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Charles Taylor and Liberia

Charles Taylor and Liberia

Colin M. Waugh

(2011)

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Abstract

Campaigner, insurgent, fugitive, rebel commander, commodity kingpin, elected president, exile and finally prisoner, Charles Taylor sought to lead his country to change but instead ignited a conflict which destroyed Liberia in over a decade of violence, greed and personal ambition. Taylor's takeover threw much of the neigbouring region into turmoil, until he was finally brought to face justice in The Hague for his role in Sierra Leone's civil war. In this remarkable and eye-opening book, Colin Waugh draws on a variety of sources, testimonies and original interviews - including with Taylor himself - to recount the story of what really happened during these turbulent years. In doing so, he examines both the life of Charles Taylor, as well as the often self-interested efforts of the international community to first save Liberia from disaster, then, having failed to do so, to bring to justice the man it deems most to blame for its disintegration.
Colin Waugh grew up in Scotland and was educated in the UK before pursuing careers in writing and publishing, financial markets and international post-conflict work. The latter led him to live and travel in over twenty countries in Africa over the past two decades. In 2004 he wrote 'Paul Kagame and Rwanda', a career narrative of the current President of Rwanda. From 1996-97 he worked in Sierra Leone and later in Ghana, a country of refuge for many Liberians, before returning to Sierra Leone and Liberia itself in 2002, Charles Taylor's last full year in power. Mr. Waugh currently lives in London, and recently has served on the advisory board of Columbia University’s Institute of African Studies and as director of Lombard Street Associates in London.
'Bold in its design as it is discerning/piercing in its content, this study dissects Charles Taylor ruthless and bloody quest for power and wealth. More than a mere account of the enigmatic Taylor, this illuminating analysis is ultimately a biography of the Liberia Civil war, one which examines the politics of violence in relation to the economic, socio-political conditions and processes that underpinned and led to war, terror and corruption.' - Mamadou Diouf, Professor of West African History & Director of the Institute of African Studies, Columbia University 'Colin Waugh's book reads like a thriller. Carefully researched, it gives us remarkable insights into the life of one of the most notorious warlords, turned national leader to emerge from Africa in the later part of the 20th century. 'Charles Taylor and Liberia' is an invaluable contribution towards understanding the brutal civil wars that ravaged Liberia and Sierra Leone and their ramifications on the West African sub-region.' - Ambassador Francis Tsegah, Diplomat and Senior Research Fellow, Ghana Centre for Democratic Development 'A book destined to become essential reading for anyone who want to understand the tragedy that was Liberia. A truly fascinating read.' - Linda Melvern, investigative journalist, author of A People Betrayed and Conspiracy to Murder 'Colin Waugh’s book is both informative and thought-provoking. It provides insights not just into Charles Taylor but also into the institutional fragilities and international forces that perpetuated the civil strife in the West African nation of Liberia. On all points, Waugh provides a balanced, well-researched, and well written account of the Liberian tragedy that began in 1980 and continued for almost 25 years. For anyone interested in understanding the inertia of civil strife, the challenge of national reconciliation and justice, and the vagaries of the international judicial system, Charles Taylor and Liberia: Ambition and Atrocity in Africa’s Lone Star State is essential reading.' - Canadian Journal of African Studies 'Should be essential reading for anyone interested in Liberia and more generally in the unusual role of personality in shaping big events.' - African Affairs

