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Book Details
Abstract
Elegant, engaging, exacting, and concise, Giancoli’s Physics: Principles with Applications, Seventh Edition, helps students view the world through eyes that know physics.
Giancoli’s text is a trusted classic, known for its elegant writing, clear presentation, and quality of content. Using concrete observations and experiences students can relate to, the text features an approach that reflects how science is actually practiced: it starts with the specifics, then moves to the great generalizations and the more formal aspects of a topic to show students why we believe what we believe.
Written with the goal of giving students a thorough understanding of the basic concepts of physics in all its aspects, the text uses interesting applications to biology, medicine, architecture, and digital technology to show students how useful physics is in their own everyday lives and in their future professions.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | iii | ||
| Applications List | x | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Dedication | xvi | ||
| To Students | xviii | ||
| Use of color | xix | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction, Measurement, Estimating | 1 | ||
| 1-1 The Nature of Science | 2 | ||
| 1-2 Physics and its Relation to Other Fields | 4 | ||
| 1-3 Models, Theories, and Laws | 5 | ||
| 1-4 Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures | 5 | ||
| Uncertainty | 5 | ||
| Significant Figures | 6 | ||
| Scientific Notation | 7 | ||
| Percent Uncertainty vs. Significant Figures | 8 | ||
| Approximations | 8 | ||
| Accuracy vs. Precision | 8 | ||
| 1-5 Units, Standards, and the SI System | 8 | ||
| Length | 9 | ||
| Time | 9 | ||
| Mass | 10 | ||
| Unit Prefixes | 10 | ||
| Systems of Units | 10 | ||
| Base vs. Derived Quantities | 10 | ||
| 1-6 Converting Units | 11 | ||
| 1-7 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating | 13 | ||
| A Harder Example-But Powerful | 15 | ||
| 1-8 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis | 16 | ||
| Summary | 17 | ||
| Questions | 17 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 17 | ||
| Problems | 18 | ||
| General Problems | 19 | ||
| Search and Learn | 20 | ||
| Chapter 2: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension | 21 | ||
| 2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement | 22 | ||
| 2-2 Average Velocity | 23 | ||
| 2-3 Instantaneous Velocity | 25 | ||
| 2-4 Acceleration | 26 | ||
| Deceleration | 27 | ||
| 2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration | 28 | ||
| 2-6 Solving Problems | 30 | ||
| 2-7 Freely Falling Objects | 33 | ||
| Additional Example-Using the Quadratic Formula | 38 | ||
| 2-8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion | 39 | ||
| Velocity as Slope | 39 | ||
| Slope and Acceleration | 40 | ||
| Summary | 40 | ||
| Questions | 41 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 42 | ||
| Problems | 43 | ||
| General Problems | 46 | ||
| Search and Learn | 48 | ||
| Chapter 3: Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors | 49 | ||
| 3-1 Vectors and Scalars | 50 | ||
| 3-2 Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods | 50 | ||
| 3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar | 52 | ||
| 3-4 Adding Vectors by Components | 53 | ||
| Components | 53 | ||
| Adding Vectors | 55 | ||
| 3-5 Projectile Motion | 58 | ||
| 3-6 Solving Projectile Motion Problems | 60 | ||
| Level Horizontal Range | 63 | ||
| 3-7 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic | 64 | ||
| 3-8 Relative Velocity | 65 | ||
| Summary | 66 | ||
| Questions | 67 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 67 | ||
| Problems | 68 | ||
| General Problems | 72 | ||
| Search and Learn | 74 | ||
| Chapter 4: Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion | 75 | ||
| 4-1 Force | 76 | ||
| 4-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion | 76 | ||
| Inertial Reference Frames | 77 | ||
| 4-3 Mass | 78 | ||
| 4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion | 78 | ||
| 4-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion | 81 | ||
| 4-6 Weight-the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force | 84 | ||
| 4-7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws: Free-Body Diagrams | 87 | ||
| Tension in a Flexible Cord | 89 | ||
| 4-8 Problems Involving Friction, Inclines | 93 | ||
| Friction | 93 | ||
| Inclines | 97 | ||
| Summary | 98 | ||
| Questions | 98 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 99 | ||
| Problems | 101 | ||
| General Problems | 105 | ||
| Search and Learn | 108 | ||
| Chapter 5: Circular Motion; Gravitation | 109 | ||
| 5-1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion | 110 | ||
| 5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion | 112 | ||
| 5-3 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked | 115 | ||
| 5-4 Non uniform Circular Motion | 118 | ||
