistics: An Important Part of Your Business Education | 27 | ||
| FTF.2 Business Analytics: The Changing Face of Statistics | 28 | ||
| “Big Data” | 28 | ||
| Structured Versus Unstructured Data | 28 | ||
| FTF.3 Getting Started Learning Statistics | 29 | ||
| Statistic | 29 | ||
| Can Statistics (pl., Statistic) Lie? | 30 | ||
| FTF.4 Preparing to Use Microsoft Excel for Statistics | 30 | ||
| Reusability Through Recalculation | 31 | ||
| Practical Matters: Skills You Need | 31 | ||
| Ways of Working with Excel | 31 | ||
| Excel Guides | 32 | ||
| Which Excel Version to Use? | 32 | ||
| Conventions Used | 32 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| Key Terms | 33 | ||
| Excel Guide | 34 | ||
| EG.1 Entering Data | 34 | ||
| EG.2 Reviewing Worksheets | 34 | ||
| EG.3 If You Plan to Use the Workbook Instructions | 35 | ||
| 1 Defining and Collecting Data | 36 | ||
| Using Statistics: Defining Moments | 36 | ||
| 1.1 Defining Variables | 37 | ||
| Classifying Variables by Type | 38 | ||
| Measurement Scales | 38 | ||
| 1.2 Collecting Data | 39 | ||
| Populations and Samples | 40 | ||
| Data Sources | 40 | ||
| 1.3 Types of Sampling Methods | 41 | ||
| Simple Random Sample | 42 | ||
| Systematic Sample | 42 | ||
| Stratified Sample | 43 | ||
| Cluster Sample | 43 | ||
| 1.4 Data Preparation | 44 | ||
| Data Cleaning | 44 | ||
| Data Formatting | 45 | ||
| Stacked and Unstacked Variables | 45 | ||
| Recoding Variables | 46 | ||
| 1.5 Types of Survey Errors | 47 | ||
| Coverage Error | 47 | ||
| Nonresponse Error | 47 | ||
| Sampling Error | 47 | ||
| Measurement Error | 48 | ||
| Ethical Issues About Surveys | 48 | ||
| Consider This: New Media Surveys/Old Survey Errors | 48 | ||
| Using Statistics: Defining Moments, Revisited | 50 | ||
| Summary | 50 | ||
| References | 50 | ||
| Key Terms | 50 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 51 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 51 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 1 | 52 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 52 | ||
| CardioGood Fitness | 52 | ||
| Clear Mountain State Student Survey | 53 | ||
| Learning with the Digital Cases | 53 | ||
| Chapter 1 Excel Guide | 54 | ||
| EG1.1 Defining Variables | 54 | ||
| EG1.2 Collecting Data | 54 | ||
| EG1.3 Types of Sampling Methods | 54 | ||
| EG1.4 Data Preparation | 55 | ||
| 2 Organizing and Visualizing Variables | 56 | ||
| Using Statistics: “The Choice Is Yours” | 56 | ||
| 2.1 Organizing Categorical Variables | 57 | ||
| The Summary Table | 57 | ||
| The Contingency Table | 58 | ||
| 2.2 Organizing Numerical Variables | 61 | ||
| The Frequency Distribution | 62 | ||
| Classes and Excel Bins | 64 | ||
| The Relative Frequency Distribution and the Percentage Distribution | 65 | ||
| The Cumulative Distribution | 67 | ||
| 2.3 Visualizing Categorical Variables | 70 | ||
| The Bar Chart | 70 | ||
| The Pie Chart and the Doughnut Chart | 71 | ||
| The Pareto Chart | 72 | ||
| Visualizing Two Categorical Variables | 74 | ||
| 2.4 Visualizing Numerical Variables | 76 | ||
| The Stem-and-Leaf Display | 77 | ||
| The Histogram | 78 | ||
| The Percentage Polygon | 79 | ||
| The Cumulative Percentage Polygon (Ogive) | 80 | ||
| 2.5 Visualizing Two Numerical Variables | 83 | ||
| The Scatter Plot | 83 | ||
| The Time-Series Plot | 85 | ||
| 2.6 Organizing and Visualizing a Mix of Variables | 87 | ||
| Multidimensional Contingency Table | 87 | ||
| Adding a Numerical Variable to a Multidimensional Contingency Table | 88 | ||
| Drill Down | 88 | ||
| Excel Slicers | 89 | ||
| PivotChart | 90 | ||
| Sparklines | 90 | ||
| 2.7 The Challenge in Organizing and Visualizing Variables | 92 | ||
| Obscuring Data | 92 | ||
| Creating False Impressions | 93 | ||
| Chartjunk | 94 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Best Practices for Creating Visualizations | 96 | ||
| Using Statistics: The Choice Is Yours, Revisited | 97 | ||
| Summary | 97 | ||
| References | 98 | ||
| Key Equations | 98 | ||
| Key Terms | 99 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 99 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 99 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 2 | 104 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 104 | ||
| Digital Case | 104 | ||
| CardioGood Fitness | 105 | ||
| The Choice Is Yours Follow-Up | 105 | ||
| Clear Mountain State Student Survey | 105 | ||
| Chapter 2 Excel Guide | 106 | ||
| EG2.1 Organizing Categorical Variables | 106 | ||
| EG2.2 Organizing Numerical Variables | 108 | ||
| EG2.3 Visualizing Categorical Variables | 110 | ||
| EG2.4 Visualizing Numerical Variables | 112 | ||
| EG2.5 Visualizing Two Numerical Variables | 116 | ||
| EG2.6 Organizing and Visualizing a Set of Variables | 116 | ||
