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Africa's Peacemakers

Africa's Peacemakers

Adekaye Adebajo

(2014)

Abstract

As Africa and its diaspora commemorate fifty years of post-independence Pan-Africanism, this unique volume provides profound insight into the thirteen prominent individuals of African descent who have won the Nobel Peace Prize since 1950. From the first American president of African descent, Barack Obama, whose career was inspired by the civil rights and anti-apartheid struggles promoted by fellow Nobel Peace laureates Martin Luther King, Jr., Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, and Albert Luthuli; to influential figures in peacemaking such as Ralph Bunche, Anwar Sadat, Kofi Annan, and F.W. De Klerk; as well as Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, Wangari Maathai, and Mohamed El-Baradei, who have been variously involved in women's rights, environmental protection, and nuclear disarmament, Africa's Peacemakers reveals how this remarkable collection of individuals have changed the world - for better or worse.

'This clear, concise and useful bibliographical work will be of special interest to those engaged within international affairs, history or peace studies, although its accessible style also makes it a worthwhile read for the general reader.'

Africa At LSE

'The lively and engaging essays present a variety of perspectives and a plurality of different lenses for examining their subjects. This makes each chapter very unique in both its scope, tone, and contribution. Africa’s Peacemakers could likely be read as a whole or as a contribution to work on any of the individuals discussed within.'
Journal of Retracing Africa
'An interdisciplinary work that is appropriate for use in undergraduate seminars on Africa. The writing style also makes it appropriate for general audiences. The book is a welcome contribution to the still rather limited literature on African successes.'
African Studies Quarterly
'This is a superbly documented and elegantly written book full of rich nuggets as well as profound insights into the lives, motivations, accomplishments, and disappointments of African Nobel Peace Laureats and those of African descent. The book demonstrates - through the work of the 13 laureates - that Africa was not just a passive beneficiary of, but active contributor to, global peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding.'Ambassador (Professor) Ibrahim Gambari, Former UN Special Representative to Angola and Darfur, and former UN Special Envoy to Myanmar


'Dr. Adekeye Adebajo has produced yet another creative book on yet another important aspect of Africa, the stories of Nobel laureates of African descent, from both the continent and the diaspora. The book is deeply insightful and remarkably candid, as human as it is humane, delicately linking ideals with pragmatism, successes with failures, and enduring challenges. It is a book to enjoy and from which to learn.'

Ambassador (Dr.) Francis Mading Deng, Permanent Representative of South Sudan to the UN


'This volume is an innovative review of the contributions of Africans and the African diaspora to international peace and security and to human rights as seen through their exemplary accomplishment: the Nobel Peace Prize.'

Ambassador (Professor) Donald F. McHenry, Former US Special Representative to the UN, and former US Special Envoy to Nigeria


