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Women in Politics

Women in Politics

Mariz Tadros

(2014)

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Abstract

Women the world over are being prevented from engaging in politics. Women’s political leadership of any sort is a rarity and a career in politics rarer still. We have, however, begun to understand what it takes to create an enabling environment for women’s political participation. In this exciting and pioneering collection, writers from Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East are brought together for the first time to talk explicitly about women’s participation in the political scene across the global South. Answering such questions as how women can get political apprenticeship opportunities, how these opportunities translate into the pursuit of a political career, and how these pursuits then influence the kind of political platform women advocate once in power, Women in Politics is essential reading for anyone interested in what it means to engage politically.
Mariz Tadros is a research fellow at the Institute of Development Studies in the UK. She was formerly a professor of political science at the American University in Cairo and worked for almost ten years as a journalist for Al-Ahram Weekly newspaper. Her most recent publications are Copts at the Crossroads: The Struggle for Inclusive Democracy in Egypt (2013), The Muslim Brotherhood in Contemporary Egypt: Democracy Redefined or Confined? (2012), and two recent IDS Bulletins: The Pulse of Egypt's Revolt (January 2012) and Religion, Gender and Rights at the Crossroads (January 2011). She works on democratization in the Middle East, religion and development, the politics of gender and development, and Islamist political movements in the Middle East. Her work has featured in The Guardian, Opendemocracy and Middle East Report.
'This highly engaging volume offers novel insights into the gendered pathways to political office in the global South. The rich empirical material compiled by knowledgeable country experts shows the importance of informal pathways and challenges some common assumptions about the factors that constrain and facilitate women's access.' Susan Franceschet, University of Calgary 'The focus here is on the process of women's engagement in political competition ... These are inspiring accounts of women's individual and collective triumphs over patriarchal interests, often achieved via independent, non-party paths to public office. This volume is packed with original data from recent research and it is a must-read for analysts of politics in contexts of transitions and decentralization.' Anne Marie Goetz, New York University

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front cover Front cover
Feminisms and Development i
About the Editor ii
Title Page iii
Copyright iv
Contents v
Acknowledgements vii
Preface viii
Introduction – Engaging Politically: Rethinking Women's Pathways to Power 1
A ‘pathways lens’ to political empowerment 4
Rethinking the political 6
Profiling women’s trajectories 10
Political apprenticeship 13
Enabling and constraining factors 18
Feminist support and the question of training 24
Electoral mechanisms and systems through a bottom-up lens 27
Conclusion 31
References 37
1 Politics as Service: Pathways of District Assembly Women in Ghana 40
Decentralization in Ghana 44
Pathways to political power of selected assembly women 50
Conclusion 66
Notes 68
References 70
2 Exceptional Women: Reserved Councillors in Municipal Corporations in Bangladesh 74
Women in politics: the Bangladesh context 76
Pathways of power in politics for Bangladeshi women councillors 79
Conclusions: towards a more nuanced understanding of Bangladeshi women in politics 94
Acknowledgements 98
Notes 98
References 99
3 Ejecting Women from Formal Politics in the ‘Old-New’ Egypt (2011–12) 101
Background 103
Political context: exit Mubarak’s authoritarianism, enter Mursi’s Islamic dictatorship 106
Egypt’s first post-Mubarak elections: the old and new interfaces with gender politics 110
Different women for different eras? 115
A different pathway for each season? 122
Election results 125
Table 3.1 Egyptian Women in Parliament, 1979–2012 127
Conclusions 128
Notes 132
References 133
4 Local Power and Women’s Empowerment in a Conflict Context: Palestinian Women Contesting Power in Chaos 135
Contextual background: politics and agency in disarray 136
Affirmative action in Palestine: feminist aspirations between past and present realities 141
Kinship and family ties: pathways to political office? 145
Table 4.1 Family support by political affiliation 146
Table 4.2 Type of family support by political affiliation 147
Table 4.3 Number of children compared with attendance at council meetings 150
Party politics and women’s pathways to public office 151
Table 4.4 Party support by political affiliation 152
Women making their way to political power: serving the community 156
Women constituting their leadership: serving the nation 157
Women’s organization and women’s power 159
Mainstreaming gender in the public office: role of the Local Government Ministry 160
Conclusion 161
Notes 163
References 164
5 Pathways to Political Power in Sudan 167
Background: authoritarianism as the norm 168
The quota pathway leads to a familiar stop: one-party rule 170
The quota: a pathway to empowerment or to the ‘women’s yard’? 173
Alternative pathways to political empowerment: relationships matter 187
Conclusions 196
Notes 199
References 200
6 Crafting Political Pathways through the Exclusionary Mesh in India 202
Gender and decentralized governance in India 206
Women’s political participation in Rajasthan 212
Conclusion 227
Notes 229
References 230
7 Independent Candidacy: An Alternative Political Pathway for Women in Sierra Leone? 233
Background 234
Historical overview of party politics in Sierra Leone 235
Independent candidacy in Sierra Leonean politics 238
Table 7.1 Independent candidates in Sierra Leonean politics,1957–2012 240
Female independent candidates, 1957–77 240
Table 7.2 Female independent candidates in Sierra Leone’s electoral processes 242
Gender discrimination and female independent candidates in the post-war electoral process: the 2004 and 2008 electoral cycles 242
Table 7.3 Successful independent candidates in Sierra Leone’s electoral process, 1957–2012 243
Women’s resistance and counter-mobilization 247
Independent candidacy in the third electoral cycle 2012–17 252
Conclusions 255
Acknowledgements 256
Notes 257
References 257
8 Conservative Modernization in Brazil: Blocking Local Women’s Political Pathways to Power 259
Political structures in Brazil 260
Women and politics in Brazil 262
Table 8.1 Female participation in the municipal executive, mayoral elections 1988–2012 264
Table 8.2 Female participation in municipal legislatures 264
Table 8.3 Occupations declared by female candidates for the Municipal Chamber in the elections of 2008 and 2012 267
Women councillors and mayors in Bahia 268
Table 8.4 Motives given by women councillors for their candidature 274
Table 8.5 Role of the political party in the election of female municipal councillors 277
Table 8.6 Attitude of the parties in relation to women 279
Conclusion 281
Notes 282
References 282
About the Contributors 284
Index 287
Back cover Back cover