| 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures | 119 | ||
| Using Statistics: More Descriptive Choices | 119 | ||
| 3.1 Central Tendency | 120 | ||
| The Mean | 120 | ||
| The Median | 122 | ||
| The Mode | 123 | ||
| The Geometric Mean | 124 | ||
| 3.2 Variation and Shape | 125 | ||
| The Range | 125 | ||
| The Variance and the Standard Deviation | 126 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Manually Calculating the Sample Variance, S², and Sample Standard Deviation, S | 127 | ||
| The Coefficient of Variation | 129 | ||
| Z Scores | 130 | ||
| Shape: Skewness | 132 | ||
| Shape: Kurtosis | 132 | ||
| 3.3 Exploring Numerical Data | 137 | ||
| Quartiles | 137 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Rules for Calculating the Quartiles from a Set of Ranked Values | 137 | ||
| The Interquartile Range | 139 | ||
| The Five-Number Summary | 139 | ||
| The Boxplot | 141 | ||
| 3.4 Numerical Descriptive Measures for a Population | 143 | ||
| The Population Mean | 144 | ||
| The Population Variance and Standard Deviation | 144 | ||
| The Empirical Rule | 145 | ||
| Chebyshev’s Theorem | 146 | ||
| 3.5 The Covariance and the Coefficient of Correlation | 148 | ||
| The Covariance | 148 | ||
| The Coefficient of Correlation | 149 | ||
| 3.6 Statistics: Pitfalls and Ethical Issues | 154 | ||
| Using Statistics: More Descriptive Choices, Revisited | 154 | ||
| Summary | 154 | ||
| References | 155 | ||
| Key Equations | 155 | ||
| Key Terms | 156 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 156 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 157 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 3 | 160 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 160 | ||
| Digital Case | 160 | ||
| CardioGood Fitness | 160 | ||
| More Descriptive Choices Follow-up | 160 | ||
| Clear Mountain State Student Survey | 160 | ||
| Chapter 3 Excel Guide | 161 | ||
| EG3.1 Central Tendency | 161 | ||
| EG3.2 Variation and Shape | 162 | ||
| EG3.3 Exploring Numerical Data | 162 | ||
| EG3.4 Numerical Descriptive Measures for a Population | 163 | ||
| EG3.5 The Covariance and the Coefficient of Correlation | 163 | ||
| 4 Basic Probability | 165 | ||
| Using Statistics: Possibilities at M&R Electronics World | 165 | ||
| 4.1 Basic Probability Concepts | 166 | ||
| Events and Sample Spaces | 167 | ||
| Contingency Tables | 169 | ||
| Simple Probability | 169 | ||
| Joint Probability | 170 | ||
| Marginal Probability | 171 | ||
| General Addition Rule | 171 | ||
| 4.2 Conditional Probability | 175 | ||
| Computing Conditional Probabilities | 175 | ||
| Decision Trees | 176 | ||
| Independence | 178 | ||
| Multiplication Rules | 179 | ||
| Marginal Probability Using the General Multiplication Rule | 180 | ||
| 4.3 Ethical Issues and Probability | 182 | ||
| 4.4 Bayes’ Theorem | 183 | ||
| Consider This: Divine Providence and Spam | 183 | ||
| 4.5 Counting Rules | 184 | ||
| Using Statistics: Possibilities at M&R Electronics World, Revisited | 185 | ||
| Summary | 185 | ||
| References | 185 | ||
| Key Equations | 185 | ||
| Key Terms | 186 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 186 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 186 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 4 | 188 | ||
| Digital Case | 188 | ||
| CardioGood Fitness | 188 | ||
| The Choice Is Yours Follow-Up | 188 | ||
| Clear Mountain State Student Survey | 188 | ||
| Chapter 4 Excel Guide | 189 | ||
| EG4.1 Basic Probability Concepts | 189 | ||
| EG4.4 Bayes’ Theorem | 189 | ||
| 5 Discrete Probability Distributions | 190 | ||
| Using Statistics: Events of Interest at Ricknel Home Centers | 190 | ||
| 5.1 The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Variable | 191 | ||
| Expected Value of a Discrete Variable | 191 | ||
| Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Variable | 192 | ||
| 5.2 Binomial Distribution | 195 | ||
| 5.3 Poisson Distribution | 202 | ||
| 5.4 Covariance of a Probability Distribution and its Application in Finance | 205 | ||
| 5.5 Hypergeometric Distribution | 206 | ||
| Using Statistics: Events of Interest…, Revisited | 206 | ||
| Summary | 206 | ||
| References | 206 | ||
| Key Equations | 206 | ||
| Key Terms | 207 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 207 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 207 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 5 | 209 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 209 | ||
| Digital Case | 210 | ||
| Chapter 5 Excel Guide | 211 | ||
| EG5.1 The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Variable | 211 | ||
| EG5.2 Binomial Distribution | 211 | ||
| EG5.3 Poisson Distribution | 212 | ||