| 5-5 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation | 119 | ||
| 5-6 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface | 121 | ||
| 5-7 Satellites and “Weightlessness” | 122 | ||
| Satellite Motion | 122 | ||
| Weightlessness | 124 | ||
| 5-8 Planets, Kepler’s Laws, and Newton’s Synthesis | 125 | ||
| Kepler’s Laws | 126 | ||
| Kepler’s Third Law Derived, Sun’s Mass, Perturbations | 126 | ||
| Other Centers for Kepler’s Laws | 128 | ||
| Distant Planetary Systems | 128 | ||
| Newton’s Synthesis | 128 | ||
| Sun/Earth Reference Frames | 128 | ||
| 5-9 Moon Rises an Hour Later Each Day | 129 | ||
| 5-10 Types of Forces in Nature | 129 | ||
| Summary | 130 | ||
| Questions | 130 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 131 | ||
| Problems | 132 | ||
| General Problems | 135 | ||
| Search and Learn | 137 | ||
| Chapter 6: Work and Energy | 138 | ||
| 6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force | 139 | ||
| 6-2 Work Done by a Varying Force | 142 | ||
| 6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle | 142 | ||
| 6-4 Potential Energy | 145 | ||
| Gravitational Potential Energy | 145 | ||
| Potential Energy Defined in General | 147 | ||
| Potential Energy of Elastic Spring | 148 | ||
| Potential Energy as Stored Energy | 148 | ||
| 6-5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces | 149 | ||
| Work-Energy Extended | 150 | ||
| 6-6 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation | 150 | ||
| 6-7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy | 151 | ||
| 6-8 Other Forms of Energy and Energy Transformations; The Law of Conservation of Energy | 155 | ||
| 6-9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems | 156 | ||
| Work-Energy versus Energy Conservation | 157 | ||
| 6-10 Power | 159 | ||
| Summary | 161 | ||
| Questions | 161 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 163 | ||
| Problems | 164 | ||
| General Problems | 167 | ||
| Search and Learn | 169 | ||
| Chapter 7: Linear Momentum | 170 | ||
| 7-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force | 171 | ||
| 7-2 Conservation of Momentum | 173 | ||
| 7-3 Collisions and Impulse | 176 | ||
| 7-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions | 177 | ||
| 7-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension | 178 | ||
| 7-6 Inelastic Collisions | 180 | ||
| 7-7 Collisions in Two Dimensions | 182 | ||
| 7-8 Center of Mass (CM) | 184 | ||
| 7-9 CM for the Human Body | 186 | ||
| 7-10 CM and Translational Motion | 187 | ||
| Summary | 189 | ||
| Questions | 190 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 191 | ||
| Problems | 192 | ||
| General Problems | 195 | ||
| Search and Learn | 197 | ||
| Chapter 8: Rotational Motion | 198 | ||
| 8-1 Angular Quantities | 199 | ||
| 8-2 Constant Angular Acceleration | 203 | ||
| 8-3 Rolling Motion (Without Slipping) | 204 | ||
| 8-4 Torque | 206 | ||
| Forces that Act to Tilt the Axis | 208 | ||
| 8-5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia | 208 | ||
| 8-6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics | 210 | ||
| 8-7 Rotational Kinetic Energy | 212 | ||
| Work Done by Torque | 214 | ||
| 8-8 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation | 215 | ||
| 8-9 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities | 217 | ||
| Summary | 219 | ||
| Questions | 220 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 221 | ||
| Problems | 222 | ||
| General Problems | 226 | ||
| Search and Learn | 229 | ||
| Chapter 9: Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture | 230 | ||
| 9-1 The Conditions for Equilibrium | 231 | ||
| The First Condition for Equilibrium | 232 | ||
| The Second Condition for Equilibrium | 232 | ||
| 9-2 Solving Statics Problems | 233 | ||
| A More Difficult Example-The Ladder | 237 | ||
| 9-3 Applications to Muscles and Joints | 238 | ||
| 9-4 Stability and Balance | 240 | ||
| 9-5 Elasticity; Stress and Strain | 241 | ||
| Elasticity and Hooke’s Law | 241 | ||
| Young’s Modulus | 241 | ||
| Stress and Strain | 243 | ||
| Tension, Compression, and Shear Stress | 243 | ||
| Volume Change-Bulk Modulus | 244 | ||
| 9-6 Fracture | 245 | ||
| 9-7 Spanning a Space: Arches and Domes | 246 | ||
| Summary | 249 | ||
| Questions | 250 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 251 | ||
| Problems | 252 | ||
| General Problems | 256 | ||
| Search and Learn | 259 | ||
| Chapter 10: Fluids | 260 | ||
| 10-1 Phases of Matter | 261 | ||
| 10-2 Density and Specific Gravity | 261 | ||
| 10-3 Pressure in Fluids | 262 | ||
| 10-4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure | 264 | ||
| Atmospheric Pressure | 264 | ||
| Gauge Pressure | 264 | ||
| 10-5 Pascal’s Principle | 265 | ||
| 10-6 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer | 266 | ||
| 10-7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle | 268 | ||
| 10-8 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity | 272 | ||
| 10–9 Bernoulli’s Equation | 274 | ||
