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Abstract
The last two years have seen a huge amount of academic, policy-making and media interest in the increasingly contentious issue of land grabbing - the large-scale acquisition of land in the global South. It is a phenomenon against which locals seem defenceless, and one about which multilateral organizations, such as the World Bank, as well as civil-society organizations and action NGOs have become increasingly vocal.
This in-depth and empirically diverse volume - taking in case studies from across Africa, Asia and Latin America - takes a step back from the hype to explore a number of key questions: Does the ‘global land grab’ actually exist? If so, what is new about it? And what, beyond the immediately visible dynamics and practices, are the real problems?
A comprehensive and much-needed intervention on one of the most hotly contested but little-understood issues facing countries of the South today.
Mayke Kaag is a social anthropologist and a senior researcher at the African Studies Centre in Leiden, the Netherlands. Within the African Studies Centre she is the convenor of a collaborative research group on Africa in the World: Rethinking Africa’s Global Connections.
Annelies Zoomers is professor of international development studies (IDS) at Utrecht University and chair of LANDac. She has published extensively on sustainable livelihoods, land policies and the impact of privatization, tourism and international migration.
'This collection provides a serious analytical contribution to our understanding of a phenomenon, which might seem to peak at the present, but which is deeply rooted in the past and will need steadfast scholarly and political attention in the future.'Professor Christian Lund, University of Copenhagen
'This is an excellent, original collection, on the global land grabbing phenomenon.'Robin Palmer, Global Land Rights Policy Specialist, Mokoro
'This collection of essays provides a uniquely well informed and comprehensive analysis of "land grabbing", describing developments across three continents and illustrating the variety of forms it has taken: it shall be of interest to anyone interested in the future of globalization and its impacts on the poor who rely on access to land for their livelihood.'Professor Olivier De Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food
'The Global Land Grab represents an important break from the earlier wave of land grabs studies in at least three interlinked ways: it looks beyond the "here and now land deals" by historicizing analysis to facilitate better understanding of longer term implications of the phenomenon; it contains grounded local-national studies; and it offers a comparative perspective across regions of the world.'Dr. Saturnino M. Borras Jr., International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), The Hague
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Front cover | ||
| About the editors | i | ||
| Title | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Figures, tables and boxes | vii | ||
| Introduction: the global land grab hype – and why it is important to move beyond | 1 | ||
| Introduction: a twofold hype | 1 | ||
| The current global land rush: what do we know? | 2 | ||
| Understanding the current global land rush as a hype cycle3 | 5 | ||
| Manifestations on the ground: the case studies presented in this book | 8 | ||
| Africa | 15 | ||
| 1 Modernizing the periphery: citizenship and Ethiopia’s new agricultural investment policies | 17 | ||
| Introduction | 17 | ||
| Background | 18 | ||
| Table 1.1 Area of farmland acquired by private investors by region, 1992–2010 | 19 | ||
| 1.1 Food price index and proportion of investments, projects in Ethiopia, 1992–2010 | 20 | ||
| Methodology | 21 | ||
| Table 1.2 Overview of the investment planning process | 22 | ||
| Overview of case studies | 23 | ||
| 1.2 Topographical map of Ethiopia | 24 | ||
| Table 1.3 Overview of case study investments | 25 | ||
| Findings | 26 | ||
| Discussion and conclusion | 33 | ||
| 2 Large-scale land acquisitions in Tanzania: a critical analysis of practices and dynamics | 36 | ||
| Introduction | 36 | ||
| Background to Tanzanian agriculture development and foreign investment | 37 | ||
| Land laws and land acquisition processes | 40 | ||
| Developments in the land policy and land acquisition processes | 43 | ||
| Do large-scale land acquisitions exist? | 44 | ||
| 2.1 The number of new companies investing in agriculture, registered by the TIC annually, 2001–12 | 45 | ||
| Concluding remarks | 50 | ||
| 3 Kenya and the ‘global land grab’: a view from below | 54 | ||
| Introduction | 54 | ||
| The origins of the system of land grabbing | 56 | ||
| The Kenyan experience of land grabbing | 58 | ||
| From resistance to reform | 59 | ||
| The ‘global land grab’ viewed from Kenya | 62 | ||
| Table 3.1 Summary table of some recent large-scale land investments in Kenya | 64 | ||
| Conclusions | 66 | ||
| Latin America | 69 | ||
| 4 The rapid expansion of genetically modified soy production into the Chaco region of Argentina | 71 | ||
| Introduction | 71 | ||
