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Abstract
Activists, scientists and policymakers around the world have long argued that we need to find sustainable and secure solutions to the world's energy demands. At issue for citizens worldwide is whether we are scientifically literate enough to understand the potential policy choices before us.
Understanding Energy and Energy Policy is a one-stop resource for understanding the complexities of energy policy and the science behind the utilization of energy sources. The multidisciplinary perspective presented in this book is necessary for readers to be able to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of potential energy policies. The book draws on case studies from the global North and South, from countries that are resource poor and resource rich, while providing explanations of the science and politics behind burning fossil fuels, and power created through nuclear energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, biofuels and water.
Timothy F. Braun is an assistant professor of biological sciences at the State University of New York College at Oswego.
Lisa M. Glidden is an associate professor of political science at the State University of New York College at Oswego.
'Climate change is the greatest challenge of our age and wide public discussion is needed to create support for the far reaching actions that will be needed to solve the problem. This detailed yet accessible book is essential reading for anyone who wants to gain an informed understanding of the energy sector in order to participate constructively in the debate.'
Ian Tellam, director of Adaptify and research associate with Stockholm Environment Institute
'This book provides an excellent overview of the technical and political challenges associated with future energy supply. It offers a global perspective with some fascinating case studies and a nuanced debate regarding the pros and cons of alternative energy systems. A fantastic source book.'
Karen Bickerstaff, University of Exeter
'Accessible, comprehensive, compelling! Braun and Glidden weave together the myriad threads of energy policy, setting them against the backdrop of mounting climate change and anchoring them in relevant national case studies. If education is the safeguard of democracy, this book offers not only a first-rate intellectual synthesis but also a vital political contribution.'
Karen Litfin, University of Washington and author of Ecovillages: Lessons for Sustainable Community
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
About the Authors | i | ||
Title Page | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
Contents | v | ||
Figures and Tables | vi | ||
Abbreviations and Acronyms | vii | ||
Acknowledgments | ix | ||
Introduction | 1 | ||
Global Energy Issues | 3 | ||
0.1 Total energy consumption in quadrillion BTUs, with % of world consumption, 2010 | 4 | ||
0.2 Total energy consumption per capita in millions of BTUs, 2010 | 5 | ||
0.3 Energy intensity – total energy consumption per dollar of GDP, 2010 | 6 | ||
Table 0.1 Energy intensity and CO2 emissions from energy consumption | 7 | ||
Table 0.2 France, final energy consumption by sector by energy source, 2010 | 8 | ||
Table 0.3 India, final energy consumption by sector by energy source, 2010 | 8 | ||
Consensus in Science and The Climate Change Debate | 8 | ||
0.4 Flowchart of scientific method | 9 | ||
Organization of This Book | 11 | ||
1: Basic Energy and Policy Concepts | 12 | ||
Sustainable Energy Systems | 12 | ||
Thermodynamics | 13 | ||
Types of Energy | 16 | ||
Energy Density | 16 | ||
Electricity Generation | 17 | ||
Comparing Electricity Generation Sources | 19 | ||
Table 1.1 Energy sources and their EROeIs | 20 | ||
Table 1.2 Levelized cost of selected energy sources | 21 | ||
Electricity Distribution Systems | 21 | ||