| 6 The Normal Distribution and Other Continuous Distributions | 213 | ||
| Using Statistics: Normal Load Times at MyTVLab | 213 | ||
| 6.1 Continuous Probability Distributions | 214 | ||
| 6.2 The Normal Distribution | 215 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Normal Distribution Important Theoretical Properties | 215 | ||
| Computing Normal Probabilities | 216 | ||
| VISUAL EXPLORATIONS: Exploring the Normal Distribution | 222 | ||
| Finding X Values | 222 | ||
| Consider This: What Is Normal? | 226 | ||
| 6.3 Evaluating Normality | 227 | ||
| Comparing Data Characteristics to Theoretical Properties | 228 | ||
| Constructing the Normal Probability Plot | 229 | ||
| 6.4 The Uniform Distribution | 231 | ||
| 6.5 The Exponential Distribution | 233 | ||
| 6.6 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution | 233 | ||
| Using Statistics: Normal Load Times…, Revisited | 234 | ||
| Summary | 234 | ||
| References | 234 | ||
| Key Equations | 235 | ||
| Key Terms | 235 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 235 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 235 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 6 | 237 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 237 | ||
| CardioGood Fitness | 237 | ||
| More Descriptive Choices Follow-up | 237 | ||
| Clear Mountain State Student Survey | 237 | ||
| Digital Case | 237 | ||
| Chapter 6 Excel Guide | 238 | ||
| EG6.1 Continuous Probability Distributions | 238 | ||
| EG6.2 The Normal Distribution | 238 | ||
| EG6.3 Evaluating Normality | 238 | ||
| 7 Sampling Distributions | 240 | ||
| Using Statistics: Sampling Oxford Cereals | 240 | ||
| 7.1 Sampling Distributions | 241 | ||
| 7.2 Sampling Distribution of the Mean | 241 | ||
| The Unbiased Property of the Sample Mean | 241 | ||
| Standard Error of the Mean | 243 | ||
| Sampling from Normally Distributed Populations | 244 | ||
| Sampling from Non-normally Distributed Populations— The Central Limit Theorem | 247 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Normality and the Sampling Distribution of the Mean | 248 | ||
| VISUAL EXPLORATIONS: Exploring Sampling Distributions | 251 | ||
| 7.3 Sampling Distribution of the Proportion | 252 | ||
| Using Statistics: Sampling Oxford Cereals, Revisited | 255 | ||
| Summary | 256 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| Key Equations | 256 | ||
| Key Terms | 256 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 257 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 257 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 7 | 259 | ||
| Managing Ashland Multicomm Services | 259 | ||
| Digital Case | 259 | ||
| Chapter 7 Excel Guide | 260 | ||
| EG7.2 Sampling Distribution of the Mean | 260 | ||
| 8 Confidence Interval Estimation | 261 | ||
| Using Statistics: Getting Estimates at Ricknel Home Centers | 261 | ||
| 8.1 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean (σ Known) | 262 | ||
| Can You Ever Know the Population Standard Deviation? | 267 | ||
| 8.2 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean (σ Unknown) | 268 | ||
| Student’s t Distribution | 268 | ||
| Properties of the t Distribution | 269 | ||
| The Concept of Degrees of Freedom | 270 | ||
| The Confidence Interval Statement | 271 | ||
| 8.3 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Proportion | 276 | ||
| 8.4 Determining Sample Size | 279 | ||
| Sample Size Determination for the Mean | 279 | ||
| Sample Size Determination for the Proportion | 281 | ||
| 8.5 Confidence Interval Estimation and Ethical Issues | 284 | ||
| 8.6 Application of Confidence Interval Estimation in Auditing | 285 | ||
| 8.7 Estimation and Sample Size Estimation for Finite Populations | 285 | ||
| 8.8 Bootstrapping | 285 | ||
| Using Statistics: Getting Estimates. . ., Revisited | 285 | ||
| Summary | 286 | ||
| References | 286 | ||
| Key Equations | 286 | ||
| Key Terms | 287 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 287 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 287 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 8 | 290 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 290 | ||
| Digital Case | 291 | ||
| Sure Value Convenience Stores | 291 | ||
| CardioGood Fitness | 291 | ||
| More Descriptive Choices Follow-Up | 291 | ||
| Clear Mountain State Student Survey | 291 | ||
| Chapter 8 Excel Guide | 292 | ||
| EG8.1 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean (σ Known) | 292 | ||
| EG8.2 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean (σ Unknown) | 292 | ||
| EG8.3 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Proportion | 293 | ||
| EG8.4 Determining Sample Size | 293 | ||
| 9 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Tests | 294 | ||