Dr. Adekeye Adebajo has been Executive Director of the Centre for Conflict Resolution, Cape Town, South Africa, since 2003. He previously served as Director of the Africa Programme of the New York-based International Peace Institute, when he was also an adjunct professor at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). He also served on United Nations missions in South Africa, Western Sahara, and Iraq. He obtained his doctorate from Oxford University in England, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar. He is the author of four books, and the editor or co-editor of a further seven.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front cover Front cover
About the Editor ii
Title iii
Copyright iv
Contents v
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1 Obama’s Nobel Ancestors: From Bunche to Barack and Beyond 3
Outline of the Book 7
Connections and Contrasts 9
Three African Americans 11
Four South African Priests and Politicians 16
Three Peacemakers from Egypt and Ghana 24
Three Women Activists from Kenya and Liberia 28
Concluding remarks 34
Bibliography 35
2 Barack Obama: Between Racial Compatriots and Nobel Ancestors 38
In the Shadow of Gandhi 39
The Hidden Agenda behind Obama’s Nobel Prize 43
Obama’s African-American Ancestors 44
Obama’s Global Compatriots 46
From Colour Line to Culture Line 49
Concluding Reflections: Between Nostradamus and Mister Obama 52
Bibliography 55
PART TWO: THE THREE AFRICAN AMERICANS 57
3 Ralph Bunche, Martin Luther King Jr and Barack Obama: Three African-American Nobel Laureates Debate War and Peace 59
The Situational Peace Activist 61
Reflections on Peace in Our Time 66
The Quest for Peace and Justice 68
Constraints of the Presidency Revisited 73
Concluding Reflections 76
Bibliography 77
4 Ralph Bunche: The Scholar-Diplomat 79
A Life in War and Peace 79
Bunche’s Commitment to the International Civil Service 85
Bunche’s Contributions to UN Peacekeeping 88
The Congo Crisis 90
Bunche and the United States Government 92
After the Congo 94
Concluding Reflections 96
Bibliography 99
5 Martin Luther King Jr: The Great Provocateur 100
The Prophet of the Civil Rights Struggle 103
The Ideology of Non-Violence 106
Containing Black Rage 113
Concluding Reflections 116
References 118
PART THREE: THE FOUR SOUTH AFRICANS 119
6 Albert Luthuli: The Black Moses 121
Before the Nobel Peace Prize 121
Luthuli’s Political and Religious Beliefs 124
The Award of the Nobel Peace Prize 126
After the Nobel Peace Prize 130
Luthuli’s Relations with Other Nobel Peace Laureates 132
Concluding Reflections 133
Bibliography 136
7 Desmond Tutu: The Wounded Healer 137
The Troublesome Priest 138
Domestic Drama 142
Tutu and Luthuli: The Double Act 143
Restorative Justice and Healing 148
Off-Stage: One-on-One 151
F.W. de Klerk: White Impunity 154
Concluding Reflections: No Curtain Call 155
Bibliography 159
8 Nelson Mandela: The Oratory of the Black Pimpernel 161
The Struggle against Apartheid 164
The March to Freedom 171
The Nobel Speech 174
Concluding Reflections 176
Bibliography 177
9 Frederik Willem de Klerk: The Pragmatic Peacemaker 178
Liberalising the Political Situation and Creating an Environment for Negotiations 179
Negotiating the End of Apartheid 187
From CO DESA II to the Nobel Peace Prize 198
The Post-Apartheid Era 200
Concluding Reflections 201
Bibliography 203
PART FOUR: THE TWO EGYPTIANS 205
10 Anwar Sadat: The Tragic Peacemaker 207
The Road to Jerusalem 208
The Nobel Peace Prize and Its Aftermath 213
Concluding Reflections 217
Bibliography 219
11 Mohamed ElBaradei: The Rocket Man 220
Why Was ElBaradei Awarded the Nobel Prize? 221
ElBaradei’s Contributions before the Nobel Prize 223
The Nobel Speech 226
After the Nobel Prize 227
Concluding Reflections 232
Bibliography 232
PART FIVE: THE KENYAN AND THE GHANAIAN 233
12 Wangari Maathai: The Earth Mother 235
The Evolution of an Environmental Activist 236
Sowing the Seeds: Genesis of the Journey 239
Not Merely a Tree Gardener: Maathai’s Essential Contribution 242
Changing the Climate for Women and the Planet 245
Apostles and Disciples of Peace 248
Ecce Africana: The World Turns to Africa? 250
Concluding Reflections 252
Bibliography 255
13 Kofi Annan: The Soft-Spoken Prophet 257
The Route to the Nobel Peace Prize 261
‘The Responsibility to Protect’ 264
Restoring Human Rights and Dignity in Post-Conflict Situations 267
Annan’s Socio-Economic Development Efforts 270
The Aftermath of the Nobel Peace Prize 271
Concluding Reflections 275
Bibliography 277
PART SIX THE TWO LIBERIANS 279
14 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: The Iron Lady 281
Formative Experiences 283
The International and Domestic Technocrat 285
Supporting Charles Taylor and Uncle Sam 287
The Imperious Presidency 288
The Nobel Speech 293
Concluding Reflections: The Post-Nobel Era 294
Bibliography 299
15 Leymah Gbowee: The Prayerful Peace Warrior 300
Fighting Gender Norms 302
The Inter-Faith Struggle, 2002–03 305
The 2003 CPA Sit-In and Mobilising Women for the 2005 Election 307
From Social Worker to Peacebuilder 309
The Nobel Prize and Speech 310
Concluding Reflections 314
Bibliography 317
About the Contributors 318
Index 322
Back cover Back cover