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Abstract
In 2011, South Sudan became independent following a long war of liberation, that gradually became marked by looting, raids and massacres pitting ethnic communities against each other. In this remarkably comprehensive work, Edward Thomas provides a multi-layered examination of what is happening in the country today. Writing from the perspective of South Sudan's most mutinous hinterland, Jonglei state, the book explains how this area was at the heart of South Sudan's struggle.
Drawing on hundreds of interviews and a broad range of sources, this book gives a sharply focused, fresh account of South Sudan's long, unfinished fight for liberation.
'South Sudan: A Slow Liberation succinctly examines the challenges that continue to face South Sudanese struggling for freedom while at the same time stubbornly refusing to break loose of the archaic social relations and customs that militate against modernity - the essence of liberation - and the emergence of the modern state in South Sudan.'
Peter Adwok Nyaba, former minister of higher education for South Sudan
'This is the most lucid, insightful account of South Sudan's predicament in print. Privileging South Sudanese voices, and threading together social and economic history and political and military analysis with personal testimony, demography and anthropology, it is essential reading for those wishing to understand the current civil war. It is also beautifully written.'
Alex de Waal, executive director of the World Peace Foundation and author of Darfur: A New History of a Long War
'Thomas's insightful review of South Sudanese history, ecology and its multiple societies explodes many of the myths that underlie present explanations for the conflicts in South Sudan. Instead of looking to primordialism or narrowly based cultural explanations, Thomas situates Jonglei's violence-prone history within the context of uneven development, global incorporation and the failure of the ruling SPLM to overcome the resulting contradictions.'
John Young, author of The Fate of Sudan
'This book is a rare achievement as it unfolds the present through the voices of those who live with the consequences of what has happened in the past. Thomas gives us a much-needed fresh understanding of South Sudan that, while uniquely modern, historicizes and moves beyond stereotypes and received wisdom.'
Mareike Schomerus, London School of Economics and Political Science
'A must read for all interested in South Sudan, the world's newest state. Thomas's well-written book expertly documents how statehood came about, its fragility and the lessons from history for South Sudan's future.'
Alex Vines, OBE, head of the Africa programme at Chatham House and co-director of the African Studies Centre, Coventry University
'The book thoroughly examines the predicament of South Sudan, focusing on Jonglei state, where the worst kinds of violence along ethnic lines have occurred. It interrogates the explanations, particularly uneven development, that many authors have used in their works. The work is a must read for anyone interested in a comprehensive treatment of the events that led to the birth of the new country.'
Leben Nelson Moro, director of external relations at the University of Juba
'This is an illuminating account of the contradictions of the theory and practice of liberation in an African periphery. Thomas teaches us how South Sudan's slow and relentless integration into the global market confounds its liberation unravelling chronically in the bloody conflict theatre of Jonglei. From the local contingencies of South Sudan's war zones the book draws universal lessons on the devastations of the nation-state.'
Magdi El Gizouli, Freiburg University
Edward Thomas has lived and worked in Sudan and South Sudan for over eight years. He worked as a teacher, researcher and human rights worker for Sudanese and international organizations. Over the past five years, he has written numerous books, reports and articles about South Sudan and its neighbours.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | Front cover | ||
About the Author | i | ||
Title Page | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
Contents | vii | ||
Figures and Tables | viii | ||
Acknowledgements | ix | ||
A Note on Terminology | xi | ||
Introduction: Gabriel Anyang Remembers his Childhood | 1 | ||
Gabriel Anyang’s Story | 4 | ||
The Miracle of Money | 5 | ||
The Jonglei Mix | 8 | ||
A History of Abduction | 11 | ||
National Identity | 13 | ||
The Aims of This Book | 16 | ||
Sources | 28 | ||
Organization of Chapters | 29 | ||
Part One: Society and State | 31 | ||
1: The Social Landscape | 33 | ||
Ecology and Economy | 34 | ||
Landscapes and Transport | 37 | ||
Language and Migration | 39 | ||
Migrations as Connections | 41 | ||
Exogamy and Multilingualism | 44 | ||
Arabic and Urban Migration | 45 | ||
