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The History of Development

The History of Development

Gilbert Rist | Patrick Camiller

(2014)

Abstract

In this classic text, now in its fourth edition, Gilbert Rist provides a complete and powerful overview of what the idea of development has meant throughout history. He traces it from its origins in the Western view of history, through the early stages of the world system, the rise of US hegemony, and the supposed triumph of third-worldism, through to new concerns about the environment and globalization. In a new chapter on post-development models and ecological dimensions, written against a background of world crisis and ideological disarray, Rist considers possible ways forward and brings the book completely up to date. Throughout, he argues persuasively that development has been no more than a collective delusion, which in reality has resulted only in widening market relations, whatever the intentions of its advocates.
Gilbert Rist is professor emeritus at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. He previously taught in Tunisia, and spent several years as director of the Centre Europe-Tiers Monde. His other publications include The Delusions of Economics (Zed 2011). The History of Development was his first book to be translated into English, and has also been published in Spanish and Italian.
'If you want to understand the ideological forces that have shaped North-South relations for half a century, you need this remarkable book.' Susan George 'This is an impressive account of the rise and demise of the belief system that has pushed mankind to the brink of disaster.' Wolfgang Sachs, authorof The Development Dictionary and Fair Future ‘Richly fascinating ... Rist strips away the layers of illusion and rhetoric with surgical precision to expose the conceptual fallacies and flaws on which development is founded.’ The Tribune Praise for previous editions: 'Compelling and exciting reading ... Rist's book, written with deliciously mild irony, is an account of the most crucial moments in which the rites of a belief embraced by millions were elaborated and canonized.' European Journal of Development Research 'This book does an outstanding job.' Journal of Developing Areas

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front cover Front cover
About the Author ii
Title iii
Copyright iv
Contents v
Preface to the Fourth Edition viii
Preface to the Third Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Introduction 1
1 Definitions of Development 8
Conventional Thinking 8
A Methodological Word of Caution 9
Elements of a Definition 12
A Scandalous Definition? 19
‘Development’ as an Element in the Religion of Modernity 21
2 Metamorphoses of a Western Myth 25
What The Metaphor Implies 25
Landmarks in the Western View of History 28
Conclusion 43
3 The Making of a World System 47
Colonization 48
The League of Nations and the Mandate System 58
Conclusion 66
4 The Invention of Development 69
President Truman’s Point Four 70
A New World-view: ‘Underdevelopment’ 72
US Hegemony 75
A New Paradigm 77
The ‘Development’ Age 78
5 The International Doctrine and Institutions Take Root 80
The Bandung Conference 81
The New International ‘Development’ Agencies 88
6 Modernization Poised between History and Prophecy 93
A Philosophy of History: Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth 94
Anti-communism or Marxism without Marx? 99
Dissident Voices 104
7\tThe Periphery and the Understanding of History 109
Neo-Marxism in the United States 111
The Latin American Dependentistas 113
A New Paradigm, but Age-old Presuppositions 118
8 Self-reliance: The Communal Past as a Model for the Future 123
Ujamaa and the Tanzanian Experience 125
The Principles of Self‑reliance 134
Possible Futures for Self-reliance 136
9\tThe Triumph of Third‑Worldism 140
The New International Economic Order 143
An Original Voice: The 1975 Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation Report on Another Development 154
In The Wake of the NIEO : Further Proposals 157
The ‘Basic Needs’ Approach 162
Conclusion 169
10 The Environment, or the New Nature of ‘Development’ 171
The Return to Classical Economics Plus a Few Humanitarian Extras 171
‘Sustainable Development’ or Growth Everlasting? 178
The Earth Summit 188
Reflections on Deliberate Ambiguity 192
11 A Mixture of Realism and Fine Sentiments 197
The South Commission 198
The UNDP and ‘Human Development’ 205
12 Globalization as Simulacrum of ‘Development’ 211
On the Usefulness of Talking at Cross-purposes 213
Globalization, the Last Hope of Achieving ‘Development’? 222
Virtual Reality as a Refuge for Continuing Belief 224
13 From the Struggle against Poverty to the Millennium Development Goals 226
Just What Is the Problem? 229
Who Are the Poor? 230
Intervention on All Fronts 232
The Millennium Goals: ‘Development’ in Shreds 233
‘Development Aid’: Massaging the Figures 236
Conclusion 239
14 The Great Turnaround? 240
‘Development’ Nowhere To Be Found 243
Towards Other Models? 246
Success in Reducing Poverty? 248
Ecology as Victim of the Crisis 250
Conclusion 253
15 Beyond ‘Development’: From Downscaling to a Change in the Economic Paradigm 256
Objectors to Growth and ‘Development Loyalists’ 257
Economic ‘Science’: An Obsolete Paradigm 262
Conclusion 269
Conclusion 270
The Facts 271
‘Post-development’ 272
Exhaustion of the Economic Paradigm: Believing or Knowing? 277
Bibliography 281
Index 293
Back cover Back cover