| Using Statistics: Significant Testing at Oxford Cereals | 294 | ||
| 9.1 Fundamentals of Hypothesis-Testing Methodology | 295 | ||
| The Null and Alternative Hypotheses | 295 | ||
| The Critical Value of the Test Statistic | 296 | ||
| Regions of Rejection and Nonrejection | 297 | ||
| Risks in Decision Making Using Hypothesis Testing | 297 | ||
| Z Test for the Mean (σ Known) | 300 | ||
| Hypothesis Testing Using the Critical Value Approach | 300 | ||
| EXHIBIT: The Critical Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing | 301 | ||
| Hypothesis Testing Using the p-Value Approach | 303 | ||
| EXHIBIT: The p-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing | 304 | ||
| A Connection Between Confidence Interval Estimation and Hypothesis Testing | 305 | ||
| Can You Ever Know the Population Standard Deviation? | 306 | ||
| 9.2 t Test of Hypothesis for the Mean (σ Unknown) | 308 | ||
| The Critical Value Approach | 308 | ||
| p-Value Approach | 310 | ||
| Checking the Normality Assumption | 310 | ||
| 9.3 One-Tail Tests | 314 | ||
| The Critical Value Approach | 314 | ||
| The p-Value Approach | 315 | ||
| EXHIBIT: The Null and Alternative Hypotheses in One-Tail Tests | 317 | ||
| 9.4 Z Test of Hypothesis for the Proportion | 318 | ||
| The Critical Value Approach | 319 | ||
| The p-Value Approach | 320 | ||
| 9.5 Potential Hypothesis-Testing Pitfalls and Ethical Issues | 322 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Questions for the Planning Stage of Hypothesis Testing | 322 | ||
| Statistical Significance Versus Practical Significance | 323 | ||
| Statistical Insignificance Versus Importance | 323 | ||
| Reporting of Findings | 323 | ||
| Ethical Issues | 323 | ||
| 9.6 Power of the Test | 324 | ||
| Using Statistics: Significant Testing. . ., Revisited | 324 | ||
| Summary | 324 | ||
| References | 325 | ||
| Key Equations | 325 | ||
| Key Terms | 325 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 325 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 326 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 9 | 328 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 328 | ||
| Digital Case | 328 | ||
| Sure Value Convenience Stores | 328 | ||
| Chapter 9 Excel Guide | 329 | ||
| EG9.1 Fundamentals of Hypothesis-Testing Methodology | 329 | ||
| EG9.2 t Test of Hypothesis for the Mean (σ Unknown) | 329 | ||
| EG9.3 One-Tail Tests | 330 | ||
| EG9.4 Z Test of Hypothesis for the Proportion | 330 | ||
| 10 Two-Sample Tests | 331 | ||
| Using Statistics: Differing Means for Selling Streaming Media Players at Arlingtons? | 331 | ||
| 10.1 Comparing the Means of Two Independent Populations | 332 | ||
| Pooled-Variance t Test for the Difference Between Two Means | 332 | ||
| Confidence Interval Estimate for the Difference Between Two Means | 337 | ||
| t Test for the Difference Between Two Means, Assuming Unequal Variances | 338 | ||
| Consider This: Do People Really Do This? | 339 | ||
| 10.2 Comparing the Means of Two Related Populations | 341 | ||
| Paired t Test | 342 | ||
| Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean Difference | 347 | ||
| 10.3 Comparing the Proportions of Two Independent Populations | 349 | ||
| Z Test for the Difference Between Two Proportions | 350 | ||
| Confidence Interval Estimate for the Difference Between Two Proportions | 354 | ||
| 10.4 F Test for the Ratio of Two Variances | 356 | ||
| 10.5 Effect Size | 360 | ||
| Using Statistics: Differing Means for Selling. . ., Revisited | 361 | ||
| Summary | 361 | ||
| References | 362 | ||
| Key Equations | 362 | ||
| Key Terms | 363 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 363 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 363 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 10 | 365 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 365 | ||
| Digital Case | 366 | ||
| Sure Value Convenience Stores | 366 | ||
| CardioGood Fitness | 366 | ||
| More Descriptive Choices Follow-Up | 366 | ||
| Clear Mountain State Student Survey | 366 | ||
| Chapter 10 Excel Guide | 367 | ||
| EG10.1 Comparing The Means of Two Independent Populations | 367 | ||
| EG10.2 Comparing the Means of Two Related Populations | 369 | ||
| EG10.3 Comparing the Proportions of Two Independent Populations | 370 | ||
| EG10.4 F Test for the Ratio of Two Variances | 371 | ||
| 11 Analysis of Variance | 372 | ||
| Using Statistics: The Means to Find Differences at Arlingtons | 372 | ||
| 11.1 The Completely Randomized Design: One-Way ANOVA | 373 | ||
| Analyzing Variation in One-Way ANOVA | 374 | ||
| F Test for Differences Among More Than Two Means | 376 | ||
| One-Way ANOVA F Test Assumptions | 380 | ||
| Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variance | 381 | ||