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the Author ii
Abbreviations vii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction 1
The Taylor enigma 2
Context of the war and definitions 4
A country destroyed and a region torn 8
Liberia: county map\r 10
Part One: The Land of the Freed 11
1 | Foundations of a Settlement 13
End of the Tubman era 13
Shotgun settlement in the palaver hut 15
Mythical Matilda Newport 17
West Africa regional map 20
A Western colony in all but name 20
Entering the unknown Liberia 24
Paramount patronage 27
The modern commodity era begins 29
Beginnings of dissent 32
2 | The Spirit of Liberia 35
Arthington journey: inauspicious early times 35
Humble origins and adoption 38
A trip to Bomi County 40
Society and economy 43
Liberty, fraternity, spirituality 45
Liberian ethnic and language groups map\r 46
Tribal Affiliations of Liberian Population, 1962 Census 47
Poro practices and rituals 48
The heart of the matter 51
Traditional forces for contemporary power 54
3 | Confronting the Old Order 56
Tolbert’s uncomfortable balancing act amid change 56
An age of agitation 57
The right to rice 61
Leaving for studies in the United States 63
Bentley days and family life 65
ULAA and expatriate activism 68
Showdown with the president 72
Invitation to return 74
Coup of April 1980 75
Native power: the People’s Redemption Council 80
Part Two: From Dictatorship to Anarchy 83
4 | Sergeant-in-Charge: Samuel Doe’s presidency 85
A new career in procurement 86
Sitting up and taking notice in Washington DC 90
Charlie tap-dances as Nancy rocks 94
The mood towards Monrovia hardens 95
Succumbing to temptation at the GSA 97
Punishing Nimba 99
Taylor apprehended on his adoptive home turf 101
Business as usual despite criticisms 104
5 | Doe’s Decline, Taylor’s Travels 106
Thomas Quiwonkpa’s coup 107
Breakout and flight: New England getaway drama 109
White-collar prison life 111
Running spy rings around Ghana 115
The diaspora regroups 118
Building a movement 119
6 | Charles Taylor’s War 123
Taylor the adoptive Nimbaian 126
Swelling ranks, declining discipline 128
The rebel communicator 130
AFL crumbles on the battlefield 132
Doe’s internal purge intensifies 134
Internal tensions and rivals’ disappearances 138
First battle of Monrovia, July - August 1990 141
Fatal distraction 142
The second rebel faction appears 143
Taylor claims the presidency 145
Nigerian element drives a wedge between Taylor and the USA 147
Assassination of Doe 149
Gruesome ending on videotape 151
7 | The Pantomime of Peace 153
Brute force prevails in negotiations 155
ECOMOG, the civil war’s imported faction 158
Operation Octopus 160
Map: Conflict in Greater Liberia,1991 - 1994 163
Cotonou Accords offer amnesty to perpetrators 164
Taylor returns to Monrovia 169
Transitional government no. 2: new game, same rules 170
Third battle for Monrovia 172
International community trapped in Monrovia inferno 174
Another triumph for the strongmen 177
Part Three: Power in Greater Liberia 179
8 | Greater Liberia: Prospering and Assimilating 181
Getting down to foreign deals 183
Solidarity with Francophonie 186
Ghankay–Leaks, a media operation ahead of its time 191
The wealth of war 193
Connecting with country spirits 196
Excesses in the interior 198
Master of stagecraft 200
9 | Sierra Leone: Liberia’s Sister Revolution 202
Forming Corporal Sankoh 203
Connecting in Libya – launching from Liberia 207
Valentine Strasser’s coup: another boy soldier takes over 210
Diamonds are a warlord’s best friend 212
Defiant Sierra Leone goes to the polls 214
Sankoh goes AWOL 217
Cry Freetown: New Year’s massacre of 1999 219
Regional blunders by the Reverend Jackson 221
Taylor works to free UN hostages 223
UK search for scapegoat in Sandline affair 227
10 | Election Victory and the Taylor Presidency 228
Family values versus fear of violence 231
Life-or-death calculation by the electorate 234
Mastering the airwaves 236
Early Taylor administration 240
Faltering steps on the path to respectability 242
Counting the cost, forgetting the guilty 244
Uphill struggle to repair US relations 247
Cash-strapped and cut off from aid 248
Defence and domestic order: the ATU and the SSS 250
Charles Taylor Jr, Liberia’s wayward apprentice 252
Squandering the democratic opportunity 254
Part Four: Fallout from a Revolution 257
11 | A Government Embattled 259
Intransigence over Sierra Leone 259
The LURD is born 264
Sanctions crush the Liberian economy 268
Special Court closes in on its prey 270
Map: Taylor’s last Battle: Monrovia, June - August 2003 271
Backpedalling from peace 273
Charles Taylor’s last day in office 275
Exile years in Nigeria 278
Foot-dragging by the old guard 280
Dash for the border 283
12 | Relations withthe United States 287
US policy towards West African conflictin the late 1980s 287
US suspension of arms signals end of Doe 290
Preparations for the Gulf War: the death knell for peace in Liberia 292
ECOMOG, the newest looting faction in Liberia’s war 294
The Taylor Project, a turning point in trust 296
Taylor’s Washington spy 301
Clearing the file in Massachusetts 304
Visit to United States aborted 306
The Americans’ African 308
13 | Liberian Legacy 310
Young Liberia: conflict and flight 310
Voyage of the Bulk Challenge and Buduburam Camp 314
Youth on the run – and on the rampage 317
The disrespect of the displaced 320
Women and war 322
Praying away the devil 325
Truth, reconciliation and impunity 326
A president repents 331
14 | Justice à la Carte 334
From Calabar to courtroom 334
Charges against Taylor 336
Charles Taylor trial finally proceeds 340
Arms-for-diamonds allegations 343
UN comes in for Taylor attacks 345
Challenges facing prosecution 346
Proceedings drag on and funds run short 348
Notes 351
Introduction 351
Chapter One 351
Chapter Two 352
Chapter Three 352
Chapter Four 352
Chapter Five 353
Chapter Six 354
Chapter Seven 354
Chapter Eight 355
Chapter Nine 355
Chapter Ten 355
Chapter Eleven 356
Chapter Twelve 357
Chapter Thirteen 358
Chapter Fourteen 358
Bibliography 360
Books and reports 360
Newspaper, online and journal articles 362
Video 363
Index 364