1.1 The North American power grid – interconnects in the United States and Canada | 25 | ||
Policymaking | 29 | ||
Policymaking Tools | 30 | ||
International Policy Drivers | 31 | ||
Domestic Policy Drivers | 33 | ||
Conclusion | 37 | ||
2: Fossil Fuels\r | 38 | ||
2.1 Hydrocarbon molecule, octane | 38 | ||
Coal | 39 | ||
Crude Oil | 42 | ||
Peak Oil | 44 | ||
The Structural Effects of Cheap Oil | 45 | ||
Unconventional Oil and Hydraulic Fracturing | 46 | ||
2.2 Overview of hydraulic fracturing | 47 | ||
Natural Gas | 50 | ||
Case Studies | 51 | ||
China | 51 | ||
The USA | 52 | ||
Saudi Arabia | 54 | ||
Russia | 57 | ||
Conclusion | 59 | ||
3: Nuclear Power\r | 60 | ||
Atoms | 61 | ||
3.1 Atomic diagram of carbon | 62 | ||
Radioactive Atoms | 62 | ||
Nuclear Fission Reactors | 68 | ||
Radiation and Nuclear Waste | 70 | ||
Table 3.1 Measuring radiation | 71 | ||
3.2 Radiation effect models | 75 | ||
Spent Nuclear Fuel | 76 | ||
Nuclear Accidents | 78 | ||
Future Reactor Designs | 81 | ||
The Future of Nuclear Power | 83 | ||
Nuclear Fusion Reactors | 84 | ||
Case Studies | 85 | ||
France | 85 | ||
The United States | 86 | ||
Japan | 89 | ||
Conclusion | 90 | ||
4: Biomass and Biofuels | 92 | ||
Biomass | 92 | ||
Biofuels | 94 | ||
Food-Based Biofuels: Ethanol and Butanol | 94 | ||
Non-Food-Based Biofuel: Cellulosic Ethanol | 98 | ||
Biodiesel | 99 | ||
Algae | 100 | ||
Case Studies | 100 | ||
Brazil | 100 | ||
The European Union | 102 | ||
The United States | 103 | ||
Conclusion | 105 | ||
5: Hydropower\r | 106 | ||
Hydropower around the World | 106 | ||
Dams and Reservoirs | 108 | ||
The Other Hydropower: Tidal and Wave Power | 110 | ||
Case Studies | 112 | ||
Hydropower in China: The Three Gorges Mega-Dam | 112 | ||
Transnational Issues | 113 | ||
Conclusion | 117 | ||
6: Wind Power\r | 118 | ||
Intermittency and Dispatchability | 120 | ||
Modern Wind Turbines | 121 | ||
Placement of Wind Farms | 122 | ||
Offshore Wind Farms | 123 | ||
Small-Scale Wind Power | 123 | ||
Case Studies | 124 | ||
Denmark | 124 | ||
The United States | 127 | ||
Table 6.1 US installed wind capacity, by year | 128 | ||
Conclusion | 130 | ||
7: Geothermal Energy\r | 132 | ||
Passive Geothermal | 132 | ||
7.1 Geothermal heat pump schematic | 133 | ||
Geothermal Electricity Production | 135 | ||
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS or Hot Dry Rock Geothermal) | 136 | ||
Case Studies | 139 | ||
Iceland | 139 | ||
Turkey | 140 | ||
Australia | 142 | ||
8: Solar Energy | 145 | ||
Passive Solar | 145 | ||
Active Solar | 147 | ||
Photovoltaics | 147 | ||
8.1 Concentrating solar, with Stirling engine | 148 | ||
8.2 Concentrating solar, with PV field | 149 | ||
Concentrated Solar with Thermal Storage | 151 | ||
8.3 Parabolic solar trough field | 151 | ||
8.4 Parabolic solar trough | 151 | ||
8.5 Power tower solar thermal plant | 153 | ||
The Future of Solar Power | 154 | ||
Case Studies | 155 | ||
Germany | 155 | ||
Kenya | 158 | ||
9: Conclusion: Where Do We Go From Here? | 162 | ||
Business as Usual | 162 | ||
Climate Change in the Driver’s Seat | 164 | ||
Pros and Cons of Various Electricity Generation Methods | 165 | ||
Table 9.1 Comparison of different energy sources for electricity generation | 167 | ||
Thinking Beyond Electricity | 169 | ||
Transportation | 169 | ||
Industry | 171 | ||
Commercial/Residential | 171 | ||
The Rosenfeld Curve, Jevons Paradox, and the Energy Efficiency Trap | 172 | ||
Getting the Policy Right | 173 | ||
Policy Recommendations | 174 | ||
Conclusion | 175 | ||
Appendix: Renewable Energy Support Policies | 176 | ||
Notes | 182 | ||
Introduction | 182 | ||
1 Basic Energy and Policy Concepts | 182 | ||
2 Fossil Fuels | 182 | ||
3 Nuclear Power | 183 | ||
5 Hydropower | 183 | ||
6 Wind Power | 183 | ||
7 Geothermal Energy | 184 | ||
8 Solar Energy | 184 | ||
9 Conclusion | 184 | ||
Bibliography | 185 | ||
Index | 201 |