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Rethinking Gender in Revolutions and Resistance

Rethinking Gender in Revolutions and Resistance

Professor Maha El Said | Doctor Lena Meari | Doctor Nicola Pratt

(2015)

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Abstract

Ever since the uprisings that swept the Arab world, the role of Arab women in political transformations received unprecedented media attention. The copious commentary, however, has yet to result in any serious study of the gender dynamics of political upheaval. Rethinking Gender in Revolutions and Resistance is the first book to analyse the interplay between moments of sociopolitical transformation, emerging subjectivities and the different modes of women’s agency in forging new gender norms in the Arab world. Written by scholars and activists from the countries affected, including Palestine, Egypt, Tunisia and Libya, this is an important addition to Middle Eastern gender studies.
Maha El Said is a professor at the English Department, Cairo University. She has more than 22 years of experience teaching at Egyptian universities with a special interest in American studies. She was the first to write a book-length dissertation on Arab-American poetry, in 1997. She has published on Arab-American writings, creative writing, popular culture and the impact of new technologies on literature. In 2003-2004 she was a Fulbright visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley, where she researched the development of the spoken word as political expression. Lena Meari is an assistant professor at the Social and Behavioral Sciences Department and the Institute of Women’s Studies at Birzeit University, Palestine. Her teaching, research interests and writing focus on settler colonialism in Palestine and formations of revolutionary movements, subjectivities, gender relations and development. Nicola Pratt is reader in the international politics of the Middle East at University of Warwick. She has been researching and writing about Middle East politics since the end of the 1990s and is particularly interested in feminist approaches as well as ‘politics from below’. Her work has appeared in International Studies Quarterly, Third World Quarterly, Review of International Studies and Review of International Political Economy, amongst others. She is author of Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Arab World, co-author (with Nadje Al-Ali) of What Kind of Liberation? Women and the Occupation of Iraq and co-editor (with Sophie Richter-Devroe) of Gender, Governance and International Security and (with Nadje Al-Ali) Women and War in the Middle East. Between 2010 and 2013, she was co-director of the ‘Reconceptualising Gender: Transnational Perspectives’ research network with Birzeit University, Palestine.
'Every contributor here has insights to offer. I found myself re-thinking again and again what women activists created in the wake of their historic acts of political resistance. What a valuable book!' Cynthia Enloe, author of Seriously! Investigating Crashes and Crises as if Women Mattered 'Boldly challenging Orientalist and liberalist analyses of the Arab world, El Said, Meari, and Pratt, assemble a set of brilliant interventions.' Suad Joseph, University of California, Davis 'Prescient and insightful... succeeds in unpicking unfounded generalisations concerning both the nature of the Arab Spring and of women's participation and resistance.' Ruth Pearson, professor emeritus, University of Leeds 'This timely and exciting volume leaves no doubt that a gendered lens is key to understanding socio-political transformations in the Middle East.' Nadje Al-Ali, SOAS University of London 'If you are interested in Palestinian resistance of Israeli sexual interrogation techniques and/or the post-revolutionary politics of Egypt, Libya and Tunisia and how they have placed the body and sexuality at center stage, this book offers fresh discussions of new approaches, debates and constructions that will help you appreciate the study of old and new forms of power and their complex relations. As its title suggests, this book is a must read for anyone interested in rethinking gender in revolution and resistance.' Mervat F. Hatem, Howard University 'Complicating our understanding of the gendered genealogies and contours of resistance in the Arab world, Rethinking Gender in Revolutions and Resistance challenges dominant periodizations of revolutions in the region, mapping a new and persuasive historiography of deeply feminist concerns. An important and original contribution to transnational, postcolonial feminist scholarship.' Chandra Talpade Mohanty, distinguished professor of women's and gender studies, Syracuse University, and author of Feminism Without Borders