| 10-10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, Blood Flow | 276 | ||
| Airplane Wings and Dynamic Lift | 277 | ||
| Sailboats | 277 | ||
| Baseball Curve | 278 | ||
| Lack of Blood to the Brain-TIA | 278 | ||
| Other Applications | 278 | ||
| 10-11 Viscosity | 279 | ||
| 10-12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, Blood Flow | 279 | ||
| 10-13 Surface Tension and Capillarity | 280 | ||
| Capillarity | 281 | ||
| 10-14 Pumps, and the Heart | 282 | ||
| Summary | 283 | ||
| Questions | 283 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 284 | ||
| Problems | 285 | ||
| General Problems | 289 | ||
| Search and Learn | 291 | ||
| Chapter 11: Oscillations and Waves | 292 | ||
| 11-1 Simple Harmonic Motion-Spring Oscillations | 293 | ||
| 11-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion | 295 | ||
| 11-3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM | 298 | ||
| Period and Frequency-Derivation | 299 | ||
| Position as a Function of Time | 300 | ||
| Sinusoidal Motion | 300 | ||
| Velocity and Acceleration as Functions of Time | 301 | ||
| 11-4 The Simple Pendulum | 301 | ||
| 11-5 Damped Harmonic Motion | 303 | ||
| 11-6 Forced Oscillations; Resonance | 304 | ||
| 11-7 Wave Motion | 305 | ||
| 11-8 Types of Waves and Their Speeds: Transverse and Longitudinal | 307 | ||
| Speed of Transverse Waves | 308 | ||
| Speed of Longitudinal Waves | 308 | ||
| Other Waves | 309 | ||
| 11-9 Energy Transported by Waves | 310 | ||
| Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency | 311 | ||
| 11-10 Reflection and Transmission of Waves | 312 | ||
| 11-11 Interference; Principle of Superposition | 313 | ||
| 11-12 Standing Waves; Resonance | 315 | ||
| 11-13 Refraction | 317 | ||
| 11-14 Diffraction | 318 | ||
| 11-15 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave | 319 | ||
| Summary | 319 | ||
| Questions | 320 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 321 | ||
| Problems | 322 | ||
| General Problems | 325 | ||
| Search and Learn | 327 | ||
| Chapter 12: Sound | 328 | ||
| 12-1 Characteristics of Sound | 329 | ||
| 12-2 Intensity of Sound: Decibels | 331 | ||
| Sound Level | 331 | ||
| Intensity Related to Amplitude | 333 | ||
| 12-3 The Ear and Its Response; Loudness | 334 | ||
| The Ear’s Response | 334 | ||
| 12-4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns | 335 | ||
| Stringed Instruments | 336 | ||
| Wind Instruments | 337 | ||
| 12-5 Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition | 340 | ||
| 12-6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats | 341 | ||
| Interference in Space | 341 | ||
| Beats—Interference in Time | 342 | ||
| 12-7 Doppler Effect | 344 | ||
| Doppler Effect for Light | 348 | ||
| 12-8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom | 348 | ||
| 12-9 Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging | 349 | ||
| Sonar | 349 | ||
| Ultrasound Medical Imaging | 350 | ||
| Summary | 351 | ||
| Questions | 352 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 353 | ||
| Problems | 354 | ||
| General Problems | 357 | ||
| Search and Learn | 358 | ||
| Chapter 13: Temperature and Kinetic Theory | 359 | ||
| 13-1 Atomic Theory of Matter | 359 | ||
| 13-2 Temperature and Thermometers | 361 | ||
| Temperature Scales | 362 | ||
| Standard Temperature Scale | 363 | ||
| 13-3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics | 363 | ||
| The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics | 363 | ||
| 13-4 Thermal Expansion | 364 | ||
| Linear Expansion | 364 | ||
| Volume Expansion | 366 | ||
| Anomalous Behavior of Water Below 4°C | 366 | ||
| Thermal Stresses | 367 | ||
| 13-5 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature | 367 | ||
| 13-6 The Ideal Gas Law | 369 | ||
| 13-7 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law | 370 | ||
| 13-8 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro’s Number | 372 | ||
| 13-9 Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature | 373 | ||
| Kinetic Energy Near Absolute Zero | 376 | ||
| 13-10 Distribution of Molecular Speeds | 376 | ||
| 13-11 Real Gases and Changes of Phase | 377 | ||
| 13-12 Vapor Pressure and Humidity | 379 | ||
| Evaporation | 379 | ||
| Vapor Pressure | 379 | ||
| Boiling | 380 | ||
| Partial Pressure and Humidity | 380 | ||
| 13-13 Diffusion | 381 | ||
| Summary | 383 | ||
| Questions | 384 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 384 | ||
| Problems | 385 | ||
| General Problems | 388 | ||
| Search and Learn | 389 | ||
| Chapter 14: Heat | 390 | ||
| 14-1 Heat as Energy Transfer | 391 | ||
| 14-2 Internal Energy | 392 | ||
| Distinguishing Temperature, Heat, and Internal Energy | 392 | ||
| Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas | 392 | ||
| 14-3 Specific Heat | 393 | ||
| Specific Heats for Gases | 394 | ||
| 14-4 Calorimetry-Solving Problems | 394 | ||
| Bomb Calorimeter | 396 | ||
| 14-5 Latent Heat | 397 | ||
| Evaporation | 399 | ||
| Kinetic Theory of Latent Heats | 400 | ||
| 14-6 Heat Transfer: Conduction | 400 | ||
