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Poverty and Inequality in Middle Income Countries

Poverty and Inequality in Middle Income Countries

Einar Braathen | Julian May | Marianne Ulriksen | Gemma C. Wright

(2016)

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Abstract

This collection offers a timely reassessment of viable ways of addressing poverty across the globe today. The profile of global poverty has changed dramatically over the past decade, and around three-quarters of the poor now live in middle income countries, making inequality a major issue. This requires us to fundamentally rethink anti-poverty strategies and policies, as many aspects of the established framework for poverty reduction are no longer effective. Featuring contributions from Latin America, Africa and Asia, this much-needed collection answers some of the key questions arising as development policy confronts the challenges of poverty and inequality on the global, national and local scale in both urban and rural contexts.

Providing poverty researchers and practitioners with valuable new tools to address new forms of poverty in the right way, Poverty and Inequality in Middle Income Countries shows how a radical switch from aid to redistribution-based social policies is needed to combat new forms of global poverty.


‘This timely and important collection of essays breaths fresh air into the debate about what it means to be poor in today's world, and what can be done to end poverty.’
Tony Addison, chief economist, United Nations University - World Institute for Development Economics Research

‘The excellent group of papers in this volume throw much needed light upon the politics of poverty reduction in middle-income countries. They deserve a wide readership.’
Armando Barrientos, University of Manchester

'A welcome addition to the literature on poverty. In focusing on domestic actors and politics, the essays in this volume help to shed light on the social drivers of poverty and available instruments for effective poverty reduction. A must read for scholars, activists, and policymakers interested in the problem of poverty and poverty reduction.'
Jimi Adesina, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

‘This volume is a valuable contribution to our understanding of the causes of, and solutions to, poverty and inequality in the global South. Comparative and interdisciplinary in approach - it provides a comprehensive and critical analysis and is a timely addition to the literature on these issues.’
Rebecca Surender, University of Oxford


Einar Braathen is research professor in international studies at the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (NIBR). A political scientist, he has specialized in governance and policy analysis in the global South, particularly the linkages between multilevel governance (central–local relations, municipality–community relations) and policy delivery (poverty reduction, service delivery, climate change adaptation). For the last ten years he has mainly worked on two BRICS countries, South Africa and Brazil. He co-edited and co-authored The Politics of Slums in the Global South (2016).

Julian May is director of the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security at the University of the Western Cape. Professor May works on poverty reduction, including land reform, social grants, information technology and urban agriculture in southern and East Africa. He formerly held the South African Research Chair in Applied Poverty Impact Assessment.

Marianne S. Ulriksen is senior research fellow at the Centre for Social Development in Africa (CSDA), University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Marianne’s research areas include comparative politics, the political economy of welfare policy development, social protection, social justice, poverty and inequality, mineral wealth and resource mobilization, and state–citizens relations. Her publications primarily focus on southern and eastern Africa, where she has lived and worked since 2000.

Gemma Wright is research director of the Southern African Social Policy Research Institute, and Southern African Social Policy Research Insights. She is professor extraordinarius at the University of South Africa and research associate at the Institute of Social and Economic Research at Rhodes University. Her areas of interest include social security policy and the definition and measurement of poverty.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover cover
About CROP i
Series titles ii
Title page iii
Copyright iv
Contents v
Figures and tables vii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction: Poverty and Politicsin Middle Income Countries 1
Declining global poverty? 1
MICs: the changing geopolitics of poverty 2
The changing nature of poverty 3
Addressing poverty in MICs (i): politics 4
Addressing poverty in MICs (ii): redistributive policies 6
Overview of the volume 7
Concluding remarks 13
Notes 14
References 14
1 | Policy-Relevant Measurement of Poverty in Low, Middle and High Income Countries 16
Introduction 16
Benin (LIC) 24
Mexico (MIC) 28
UK (HIC) 31
Comparable measures of poverty across different societies 33
Conclusion 38
Notes 38
References 38
2 | Poverty, Inequality, Racism and Human Rights in Mexico and Latin America 44
Introduction 44
Epistemological and conceptual frameworks 47
Pervasive state violence in Mexico 51
Mexico and the Zapatistas as representative cases 54
Conclusion 62
References 63
3 | South Africa, the OECD and BRICS 65
Introduction 65
The OECD and BRICS: old and new post-national economic actors 65
An alternative model and its vulnerability 66
The old and new OECD 69
SA choosing both the OECD and BRICS? 75
The utopian alternative 79
Notes 81
References 81
4 | Universalizing Health Coverage in Emerging Economies 84
Introduction 84
Healthcare systems in emerging economies 87
Current trends in developing countries towards UHC 89
Policy debates on SHI for developing countries 90
The drive for universal health coverage in India (2000–13): achievements, opportunities and obstacles 94
Conclusion 98
Notes 99
References 99
5 | The Politics of Inequality in Botswana and South Africa 104
Introduction 104
Politics, policies and inequality: setting the scene of the enquiry 105
Labour market policies: employment and wage levelling? 109
Taxation: proportional, but progressive? 113
Social transfers: pro-poor, but redistributive? 115
Political pressure and collective action: explaining differences in policy outcomes 116
Conclusion 118
Notes 120
References 120
6 | Democratization, Disempowerment and Poverty in Nigeria 123
Introduction 123
Theory of democracy and economic growth 126
Democracy, politics and poverty reduction in Nigeria 128
Poverty reduction in Nigeria 130
Poverty reduction in Venezuela 134
Policy implications of politics for poverty reduction in MICs 136
Conclusion 140
References 141
7 | Urban Poverty and Inequality in Rio De Janeiro, Cape Town and Durban 143
Introduction 143
Urban poverty and inequality 146
National and local housing policies in Brazil 148
National and local housing policies in post-apartheid South Africa 152
Comparative findings: shifting discourses, emerging policies in Rio de Janeiro, Durban and Cape Town 158
Conclusion: towards less segregated cities? 162
Notes 163
References 164
8 | Adults Who Live on the Streets of Buenos Aires 167
Introduction 167
Recent urban transformations of the city of Buenos Aires 168
General characteristics of social policies 172
The changing profile of the homeless population 175
Uses of the urban infrastructure of Buenos Aires 177
Final comments 180
Notes 182
References 182
9 | Grassroots Politics and Social Movement Mobilizations for Development in Brazil 184
Introduction 184
Politics, power and grassroots mobilization for development 186
Historical background to the struggle for land in Brazil 188
The origin of the MST and the territorialization of struggles for land 190
From struggles for land to building livelihoods on the land 196
Concluding remarks 201
Notes 202
References 202
10 | Land-Alienation-Infused Poverty in India 205
Introduction 205
Ideational foundations of inequality in India 205
Impossibility of Hindu reformation in modern India 208
Property at the root of deprivation 210
Developmental processes that deepen land alienation 212
The contradiction between the republican state and the feudal mode of production 214
Conclusion 216
Notes 217
References 219
11 | The Politics of Hunger Deaths in Odisha (India) 221
Revisiting the anti-politics machine: James Ferguson and beyond 224
Kashipur caught in the webs of development 227
The story of hunger deaths in Kashipur 231
The production of underdevelopment 237
Notes 240
References 240
About the Editors and Contributors 243
Editors 243
Contributors 243
Index 247