| Multiple Comparisons: The Tukey-Kramer Procedure | 382 | ||
| The Analysis of Means (ANOM) | 384 | ||
| 11.2 The Factorial Design: Two-Way ANOVA | 387 | ||
| Factor and Interaction Effects | 388 | ||
| Testing for Factor and Interaction Effects | 390 | ||
| Multiple Comparisons: The Tukey Procedure | 393 | ||
| Visualizing Interaction Effects: The Cell Means Plot | 395 | ||
| Interpreting Interaction Effects | 395 | ||
| 11.3 The Randomized Block Design | 399 | ||
| 11.4 Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and Mixed Effects Models | 399 | ||
| Using Statistics: The Means to Find Differences at Arlingtons Revisited | 399 | ||
| Summary | 400 | ||
| References | 400 | ||
| Key Equations | 400 | ||
| Key Terms | 401 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 402 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 402 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 11 | 404 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 404 | ||
| PHASE 1 | 404 | ||
| PHASE 2 | 404 | ||
| Digital Case | 405 | ||
| Sure Value Convenience Stores | 405 | ||
| CardioGood Fitness | 405 | ||
| More Descriptive Choices Follow-Up | 405 | ||
| Clear Mountain State Student Survey | 405 | ||
| Chapter 11 Excel Guide | 406 | ||
| EG11.1 The Completely Randomized Design: One-Way ANOVA | 406 | ||
| EG11.2 The Factorial Design: Two-Way ANOVA | 408 | ||
| 12 Chi-Square and Nonparametric Tests | 410 | ||
| Using Statistics: Avoiding Guesswork about Resort Guests | 410 | ||
| 12.1 Chi-Square Test for the Difference Between Two Proportions | 411 | ||
| 12.2 Chi-Square Test for Differences Among More Than Two Proportions | 418 | ||
| The Marascuilo Procedure | 421 | ||
| The Analysis of Proportions (ANOP) | 423 | ||
| 12.3 Chi-Square Test of Independence | 424 | ||
| 12.4 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test: A Nonparametric Method for Two Independent Populations | 430 | ||
| 12.5 Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test: A Nonparametric Method for the One-Way ANOVA | 436 | ||
| Assumptions | 439 | ||
| 12.6 McNemar Test for the Difference Between Two Proportions (Related Samples) | 441 | ||
| 12.7 Chi-Square Test for the Variance or Standard Deviation | 441 | ||
| Using Statistics: Avoiding Guesswork. . ., Revisited | 442 | ||
| Summary | 442 | ||
| References | 443 | ||
| Key Equations | 443 | ||
| Key Terms | 444 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 444 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 444 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 12 | 446 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 446 | ||
| PHASE 1 | 446 | ||
| PHASE 2 | 446 | ||
| Digital Case | 447 | ||
| Sure Value Convenience Stores | 447 | ||
| CardioGood Fitness | 447 | ||
| More Descriptive Choices Follow-Up | 447 | ||
| Clear Mountain State Student Survey | 447 | ||
| Chapter 12 Excel Guide | 448 | ||
| EG12.1 Chi-Square Test for the Difference Between Two Proportions | 448 | ||
| EG12.2 Chi-Square Test for Differences Among More Than Two Proportions | 448 | ||
| EG12.3 Chi-Square Test of Independence | 449 | ||
| EG12.4 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test: a Nonparametric Method for Two Independent Populations | 449 | ||
| EG12.5 Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test: a Nonparametric Method for the One-Way ANOVA | 450 | ||
| 13 Simple Linear Regression | 451 | ||
| Using Statistics: Knowing Customers at Sunflowers Apparel | 451 | ||
| 13.1 Types of Regression Models | 452 | ||
| Simple Linear Regression Models | 453 | ||
| 13.2 Determining the Simple Linear Regression Equation | 454 | ||
| The Least-Squares Method | 454 | ||
| Predictions in Regression Analysis: Interpolation Versus Extrapolation | 457 | ||
| Computing the Y Intercept, b0 and the Slope, b₁ | 457 | ||
| VISUAL EXPLORATIONS: Exploring Simple Linear Regression Coefficients | 460 | ||
| 13.3 Measures of Variation | 462 | ||
| Computing the Sum of Squares | 462 | ||
| The Coefficient of Determination | 463 | ||
| Standard Error of the Estimate | 465 | ||
| 13.4 Assumptions of Regression | 467 | ||
| 13.5 Residual Analysis | 467 | ||
| Evaluating the Assumptions | 467 | ||
| 13.6 Measuring Autocorrelation: The Durbin-Watson Statistic | 471 | ||
| Residual Plots to Detect Autocorrelation | 471 | ||
| The Durbin-Watson Statistic | 472 | ||
| 13.7 Inferences About the Slope and Correlation Coefficient | 475 | ||
| t Test for the Slope | 475 | ||
| F Test for the Slope | 477 | ||
| Confidence Interval Estimate for the Slope | 478 | ||
| t Test for the Correlation Coefficient | 479 | ||
| 13.8 Estimation of Mean Values and Prediction of Individual Values | 482 | ||
| The Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean Response | 482 | ||