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front cover Front cover
More praise i
About the editors ii
Title page v
Untitled vi
Contents vii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction: Rethinking Gender in Revolutions and Resistance in the Arab World 1
Rethinking the Arab Spring 2
Gender and Socio-Political Transformation 7
The Malleability of Gender and Sexuality in Revolutions and Resistance 8
The Body and Resistance 15
Gender and the Construction of the Secular/Islamic Binary 20
Structure of the Book 24
Notes 29
References 29
PART I The Malleability of Gender and Sexuality in Revolutions and Resistance 33
1 Reconstructing Gender in Post-Revolution Egypt 35
Introduction 35
Back to the 1990s 36
Space of Appearance Lost 41
Space of Appearance Restored 45
From Victim to Warrior 49
In Conclusion? 52
Notes 53
References 56
2 Resignifying ‘Sexual’ Colonial Power Techniques: The Experiences of Palestinian Women Political Prisoners 59
The Articulations of Sexuality 61
Sexual Interrogation Techniques in Colonial Contexts 64
Writing Palestinian Women Political Prisoners 66
Sumud: Opening Up Possibilities for Resignification 69
The Potential Failure of Repetitious Sexual Power Techniques 73
Subverting the Ontological Bases of the Body 75
Transforming the Self and Society’s Values 77
Subverting Western Feminist Constructions of Palestinian Women 80
Conclusion 82
Notes 83
References 84
3 A Strategic Use of Culture: Egyptian Women’s Subversion and Resignification of Gender Norms 86
Introduction 86
Baheya Ya Masr: Women’s Political Activism 88
Doaa Eladl: Subversive Caricature 95
Political Women on Walls 98
Conclusion 101
Notes 103
References 104
PART II The Body and Resistance 107
4 She Resists: Body Politics between Radical and Subaltern 109
Introduction 109
Body as Resistance 111
The Case of Aliaa Magda Elmahdy: ‘The Nude Blogger’ 114
The Case of Sama El-Masry 122
Conclusion 127
Notes 129
References 131
5 Framing the Female Body: Beyond Morality and Pathology? 135
Introduction 135
Between Conformity and Rebellion: Understandings of the Female Body before 2011 137
The Female Body in the Arab Spring 138
The Naked Female Body: The Cases of Aliaa Elmahdy and Amina Sboui 141
Framing the Female Body 142
The Self and the Collective: Nudity as Resistance 144
Liberal Frames and Responses 145
Frames and Responses from Women 148
Conclusion 150
References 151
6 Women’s Bodies in Post-Revolution Libya: Control and Resistance 155
Introduction 155
Appropriation and Instrumentalization of Women’s Bodies: From Gaddafi’s Jamahariya to the New Libya 156
The Political Transition in Post-Gaddafi Libya: Women’s Bodies as Battlefields in the Political Struggle 159
The Campaign against CEDAW 160
Women Members of the General National Congress (GNC) 164
Violence against Women in Public Spaces 166
Women’s Resistance to Patriarchy in the New Libya: Between Confrontation and Compliance 167
Conclusion 172
Notes 174
References 176
PART III Gender and the Construction of the Secular/Islamic Binary 179
7 Islamic Feminism and the Equivocation ofPolitical Engagement‘: Fair is foul, and foul is fair’ 181
Introduction 181
Women’s Movements and the State 182
State Feminism in Egypt 184
Islamic Feminism and the Changing Political Context 194
The Politics and Ethics of Islamic Feminism 197
Conclusion 201
Notes 202
References 202
8 Islamic and Secular Women’s Activism and Discourses in Post-Uprising Tunisia 205
Introduction 205
Historical Context for Women’s Rights in Tunisia 207
Discourses of Women’s Rights in Post-Uprising Tunisia and Dynamics of Women’s Activism 211
Ideological Differences but Common Goals to Defend Women’s Equal Rights 222
Conclusion 227
Notes 228
References 229
Conclusion: Towards New Epistemologies and Ontologies of Gender and Socio-Political Transformation in the Arab World 232
References 240
About the Contributors 241
Index 244