| The expansion of the soy frontier: how did it happen? | 73 | ||
| 4.1 South American Chaco region | 73 | ||
| 4.2 Argentina: current soy-producing provinces | 76 | ||
| Assessing the impact | 80 | ||
| Conclusions | 83 | ||
| 5 Transnational land investment in Costa Rica: tracing residential tourism and its implications for development | 86 | ||
| Introduction | 86 | ||
| Guanacaste’s historical ‘land grabs’ and connections to North America | 88 | ||
| The current hype: residential tourism development in Guanacaste | 90 | ||
| 5.1 Planned/announced and completed residential tourism entities (plots, houses and apartments) per type of town, research area | 91 | ||
| Externally led economic development | 92 | ||
| Access to land | 95 | ||
| Policy and community involvement | 96 | ||
| Conclusion | 98 | ||
| 6 Water grabbing in the Andean region: illustrative cases from Peru and Ecuador | 100 | ||
| Introduction | 100 | ||
| Accumulation of water in the hands of the few | 102 | ||
| Case analysis of Peru | 105 | ||
| Table 6.1 Farm units, irrigated areas and number of irrigators in Peru | 106 | ||
| Table 6.2 Largest buyers of lots in the Chavimochic Project, 1994–2006 period | 108 | ||
| Table 6.3 Buyers of lots in the Olmos Project in auctions on 9 December 2011 and 12 April 2012 | 109 | ||
| Case analysis of Ecuador | 110 | ||
| Table 6.4 Consumptive use of water according to rights | 111 | ||
| Table 6.5 Percentages of total and irrigated farmland in Ecuador, 2000 | 112 | ||
| Table 6.6 Formalized concentration of well water | 113 | ||
| Discussion and conclusions | 114 | ||
| Asia | 117 | ||
| 7 Land governance and oil palm development: examples from Riau Province, Indonesia | 119 | ||
| Introduction | 119 | ||
| Oil palm expansion in Indonesia | 120 | ||
| Box 7.1 The economics of Riau Province | 123 | ||
| Land governance and natural resources management | 124 | ||
| Table 7.1 Land tenure forms as recognized by the Basic Agrarian Law No. 5/1960 | 125 | ||
| 7.1 Land administration and responsible land agencies | 126 | ||
| Table 7.2 Forestland licensing recognized by P.50/2010, which was amended by P.26/2012 | 127 | ||
| Box 7.2 The roles of the forestry sector in Riau Province | 128 | ||
| Regional autonomy and forestry decentralization | 129 | ||
| Box 7.3 Decentralization in Riau Province | 130 | ||
| Competing claims for land and natural resources | 131 | ||
| Table 7.3 The Indonesian economic corridors and their main economic activities | 132 | ||
| Concluding remarks | 134 | ||
| 8 Vietnam in the debate on land grabbing: conversion of agricultural land for urban expansion and hydropower development | 135 | ||
| Introduction | 135 | ||
| Agricultural land conversion in Vietnam: an overview | 136 | ||
| Table 8.1 Vietnam land deals in other countries and foreign deals in Vietnam | 137 | ||
| Table 8.2 Land use change between 2000 and 2009 | 138 | ||
| Hydropower dam development | 145 | ||
| Table 8.3 The poverty rate of households living in resettlement sites | 150 | ||
| Discussion and conclusion | 150 | ||
| 9 ‘Land grabbing’ in Cambodia: land rights in a post-conflict setting | 152 | ||
| Introduction | 152 | ||
| Setting the scene: Economic Land Concessions (ELCs) and local communities | 154 | ||
| Land governance and local communities: legal and institutional framework | 156 | ||
| Impact on local livelihoods | 157 | ||
| Table 9.1 Timeline of indigenous communities, marking key events and trends | 160 | ||
| Drivers: forces leading to large-scale acquisition and foreignization of land | 163 | ||
| The EU sugar regime reform and the EBA | 166 | ||
| Conclusion | 168 | ||
| 10 Beyond the Gulf State investment hype: the case of Indonesia and the Philippines | 170 | ||
| Introduction | 170 | ||
| The GCC investment narrative | 171 | ||
| Why deals did not materialize | 175 | ||
| Table 10.1 Announced and realized foreign investments in food crops in the Philippines | 180 | ||
| Conclusions | 182 | ||
| 11 Tracing the dragon’s footsteps: a deconstruction of the discourse on China’s foreign land investments | 185 | ||
| Introduction | 185 | ||
| Unpacking the discourse: China’s global emergence and its hallmarks in foreign affairs | 186 | ||
| Who are these Chinese? Disaggregating Chinese actors in overseas land acquisitions | 188 | ||
| China’s land acquisitions in time and place: what is new and what is true? | 190 | ||
| 11.1 Chinese overseas land-based investments, 1949–99 | 191 | ||
| 11.2 Chinese overseas land-based investments, 2000–08 | 193 | ||
| 11.3 Chinese overseas land-based investments, 2009–11 | 195 | ||
| The impetus for China’s foreign land investments: state guidance and private interests | 195 | ||
| Going beyond the hype: rethinking the Chinese ‘land grabs’ discourse | 197 | ||
| 12 Conclusion: beyond the global land grab hype – ways forward in research and action | 201 | ||
| The ‘global land grab’ revisited | 201 | ||
| Ways forward in research and action | 210 | ||
| Box 12.1 The Voluntary Guidelines | 211 | ||
| Final reflections: why the land grab hype was good | 215 | ||
| Notes | 217 | ||
| About the contributors | 225 | ||
| Bibliography | 231 | ||
| Index | 256 | ||
| Back cover | Back cover |