| The Prediction Interval for an Individual Response | 483 | ||
| 13.9 Potential Pitfalls in Regression | 486 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Six Steps for Avoiding the Potential Pitfalls | 486 | ||
| Using Statistics: Knowing Customers. . ., Revisited | 488 | ||
| Summary | 488 | ||
| References | 489 | ||
| Key Equations | 490 | ||
| Key Terms | 491 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 491 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 491 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 13 | 495 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 495 | ||
| Digital Case | 495 | ||
| Brynne Packaging | 495 | ||
| Chapter 13 Excel Guide | 496 | ||
| EG13.2 Determining the Simple Linear Regression Equation | 496 | ||
| EG13.3 Measures of Variation | 497 | ||
| EG13.4 Assumptions of Regression | 497 | ||
| EG13.5 Residual Analysis | 497 | ||
| EG13.6 Measuring Autocorrelation: The Durbin-Watson Statistic | 498 | ||
| EG13.7 Inferences about the Slope and Correlation Coefficient | 498 | ||
| EG13.8 Estimation of Mean Values and Prediction of Individual Values | 498 | ||
| 14 Introduction to Multiple Regression | 499 | ||
| Using Statistics: The Multiple Effects of OmniPower Bars | 499 | ||
| 14.1 Developing a Multiple Regression Model | 500 | ||
| Interpreting the Regression Coefficients | 500 | ||
| Predicting the Dependent Variable Y | 503 | ||
| 14.2 r², Adjusted r², and the Overall F Test | 505 | ||
| Coefficient of Multiple Determination | 505 | ||
| Adjusted r² | 505 | ||
| Test for the Significance of the Overall Multiple Regression Model | 506 | ||
| 14.3 Residual Analysis for the Multiple Regression Model | 508 | ||
| 14.4 Inferences Concerning the Population Regression Coefficients | 510 | ||
| Tests of Hypothesis | 510 | ||
| Confidence Interval Estimation | 511 | ||
| 14.5 Testing Portions of the Multiple Regression Model | 513 | ||
| Coefficients of Partial Determination | 517 | ||
| 14.6 Using Dummy Variables and Interaction Terms in Regression Models | 519 | ||
| Interactions | 521 | ||
| 14.7 Logistic Regression | 528 | ||
| Using Statistics: The Multiple Effects . . ., Revisited | 533 | ||
| Summary | 533 | ||
| References | 535 | ||
| Key Equations | 535 | ||
| Key Terms | 536 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 536 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 536 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 14 | 539 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 539 | ||
| Digital Case | 539 | ||
| Chapter 14 Excel Guide | 541 | ||
| EG14.1 Developing a Multiple Regression Model | 541 | ||
| EG14.2 r², Adjusted r², and the Overall F Test | 542 | ||
| EG14.3 Residual Analysis for the Multiple Regression Model | 542 | ||
| EG14.4 Inferences Concerning the Population Regression Coefficients | 543 | ||
| EG14.5 Testing Portions of the Multiple Regression Model | 543 | ||
| EG14.6 Using Dummy Variables and Interaction Terms in Regression Models | 543 | ||
| EG14.7 Logistic Regression | 544 | ||
| 15 Multiple Regression Model Building | 545 | ||
| Using Statistics: Valuing Parsimony at WSTA-TV | 545 | ||
| 15.1 Quadratic Regression Model | 546 | ||
| Finding the Regression Coefficients and Predicting Y | 546 | ||
| Testing for the Significance of the Quadratic Model | 549 | ||
| Testing the Quadratic Effect | 549 | ||
| The Coefficient of Multiple Determination | 551 | ||
| 15.2 Using Transformations in Regression Models | 553 | ||
| The Square-Root Transformation | 553 | ||
| The Log Transformation | 555 | ||
| 15.3 Collinearity | 558 | ||
| 15.4 Model Building | 559 | ||
| The Stepwise Regression Approach to Model Building | 561 | ||
| The Best Subsets Approach to Model Building | 562 | ||
| Model Validation | 565 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Steps for Successful Model Building | 566 | ||
| 15.5 Pitfalls in Multiple Regression and Ethical Issues | 568 | ||
| Pitfalls in Multiple Regression | 568 | ||
| Ethical Issues | 568 | ||
| Using Statistics: Valuing Parsimony…, Revisited | 568 | ||
| Summary | 569 | ||
| References | 570 | ||
| Key Equations | 570 | ||
| Key Terms | 570 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 570 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 570 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 15 | 572 | ||
| The Mountain States Potato Company | 572 | ||
| Sure Value Convenience Stores | 573 | ||
| Digital Case | 573 | ||
| The Craybill Instrumentation Company Case | 573 | ||
| More Descriptive Choices Follow-Up | 574 | ||
| Chapter 15 Excel Guide | 575 | ||
| Eg15.1 The Quadratic Regression Model | 575 | ||
| Eg15.2 Using Transformations In Regression Models | 575 | ||