| R-values for Building Materials | 402 | ||
| 14-7 Heat Transfer: Convection | 402 | ||
| 14-8 Heat Transfer: Radiation | 403 | ||
| Summary | 406 | ||
| Questions | 406 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 407 | ||
| Problems | 408 | ||
| General Problems | 410 | ||
| Search and Learn | 411 | ||
| Chapter 15: The Laws of Thermodynamics | 412 | ||
| 15-1 The First Law of Thermodynamics | 413 | ||
| 15-2 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law | 414 | ||
| Isothermal Processes (∆\x02T=0) | 414 | ||
| Adiabatic Processes (Q=0) | 415 | ||
| Isobaric and Isovolumetric Processes | 415 | ||
| Work Done in Volume Changes | 415 | ||
| 15-3 Human Metabolism and the First Law | 418 | ||
| 15-4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction | 419 | ||
| 15-5 Heat Engines | 420 | ||
| Steam Engine and Internal Combustion Engine | 420 | ||
| Why a ∆T Is Needed to Drive a Heat Engine | 421 | ||
| Efficiency | 422 | ||
| Carnot Engine | 422 | ||
| 15-6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps | 425 | ||
| SEER Rating | 427 | ||
| 15-7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | 428 | ||
| 15-8 Order to Disorder | 430 | ||
| Biological Development | 430 | ||
| “Time’s Arrow” | 431 | ||
| 15-9 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death | 431 | ||
| 15-10 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law | 432 | ||
| 15-11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources | 434 | ||
| Summary | 436 | ||
| Questions | 437 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 437 | ||
| Problems | 438 | ||
| General Problems | 441 | ||
| Search and Learn | 442 | ||
| Chapter 16: Electric Charge and Electric Field | 443 | ||
| 16-1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation | 444 | ||
| 16-2 Electric Charge in the Atom | 445 | ||
| 16-3 Insulators and Conductors | 445 | ||
| 16-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope | 446 | ||
| 16-5 Coulomb’s Law | 447 | ||
| 16-6 Solving Problems Involving Coulomb’s Law and Vectors | 450 | ||
| Vector Addition Review | 450 | ||
| Adding Electric Forces; Principle of Superposition | 450 | ||
| 16-7 The Electric Field | 453 | ||
| 16-8 Electric Field Lines | 457 | ||
| Gravitational Field | 458 | ||
| 16-9 Electric Fields and Conductors | 459 | ||
| 16-10 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication | 460 | ||
| 16-11 Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics | 462 | ||
| 16-12 Gauss’s Law | 463 | ||
| Summary | 466 | ||
| Questions | 467 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 468 | ||
| Problems | 469 | ||
| General Problems | 471 | ||
| Search and Learn | 472 | ||
| Chapter 17: Electric Potential | 473 | ||
| 17-1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference | 474 | ||
| Electric Potential Energy | 474 | ||
| Electric Potential and Potential Difference | 474 | ||
| 17-2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field | 477 | ||
| General Relation between E and V | 477 | ||
| Breakdown Voltage | 477 | ||
| 17-3 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces | 478 | ||
| 17-4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy | 478 | ||
| 17-5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges | 479 | ||
| 17-6 Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment | 482 | ||
| 17-7 Capacitance | 482 | ||
| Derivation of Capacitance for Parallel-Plate Capacitor | 485 | ||
| 17-8 Dielectrics | 485 | ||
| Molecular Description of Dielectrics | 486 | ||
| 17-9 Storage of Electric Energy | 486 | ||
| Health Effects | 487 | ||
| 17-10 Digital; Binary Numbers; Signal Voltage | 488 | ||
| Noise | 489 | ||
| 17-11 TV and Computer Monitors: CRTs, Flat Screens | 490 | ||
| CRT | 490 | ||
| Flat Screens and Addressing Pixels | 491 | ||
| Active Matrix (advanced) | 492 | ||
| Oscilloscopes | 492 | ||
| 17-12 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | 493 | ||
| Summary | 493 | ||
| Questions | 494 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 495 | ||
| Problems | 496 | ||
| General Problems | 498 | ||
| Search and Learn | 500 | ||
| Chapter 18: Electric Currents | 501 | ||
| 18-1 The Electric Battery | 502 | ||
| Electric Cells and Batteries | 503 | ||
| Electric Cars | 504 | ||
| 18-2 Electric Current | 504 | ||
| 18-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors | 505 | ||
| Some Helpful Clarifications | 507 | ||
| 18-4 Resistivity | 508 | ||
| Temperature Dependence of Resistivity | 509 | ||
| 18-5 Electric Power | 510 | ||
| 18-6 Power in Household Circuits | 512 | ||
| 18-7 Alternating Current | 514 | ||
| 18-8 Microscopic View of Electric Current | 516 | ||
| 18-9 Superconductivity | 517 | ||
| 18-10 Electrical Conduction in the Human Nervous System | 517 | ||
| Summary | 519 | ||
| Questions | 520 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 520 | ||
| Problems | 521 | ||
| General Problems | 523 | ||
| Search and Learn | 525 | ||
| Chapter 19: DC Circuits | 526 | ||