States and Stateless Societies | 47 | ||
Representing and Misrepresenting Diversity | 50 | ||
2: South Sudan's Encounter with Modernity | 53 | ||
The Cause of the Violence – Cultural Irreconcilabilities or the Violence of Development? | 55 | ||
The Construction of Racial Oppression | 56 | ||
The Construction of Underdevelopment | 60 | ||
The New Periphery Defeats the Centre | 67 | ||
Jonglei’s Long Nineteenth Century | 70 | ||
The Geography of Uneven Development | 75 | ||
Conclusion | 78 | ||
3: Development and Representation | 82 | ||
Development and Pessimism | 82 | ||
A History of Postponed Development | 85 | ||
Underdevelopment and the Economic Autonomy of the State | 88 | ||
The Changing Basis of the State’s Economic Autonomy from Society | 89 | ||
Colonial Budgets | 89 | ||
Dilemmas of Allocation and Representation | 93 | ||
Post Allocation and Patronage | 94 | ||
The Emergence of ‘Minorities’ | 95 | ||
Government Posts and the Drift Towards War | 102 | ||
4: Theories of Revolution | 106 | ||
Understanding South Sudan’s Path to Development | 106 | ||
Anya-Nya’s Aims | 108 | ||
Anya-Nya and the Communist Movement | 108 | ||
The Rapid Formulation of the SPLM/A’s Objectives | 110 | ||
Conventional War | 112 | ||
Dependency Theory | 113 | ||
The Limitations of Dependency Theory | 120 | ||
5: State and Society in Jonglei After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement | 126 | ||
An Evening with the Ambassadors | 126 | ||
The SPLM’s Inheritance | 127 | ||
Ethnic Competition for State Posts | 129 | ||
Administrative Boundaries and Ethnic Boundaries | 130 | ||
Administrative Boundaries and Land Disputes After 2005 | 133 | ||
Counties as a Means to Manage State Patronage | 138 | ||
Concentrating Wealth in Juba | 141 | ||
The Importance of Towns in the Creation of New Ideas About Ethnicity | 145 | ||
Ethnicity in Diasporas and Towns | 147 | ||
Diasporas: Prestige Schools and Prestige Brides | 147 | ||
Diasporas from (Northern) Sudan and East Africa | 152 | ||
Urban Ethnic Associations | 154 | ||
Ethnicity and the State | 160 | ||
The SPLM System and Ethnicity | 161 | ||
The SPLA System and Ethnicity | 163 | ||
Part Two: Jonglei's Mutinies | 167 | ||
6: The Life and Death of Hassan Nagachingol | 169 | ||
7: The Civil Wars in Jonglei | 178 | ||
Overview of the 1983–2005 Civil War | 178 | ||
Pibor as Vantage Point | 180 | ||
Setting People against Each Other | 182 | ||
The 1980s: Jonglei’s Militias and the National Drift Towards War | 184 | ||
1991: The Split in the SPLA | 189 | ||
The White Army | 190 | ||
1991: The Attack on Bor | 191 | ||
1992: The Nuer Civil War | 192 | ||
New Youth Army | 194 | ||
Youth Armies in Pibor | 198 | ||
The Mid-1990s – War Reconfigured Around Militias | 202 | ||
Youth and Militarization in Bor and Bahr al-Ghazal | 205 | ||
Comprehensive Peace and Disarmament | 206 | ||
8: The Geography of Conflict in Jonglei After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement | 211 | ||
Other Modes of Insecurity – The Intra-Sectional Feud | 214 | ||
Jonglei’s Persistent Mutinies | 215 | ||
Mapping Conflicts – Evidence from Government Records | 216 | ||
Massive Raids | 217 | ||
Opportunistic Attacks | 221 | ||
The Motivations of Non-Traditional Armed Groups | 223 | ||
Defence | 224 | ||
Accumulation | 225 | ||
Murle Systems of Booty Distribution | 228 | ||
Conquest | 229 | ||
Prophecy and Politics | 230 | ||
Armed Youth and National Politics | 234 | ||
Structures of Violence | 236 | ||
Part Three: Social Transformation | 241 | ||
9: Raiding and Eating | 243 | ||
A Transformed Food Economy | 243 | ||
Hungry People and Growing Herds | 245 | ||
A Cattle Economy at the Margins of the Market | 246 | ||
Traditional Cattle Ownership, Exchange and Labour Systems | 249 | ||
The Breakdown of the Traditional Livestock Economy | 249 | ||
Uneven Development in Bor and in the Jonglei Hinterlands | 251 | ||
Bor Town – Integration into a Market Economy | 252 | ||
Lou Nuer Areas and the Functions of the Raid | 253 | ||
Pibor – Access to Markets | 254 | ||
A Transformed Society | 258 | ||
10: Nyaburjok | 260 | ||
Nyaburjok | 260 | ||
Unruly and Mysterious | 261 | ||
Abduction as a Gender Story | 263 | ||
Evidence of Murle Women’s Predisposition to Infertility: The Colonial Period | 264 | ||
Evidence from the 1970s | 270 | ||
Recent Evidence | 271 | ||
Reasons for Abduction | 272 | ||
Abduction and the Changing Status of Childless Women | 273 | ||
Fertility and Men | 275 | ||
Dependence and Resistance | 276 | ||
Conclusion: Slow Liberation | 278 | ||
The Jonglei Vantage Point | 278 | ||
Crises in 2012 and 2013 | 279 | ||
The Crisis in Jonglei | 281 | ||
December 2013: The Army Splits | 282 | ||
Jonglei’s New Mutiny | 283 | ||
National Unity and National Memory | 284 | ||
The State Rolls Forward | 288 | ||
Distributing Rent | 290 | ||
The Periphery and the Future | 291 | ||
Bibliography | 293 | ||
Index | 309 | ||
Back Cover | Back cover |