| Eg15.3 Collinearity | 576 | ||
| Eg15.4 Model Building | 576 | ||
| 16 Time-Series Forecasting | 577 | ||
| Using Statistics: Principled Forecasting | 577 | ||
| 16.1 The Importance of Business Forecasting | 578 | ||
| 16.2 Component Factors of Time-Series Models | 578 | ||
| 16.3 Smoothing an Annual Time Series | 579 | ||
| Moving Averages | 580 | ||
| Exponential Smoothing | 582 | ||
| 16.4 Least-Squares Trend Fitting and Forecasting | 585 | ||
| The Linear Trend Model | 585 | ||
| The Quadratic Trend Model | 587 | ||
| The Exponential Trend Model | 588 | ||
| Model Selection Using First, Second, and Percentage Differences | 590 | ||
| 16.5 Autoregressive Modeling for Trend Fitting and Forecasting | 595 | ||
| Selecting an Appropriate Autoregressive Model | 596 | ||
| Determining the Appropriateness of a Selected Model | 597 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Autoregressive Modeling Steps | 599 | ||
| 16.6 Choosing an Appropriate Forecasting Model | 604 | ||
| Performing a Residual Analysis | 604 | ||
| Measuring the Magnitude of the Residuals Through Squared or Absolute Differences | 605 | ||
| Using the Principle of Parsimony | 605 | ||
| A Comparison of Four Forecasting Methods | 605 | ||
| 16.7 Time-Series Forecasting of Seasonal Data | 607 | ||
| Least-Squares Forecasting with Monthly or Quarterly Data | 608 | ||
| 16.8 Index Numbers | 613 | ||
| CONSIDER THIS: Let the Model User Beware | 613 | ||
| Using Statistics: Principled Forecasting, Revisited | 613 | ||
| Summary | 614 | ||
| References | 615 | ||
| Key Equations | 615 | ||
| Key Terms | 616 | ||
| Checking Your Understanding | 616 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 616 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 16 | 617 | ||
| Managing Ashland MultiComm Services | 617 | ||
| Digital Case | 617 | ||
| Chapter 16 Excel Guide | 618 | ||
| Eg16.3 Smoothing an Annual Time Series | 618 | ||
| Eg16.4 Least-Squares Trend Fitting and Forecasting | 619 | ||
| Eg16.5 Autoregressive Modeling for Trend Fitting and Forecasting | 620 | ||
| Eg16.6 Choosing an Appropriate Forecasting Model | 620 | ||
| Eg16.7 Time-Series Forecasting of Seasonal Data | 621 | ||
| 17 Getting Ready to Analyze Data in the Future | 622 | ||
| Using Statistics: Mounting Future Analyses | 622 | ||
| 17.1 Analyzing Numerical Variables | 623 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Questions to Ask When Analyzing Numerical Variables | 623 | ||
| Describe the Characteristics of a Numerical Variable? | 623 | ||
| Reach Conclusions about the Population Mean or the Standard Deviation? | 623 | ||
| Determine Whether the Mean and/or Standard Deviation Differs Depending on the Group? | 624 | ||
| Determine Which Factors Affect the Value of a Variable? | 624 | ||
| Predict the Value of a Variable Based on the Values of Other Variables? | 625 | ||
| Determine Whether the Values of a Variable Are Stable Over Time? | 625 | ||
| 17.2 Analyzing Categorical Variables | 625 | ||
| EXHIBIT: Questions to Ask When Analyzing Categorical Variables | 625 | ||
| Describe the Proportion of Items of Interest in Each Category? | 625 | ||
| Reach Conclusions about the Proportion of Items of Interest? | 625 | ||
| Determine Whether the Proportion of Items of Interest Differs Depending on the Group? | 626 | ||
| Predict the Proportion of Items of Interest Based on the Values of Other Variables? | 626 | ||
| Determine Whether the Proportion of Items of Interest Is Stable Over Time? | 626 | ||
| Using Statistics: Back to Arlingtons for the Future | 626 | ||
| 17.3 Introduction to Business Analytics | 627 | ||
| Data Mining | 627 | ||
| Power Pivot | 627 | ||
| 17.4 Descriptive Analytics | 628 | ||
| Dashboards | 629 | ||
| Dashboard Elements | 629 | ||
| 17.5 Predictive Analytics | 630 | ||
| Classification and Regression Trees | 631 | ||
| Using Statistics: The Future to be Visited | 632 | ||
| References | 632 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 632 | ||
| Chapter 17 Excel Guide | 635 | ||
| EG17.3 Introduction to Business Analytics | 635 | ||
| EG17.4 Descriptive Analytics | 635 | ||
| 18 Statistical Applications in Quality Management (online) | 18-1 | ||
| Using Statistics: Finding Quality at the Beachcomber | 18-1 | ||
| 18.1 The Theory of Control Charts | 18-2 | ||
| 18.2 Control Chart for the Proportion: The p Chart | 18-4 | ||
| 18.3 The Red Bead Experiment: Understanding Process Variability | 18-10 | ||
| 18.4 Control Chart for an Area of Opportunity: The c Chart | 18-12 | ||
| 18.5 Control Charts for the Range and the Mean | 18-15 | ||
| The R Chart | 18-16 | ||
| The X Chart | 18-18 | ||
| 18.6 Process Capability | 18-21 | ||
| Customer Satisfaction and Specification Limits | 18-21 | ||
| Capability Indices | 18-23 | ||