| 19-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage | 527 | ||
| 19-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel | 528 | ||
| 19-3 Kirchhoff’s Rules | 532 | ||
| 19-4 EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery | 536 | ||
| Safety when Jump Starting | 537 | ||
| 19-5 Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel | 538 | ||
| 19-6 RC Circuits-Resistor and Capacitor in Series | 539 | ||
| Capacitor Charging | 539 | ||
| Capacitor Discharging | 541 | ||
| Medical and Other Applications of RC Circuits | 542 | ||
| 19-7 Electric Hazards | 543 | ||
| Safe Wiring | 545 | ||
| 19-8 Ammeters and Voltmeters-Measurement Affects the Quantity Being Measured | 546 | ||
| How to Connect Meters | 547 | ||
| Effects of Meter Resistance | 547 | ||
| Other Meters | 548 | ||
| Digital Meters | 548 | ||
| Summary | 549 | ||
| Questions | 549 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 550 | ||
| Problems | 552 | ||
| General Problems | 556 | ||
| Search and Learn | 559 | ||
| Chapter 20: Magnetism | 560 | ||
| 20-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields | 560 | ||
| Earth’s Magnetic Field | 562 | ||
| Uniform Magnetic Field | 562 | ||
| 20-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields | 563 | ||
| 20-3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B | 564 | ||
| 20-4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field | 566 | ||
| Aurora Borealis | 569 | ||
| The Hall Effect | 569 | ||
| 20-5 Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire | 570 | ||
| 20-6 Force between Two Parallel Wires | 571 | ||
| 20-7 Solenoids and Electromagnets | 572 | ||
| Magnetic Circuit Breakers | 573 | ||
| 20-8 Ampère’s Law | 573 | ||
| Field Due to a Straight Wire | 574 | ||
| Field Inside a Solenoid | 574 | ||
| 20-9 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment | 575 | ||
| 20-10 Applications: Motors, Loudspeakers, Galvanometers | 576 | ||
| Galvanometer | 576 | ||
| Electric Motors | 577 | ||
| Loudspeakers and Headsets | 577 | ||
| 20-11 Mass Spectrometer | 578 | ||
| 20-12 Ferromagnetism: Domains and Hysteresis | 579 | ||
| Sources of Ferromagnetism | 579 | ||
| Magnetic Permeability | 579 | ||
| Hysteresis | 580 | ||
| Summary | 581 | ||
| Questions | 581 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 582 | ||
| Problems | 583 | ||
| General Problems | 587 | ||
| Search and Learn | 589 | ||
| Chapter 21: Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday’s Law | 590 | ||
| 21-1 Induced EMF | 591 | ||
| 21-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law | 592 | ||
| 21-3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor | 596 | ||
| 21-4 Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field | 597 | ||
| 21-5 Electric Generators | 597 | ||
| Alternators | 598 | ||
| Deriving the Generator Equation | 598 | ||
| 21-6 Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents | 599 | ||
| Back EMF, in a Motor | 599 | ||
| Counter Torque, in a Generator | 600 | ||
| Eddy Currents | 600 | ||
| 21-7 Transformers and Transmission of Power | 601 | ||
| Wireless Transmission of Power-Inductive Charging | 604 | ||
| 21-8 Information Storage: Magnetic and Semiconductor; Tape, Hard Drive, RAM | 604 | ||
| Magnetic Storage: Read/Write on Tape and Disks | 604 | ||
| Semiconductor Memory: DRAM, Flash | 605 | ||
| 21-9 Applications of Induction: Microphone, Seismograph, GFCI | 606 | ||
| Microphone | 606 | ||
| Credit Card Reader | 606 | ||
| Seismograph | 607 | ||
| Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) | 607 | ||
| 21-10 Inductance | 608 | ||
| Mutual Inductance | 608 | ||
| Self-Inductance | 608 | ||
| 21-11 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field | 610 | ||
| 21-12 LR Circuit | 610 | ||
| 21-13 AC Circuits and Reactance | 611 | ||
| Resistor | 611 | ||
| Inductor | 611 | ||
| Capacitor | 612 | ||
| 21-14 LRC Series AC Circuit | 614 | ||
| Phasor Diagrams | 614 | ||
| 21-15 Resonance in AC Circuits | 616 | ||
| Summary | 616 | ||
| Questions | 617 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 618 | ||
| Problems | 620 | ||
| General Problems | 623 | ||
| Search and Learn | 624 | ||
| Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Waves | 625 | ||
| 22-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell’s Equations | 626 | ||
| Maxwell’s Fourth Equation (Ampère’s Law Extended) | 626 | ||
| 22-2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves | 627 | ||
| 22-3 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | 629 | ||
| 22-4 Measuring the Speed of Light | 632 | ||
| 22-5 Energy in EM Waves | 633 | ||
| 22-6 Momentum Transfer and Radiation Pressure | 635 | ||
| 22-7 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication | 636 | ||
| Other EM Wave Communications | 639 | ||
| Wireless from the Moon | 639 | ||
| Summary | 639 | ||
| Questions | 640 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 640 | ||
| Problems | 641 | ||
| General Problems | 642 | ||
| Search and Learn | 643 | ||