| CPL, CPU, and Cpk | 18-24 | ||
| 18.7 Total Quality Management | 18-26 | ||
| 18.8 Six Sigma | 18-28 | ||
| The DMAIC Model | 18-29 | ||
| Roles in a Six Sigma Organization | 18-30 | ||
| Lean Six Sigma | 18-30 | ||
| Using Statistics: Finding Quality at the Beachcomber, Revisited | 18-31 | ||
| Summary | 18-31 | ||
| References | 18-32 | ||
| Key Equations | 18-32 | ||
| Key Terms | 18-33 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 18-34 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 18 | 18-35 | ||
| The Harnswell Sewing Machine Company Case | 18-35 | ||
| Managing Ashland Multicomm Services | 18-38 | ||
| Chapter 18 Excel Guide | 18-39 | ||
| EG18.1 The Theory of Control Charts | 18-39 | ||
| EG18.2 Control Chart for the Proportion: The p Chart | 18-39 | ||
| EG18.3 The Red Bead Experiment: Understanding Process Variability | 18-40 | ||
| EG18.4 Control Chart for an Area of Opportunity: The c Chart | 18-40 | ||
| EG18.5 Control Charts for the Range and the Mean | 18-41 | ||
| EG18.6 Process Capability | 18-42 | ||
| 19 Decision Making (online) | 19-1 | ||
| Using Statistics: Reliable Decision Making | 19-1 | ||
| 19.1 Payoff Tables and Decision Trees | 19-2 | ||
| 19.2 Criteria for Decision Making | 19-6 | ||
| Maximax Payoff | 19-6 | ||
| Maximin Payoff | 19-7 | ||
| Expected Monetary Value | 19-7 | ||
| Expected Opportunity Loss | 19-9 | ||
| Return-to-Risk Ratio | 19-11 | ||
| 19.3 Decision Making with Sample Information | 19-16 | ||
| 19.4 Utility | 19-21 | ||
| Consider This: Risky Business | 19-22 | ||
| Using Statistics: Reliable Decision-Making, Revisited | 19-22 | ||
| Summary | 19-23 | ||
| References | 19-23 | ||
| Key Equations | 19-23 | ||
| Key Terms | 19-23 | ||
| Chapter Review Problems | 19-23 | ||
| Cases For Chapter 19 | 19-26 | ||
| Digital Case | 19-26 | ||
| Chapter 19 Excel Guide | 19-27 | ||
| EG19.1 Payoff Tables and Decision Trees | 19-27 | ||
| EG19.2 Criteria for Decision Making | 19-27 | ||
| Appendices | 637 | ||
| A. Basic Math Concepts and Symbols | 638 | ||
| A.1 Rules for Arithmetic Operations | 638 | ||
| A.2 Rules for Algebra: Exponents and Square Roots | 638 | ||
| A.3 Rules for Logarithms | 639 | ||
| A.4 Summation Notation | 640 | ||
| A.5 Statistical Symbols | 643 | ||
| A.6 Greek Alphabet | 643 | ||
| B Important Excel Skills and Concepts | 644 | ||
| B.1 Which Excel Do You Use? | 644 | ||
| B.2 Basic Operations | 645 | ||
| B.3 Formulas and Cell References | 645 | ||
| B.4 Entering a Formula | 647 | ||
| B.5 Formatting Cell Contents | 648 | ||
| B.6 Formatting Charts | 649 | ||
| B.7 Selecting Cell Ranges for Charts | 650 | ||
| B.8 Deleting the “Extra” Histogram Bar | 651 | ||
| B.9 Creating Histograms for Discrete Probability Distributions | 651 | ||
| C. Online Resources | 652 | ||
| C.1 About the Online Resources for This Book | 652 | ||
| C.2 Accessing the Online Resources | 652 | ||
| C.3 Details of Online Resources | 652 | ||
| C.4 PHStat | 659 | ||
| D. Configuring Microsoft Excel | 660 | ||
| D.1 Getting Microsoft Excel Ready for Use | 660 | ||
| D.2 Checking for the Presence of the Analysis ToolPak or Solver Add-Ins | 660 | ||
| D.3 Configuring Microsoft Windows Excel Security Settings | 660 | ||
| D.4 Opening Pearson-Supplied Add-Ins | 661 | ||
| E. Tables | 662 | ||
| E.1 Table of Random Numbers | 662 | ||
| E.2 The Cumulative Standardized Normal Distribution | 664 | ||
| E.3 Critical Values of t | 666 | ||
| E.4 Critical Values of X² | 668 | ||
| E.5 Critical Values of F | 669 | ||
| E.6 Lower and Upper Critical Values, T₁, of the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test | 673 | ||
| E.7 Critical Values of the Studentized Range, Q | 674 | ||
| E.8 Critical Values, dL and dU, of the Durbin–Watson Statistic, D (Critical Values Are One-Sided) | 676 | ||
| E.9 Control Chart Factors | 677 | ||
| E.10 The Standardized Normal Distribution | 678 | ||
| F. Useful Excel Knowledge | 679 | ||
| F.1 Useful Keyboard Shortcuts | 679 | ||
| F.2 Verifying Formulas and Worksheets | 679 | ||
| F.3 New Function Names | 679 | ||
| F.4 Understanding the Nonstatistical Functions | 681 | ||
| G. Software FAQs | 683 | ||
| G.1 PHStat FAQs | 683 | ||
| G.2 Microsoft Excel FAQs | 683 | ||
| Self-Test Solutions and Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Problems | 685 | ||
| Index | 714 | ||
| A | 714 | ||
| B | 714 | ||
| C | 714 | ||
| D | 715 | ||
| E | 715 | ||
| F | 715 | ||
| G | 715 | ||
| H | 715 | ||
| I | 715 | ||
| J | 715 | ||
| K | 715 | ||
| L | 716 | ||
| M | 716 | ||
| N | 717 | ||
| O | 717 | ||
| P | 717 | ||
| Q | 718 | ||
| R | 718 | ||
| S | 718 | ||
| T | 719 | ||
| U | 719 | ||
| V | 719 | ||
| W | 720 | ||
| X | 720 | ||
| Y | 720 | ||
| Z | 720 | ||
| Credits | 721 |