| Chapter 23: Light: Geometric Optics | 644 | ||
| 23-1 The Ray Model of Light | 645 | ||
| 23-2 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror | 645 | ||
| 23-3 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors | 649 | ||
| Image Formation-Ray Diagrams | 651 | ||
| Mirror Equation and Magnification | 652 | ||
| Concave Mirror Examples | 653 | ||
| Seeing the Image; Seeing Yourself | 654 | ||
| Convex Mirrors | 655 | ||
| 23-4 Index of Refraction | 656 | ||
| 23-5 Refraction: Snell’s Law | 657 | ||
| 23-6 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics | 659 | ||
| Fiber Optics; Medical Instruments | 660 | ||
| 23-7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing | 661 | ||
| Seeing the Image | 663 | ||
| Diverging Lens | 664 | ||
| 23-8 The Thin Lens Equation | 664 | ||
| 23-9 Combinations of Lenses | 668 | ||
| 23-10 Lensmaker’s Equation | 670 | ||
| Summary | 670 | ||
| Questions | 671 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 672 | ||
| Problems | 673 | ||
| General Problems | 676 | ||
| Search and Learn | 678 | ||
| Chapter 24: The Wave Nature of Light | 679 | ||
| 24-1 Waves vs. Particles; Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction | 680 | ||
| 24-2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of Refraction | 681 | ||
| 24-3 Interference-Young’s Double-Slit Experiment | 682 | ||
| Coherence | 685 | ||
| 24-4 The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion | 685 | ||
| 24-5 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk | 687 | ||
| 24-6 Diffraction Grating | 690 | ||
| 24-7 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy | 692 | ||
| 24-8 Interference in Thin Films | 693 | ||
| Colors in a Thin Soap Film | 696 | ||
| Lens Coatings | 697 | ||
| 24-9 Michelson Interferometer | 698 | ||
| 24-10 Polarization | 699 | ||
| Polaroids (Polarization by Absorption) | 699 | ||
| Polarization by Reflection | 701 | ||
| 24-11 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) | 703 | ||
| 24-12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere | 704 | ||
| Summary | 705 | ||
| Questions | 705 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 706 | ||
| Problems | 707 | ||
| General Problems | 710 | ||
| Search and Learn | 712 | ||
| Chapter 25: Optical Instruments | 713 | ||
| 25-1 Cameras: Film and Digital | 713 | ||
| Digital Cameras, Electronic Sensors (CCD, CMOS) | 714 | ||
| Digital Artifacts | 714 | ||
| Camera Adjustments | 715 | ||
| Picture Sharpness | 717 | ||
| Telephotos and Wide-angles | 718 | ||
| 25-2 The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses | 719 | ||
| Contact Lenses | 721 | ||
| Underwater Vision | 721 | ||
| 25-3 Magnifying Glass | 722 | ||
| 25-4 Telescopes | 723 | ||
| 25-5 Compound Microscope | 726 | ||
| 25-6 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors | 727 | ||
| 25-7 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures | 728 | ||
| 25-8 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the λ Limit | 730 | ||
| 25-9 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification | 732 | ||
| 25-10 Specialty Microscopes and Contrast | 733 | ||
| 25-11 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction | 733 | ||
| 25-12 X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan) | 735 | ||
| Normal X-Ray Image | 735 | ||
| Tomography Images (CT) | 735 | ||
| Image Formation | 736 | ||
| Tomographic Image Reconstruction | 736 | ||
| Summary | 738 | ||
| Questions | 738 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 739 | ||
| Problems | 740 | ||
| General Problems | 742 | ||
| Search and Learn | 743 | ||
| Chapter 26: The Special Theory of Relativity | 744 | ||
| 26-1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity | 745 | ||
| 26-2 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity | 748 | ||
| 26-3 Simultaneity | 749 | ||
| 26-4 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox | 750 | ||
| Space Travel? | 754 | ||
| Twin Paradox | 754 | ||
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | 755 | ||
| 26-5 Length Contraction | 756 | ||
| 26-6 Four-Dimensional Space-Time | 758 | ||
| 26-7 Relativistic Momentum | 759 | ||
| Rest Mass and Relativistic Mass | 760 | ||
| 26-8 The Ultimate Speed | 760 | ||
| 26-9 E=MC2; Mass and Energy | 760 | ||
| Invariant Energy-Momentum | 763 | ||
| When Do We Use Relativistic Formulas? | 763 | ||
| 26-10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities | 764 | ||
| 26-11 The Impact of Special Relativity | 765 | ||
| Summary | 765 | ||
| Questions | 766 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 766 | ||
| Problems | 767 | ||
| General Problems | 769 | ||
| Search and Learn | 770 | ||
| Chapter 27: Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom | 771 | ||
| 27-1 Discovery and Properties of the Electron | 772 | ||
| Discovery in Science | 773 | ||
| Electron Charge Measurement | 773 | ||
| 27-2 Blackbody Radiation; Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis | 774 | ||
| Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis | 775 | ||
| 27-3 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect | 775 | ||
| Applications of the Photoelectric Effect | 778 | ||
| 27-4 Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon | 779 | ||
| 27-5 Compton Effect | 780 | ||
| 27-6 Photon Interactions; Pair Production | 781 | ||
| 27-7 Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of Complementarity | 782 | ||
| 27-8 Wave Nature of Matter | 782 | ||
| Electron Diffraction | 783 | ||
| What Is an Electron? | 784 | ||
| 27-9 Electron Microscopes | 785 | ||
| 27-10 Early Models of the Atom | 786 | ||
| 27-11 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom | 787 | ||
| 27-12 The Bohr Model | 789 | ||
| Spectra Lines Explained | 792 | ||
| Correspondence Principle | 795 | ||
| 27-13 de Broglie’s Hypothesis Applied to Atoms | 795 | ||
| Summary | 796 | ||
| Questions | 797 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 798 | ||
| Problems | 799 | ||
| General Problems | 801 | ||
| Search and Learn | 802 | ||
| Chapter 28: Quantum Mechanics of Atoms | 803 | ||
| 28-1 Quantum Mechanics-A New Theory | 804 | ||
| 28-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment | 804 | ||
| Double-Slit Interference Experiment for Electrons | 805 | ||
| 28-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | 806 | ||
| 28-4 Philosophic Implications; Probability versus Determinism | 810 | ||
| 28-5 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms | 811 | ||
| 28-6 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers | 812 | ||
| Selection Rules: Allowed and Forbidden Transitions | 814 | ||
| 28-7 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle | 815 | ||
| 28-8 The Periodic Table of Elements | 816 | ||
| 28-9 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number | 817 | ||
| 28-10 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence | 820 | ||
| 28-11 Lasers | 820 | ||
| Creating an Inverted Population | 821 | ||
| Applications | 822 | ||
| 28-12 Holography | 823 | ||
| Summary | 824 | ||
| Questions | 825 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 825 | ||
| Problems | 826 | ||
| General Problems | 827 | ||
| Search and Learn | 828 | ||
| Chapter 29: Molecules and Solids | 829 | ||
| 29-1 Bonding in Molecules | 829 | ||
| Covalent Bonds | 830 | ||
| Ionic Bonds | 831 | ||
| Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds | 831 | ||
| 29-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules | 832 | ||
| 29-3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds | 834 | ||
| Protein Synthesis | 836 | ||
| 29-4 Molecular Spectra | 837 | ||
| Rotational Energy Levels in Molecules | 838 | ||
| Vibrational Energy Levels in Molecules | 839 | ||
| 29-5 Bonding in Solids | 840 | ||
| 29-6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals; Fermi Energy | 841 | ||
| 29-7 Band Theory of Solids | 842 | ||
| 29-8 Semiconductors and Doping | 844 | ||
| 29-9 Semiconductor Diodes, LEDs, OLEDs | 845 | ||
| Rectifiers | 846 | ||
| Photovoltaic Cells | 847 | ||
| LEDs | 847 | ||
| Pulse Oximeter | 848 | ||
| pn Diode Lasers | 848 | ||
| OLED (Organic LED) | 849 | ||
| OLED Functioning (advanced) | 849 | ||
| 29-10 Transistors: Bipolar and MOSFETs | 850 | ||
| 29-11 Integrated Circuits, 22-nm Technology | 851 | ||
| Summary | 852 | ||
| Questions | 852 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 853 | ||
| Problems | 854 | ||
| General Problems | 855 | ||
| Search and Learn | 856 | ||
| Chapter 30: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity | 857 | ||
| 30-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus | 858 | ||
| 30-2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces | 860 | ||
| Binding Energies | 860 | ||
| Nuclear Forces | 862 | ||
| 30-3 Radioactivity | 863 | ||
| 30-4 Alpha Decay | 864 | ||
| Additional Example | 865 | ||
| Why α Particles? | 866 | ||
| Smoke Detectors-An Application | 866 | ||
| 30-5 Beta Decay | 866 | ||
| β- Decay | 866 | ||
| β+ Decay | 868 | ||
| Electron Capture | 868 | ||
| 30-6 Gamma Decay | 868 | ||
| Isomers; Internal Conversion | 869 | ||
| 30-7 Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws | 869 | ||
| 30-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay | 869 | ||
| Exponential Decay | 870 | ||
| Half-Life | 870 | ||
| Deriving the Half-Life Formula | 871 | ||
| Mean Life | 871 | ||
| 30-9 Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-Life | 872 | ||
| 30-10 Decay Series | 873 | ||
| 30-11 Radioactive Dating | 874 | ||
| Geological Time Scale Dating | 876 | ||
| 30-12 Stability and Tunneling | 876 | ||
| 30-13 Detection of Particles | 877 | ||
| Counters | 877 | ||
| Visualization | 878 | ||
| Summary | 879 | ||
| Questions | 879 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 880 | ||
| Problems | 881 | ||
| General Problems | 883 | ||
| Search and Learn | 884 | ||
| Chapter 31: Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation | 885 | ||
| 31-1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements | 885 | ||
| Neutron Physics | 888 | ||
| Cross Section | 888 | ||
| 31-2 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors | 889 | ||
| Nuclear Fission and Chain Reactions | 889 | ||
| Nuclear Reactors | 891 | ||
| Atom Bomb | 893 | ||
| 31-3 Nuclear Fusion | 894 | ||
| Nuclear Fusion; Stars | 894 | ||
| Possible Fusion Reactors | 896 | ||
| 31-4 Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Biological Damage | 898 | ||
| Biological Damage | 899 | ||
| 31-5 Measurement of Radiation-Dosimetry | 899 | ||
| Human Exposure to Radiation | 901 | ||
| 31-6 Radiation Therapy | 903 | ||
| 31-7 Tracers in Research and Medicine | 904 | ||
| 31-8 Emission Tomography: PET and SPECT | 905 | ||
| 31-9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 906 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 907 | ||
| Summary | 909 | ||
| Questions | 909 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 910 | ||
| Problems | 911 | ||
| General Problems | 913 | ||
| Search and Learn | 914 | ||
| Chapter 32: Elementary Particles | 915 | ||
| 32-1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators | 916 | ||
| Wavelength and Resolution | 917 | ||
| Cyclotron | 917 | ||
| Synchrotron | 919 | ||
| Linear Accelerators | 920 | ||
| Colliding Beams | 920 | ||
| 32-2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics-Particle Exchange | 922 | ||
| 32-3 Particles and Antiparticles | 924 | ||
| Negative Sea of Electrons; Vacuum State | 925 | ||
| 32-4 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws | 926 | ||
| 32-5 Neutrinos | 928 | ||
| Neutrino Mass Estimate from a Supernova | 929 | ||
| 32-6 Particle Classification | 930 | ||
| 32-7 Particle Stability and Resonances | 932 | ||
| 32-8 Strangeness? Charm? Towards a New Model | 932 | ||
| 32-9 Quarks | 933 | ||
| 32-10 The Standard Model: QCD and Electroweak Theory | 936 | ||
| 32-11 Grand Unified Theories | 939 | ||
| Proton Decay | 940 | ||
| GUT and Cosmology | 941 | ||
| 32-12 Strings and Supersymmetry | 942 | ||
| Summary | 942 | ||
| Questions | 943 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 943 | ||
| Problems | 944 | ||
| General Problems | 945 | ||
| Search and Learn | 946 | ||
| Chapter 33: Astrophysics and Cosmology | 947 | ||
| 33-1 Stars and Galaxies | 948 | ||
| 33-2 Stellar Evolution: Birth and Death of Stars, Nucleosynthesis | 951 | ||
| Luminosity and Brightness of Stars | 951 | ||
| H-R Diagram | 952 | ||
| Stellar Evolution; Nucleosynthesis | 954 | ||
| Low Mass Stars-White Dwarfs | 955 | ||
| High Mass Stars-Supernovae, Neutron Stars, Black Holes | 955 | ||
| Novae and Supernovae | 956 | ||
| 33-3 Distance Measurements | 957 | ||
| Parallax | 957 | ||
| Parsec | 958 | ||
| Distant Stars and Galaxies | 958 | ||
| Distance via SNIa, Redshift | 958 | ||
| 33-4 General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space | 959 | ||
| Curvature of the Universe | 962 | ||
| Black Holes | 962 | ||
| 33-5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and Hubble’s Law | 964 | ||
| Redshift Origins | 965 | ||
| Scale Factor (advanced) | 965 | ||
| Expansion, and the Cosmological Principle | 966 | ||
| Steady-State Model | 967 | ||
| 33-6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background | 967 | ||
| Looking Back toward the Big Bang-Lookback Time | 969 | ||
| The Observable Universe | 969 | ||
| 33-7 The Standard Cosmological Model: Early History of the Universe | 970 | ||
| The History | 970 | ||
| 33-8 Inflation: Explaining Flatness, Uniformity, and Structure | 973 | ||
| Flatness | 974 | ||
| CMB Uniformity | 974 | ||
| Galaxy Seeds, Fluctuations, Magnetic Monopoles | 974 | ||
| 33-9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy | 975 | ||
| Critical Density | 975 | ||
| Dark Matter | 976 | ||
| Dark Energy-Cosmic Acceleration | 976 | ||
| 33-10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe | 977 | ||
| 33-11 Finally... | 978 | ||
| Summary | 979 | ||
| Questions | 980 | ||
| MisConceptual Questions | 980 | ||
| Problems | 981 | ||
| General Problems | 982 | ||
| Search and Learn | 983 | ||
| Appendices | A-1 | ||
| A Mathematical Review | A-1 | ||
| A-1 Relationships, Proportionality, and Equations | A-1 | ||
| A-2 Exponents | A-2 | ||
| A-3 Powers of 10, or Exponential Notation | A-3 | ||
| A-4 Algebra | A-3 | ||
| Solving for an Unknown | A-4 | ||
| Two or More Unknowns | A-5 | ||
| The Quadratic Formula | A-6 | ||
| A-5 The Binomial Expansion | A-6 | ||
| A-6 Plane Geometry | A-7 | ||
| A-7 Trigonometric Functions and Identities | A-8 | ||
| A-8 Logarithms | A-10 | ||
| B Selected Isotopes | A-12 | ||
| C Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces; Coriolis Effect | A-16 | ||
| D Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy | A-19 | ||
| Equipartition of Energy | A-20 | ||
| Solids | A-21 | ||
| E Galilean and Lorentz Transformations | A-22 | ||
| Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems | A-27 | ||
| Index | A-43 | ||
| Photo Credits | A-69 |