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Rethinking the 21st Century

Rethinking the 21st Century

Doctor Amy Eckert | Laura Sjoberg | Doctor Rebecca Glazier | Lisa Burke | Caron E. Gentry | Jennifer Ramos | Doctor Christian Enemark

(2009)

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Abstract

Rethinking the 21st Century brings much needed context and perspective to the security problems we face today. In recent years, the 'Bush Doctrine' - that the security threats we now face are entirely unprecedented - has echoed around the world. Global security and stability is now challenged not only by states and nuclear war, but by insurgency, disease, environmental degradation and military privatisation. Yet this creates a deep sense of disconnect in the way we perceive politics, and can be dangerously stark and ahistorical. The chapters here show that, far from being a clean break, the 'new' problems faced today might actually have 'old' solutions. What can Locke tell us about terrorists? What does Bentham have to say about sanctions? What are the ethics of outsourcing war to private companies? By looking back to decades and even centuries of ethical analysis and political theory, this book provides fascinating insight into all these questions.
Amy E. Eckert is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Metropolitan State College of Denver. Her current research focuses on the growing privatization of war and just war theory. Her work has appeared in journals including International Studies Quarterly and the Journal of Global Ethics. She is President of the International Studies Association - West and a member of the executive board of the International Ethics section of the International Studies Association. Laura Sjoberg is an Assistant Professor at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. Her research focuses on mainstreaming gender in the field of security studies. She is author of Gender, Justice, and the Wars in Iraq (2006) and (with Caron E. Gentry) of Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women's Violence in Global Politics (2007). Her work has been published in the International Feminist Journal of Politics, International Politics, International Studies Quarterly, and International Studies Perspectives.
'Many editted collections are old before their time. Not this exciting collection, on security and conflict for the next age, from Amy Ekert and Laura Sjoberg. This book is relevant and timely, with up-to-date yet enduring insights, and it features some well-written chapters by such prominent scholars as Cheyney Ryan and Frances Harbour. It sports a terrific bibliography and promises to be useful for anyone concerned about conflict in our time.' Brian Orend, author of The Morality of War 'The editors bring the deep and rich traditions of political theory and international ethics to confront cutting edge security questions in a bold and far-reaching manner. The result is a set of essays treating difficult issues like economic sanctions, the privatization of war and other contemporary security concerns in a fuller and fresh light.' George Lopez, Joan B. Kroc Institute

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the Editors i
Acknowledgments vii
1 Introduction: ‘New’ Problems and ‘Old’ Solutions 1
New Problems 5
Old Solutions 10
Rethinking the 21st Century 14
The ‘New’ Problems and their ‘Old’ Solutions 15
2 Popular Support and Terrorism 22
Terrorism: Not New but Now Global 24
John Locke’s Right of Rebellion 33
A Lockean Approach to Global Terrorism 36
Conclusion 43
3 Preventive Warfare 46
The Just War Debate on Preventive War 50
The George W. Bush Discourse on Preventive War 51
A Crew of Preventive War Standards: Sun Tzu, Augustine, and Vattel 54
Judging ‘New’ Preventive War 68
4 Genocide: An Obligation to Fight? 70
Just War Theory in the 21st Century 71
An Obligation to Fight? 72
Case Study: Rwanda 84
Conclusion 89
5 Justifying Changes in International Norms of Sovereignty 90
Absolute and Contingent Sovereignty 92
Current Political and Academic Debates on Sovereignty 94
Explaining ‘New’ Norms through an ‘Old’ Lens 99
Determining Dissonance 101
Cognitive Dissonance and Norm Change 102
The United States and the War on Terror 103
Stated US Views on Sovereignty before the War in Afghanistan 105
Figure 5.1 US conceptions of sovereignty before military intervention 107
Stated US Views on Sovereignty after the War in Afghanistan Began 108
Figure 5.2 US conceptions of sovereignty before and during military intervention 110
Conclusion 110
6 Honorable Soldiers, Questionable Wars? 112
The Principle of Double Effect 113
Figure 6.1 The relationship between effect and side effect 114
Intending to Go to War 115
Hypothetical People in Real Wars 124
Moral Consequences of Applying the Principle of Double Effect 128
Defending the Principle of Double Effect 130
Conclusion 133
7 Outsourcing War 136
The State and the Use of Force 138
Force and the Private Market 143
Just War Theory and the Restraint of War 146
War in a Privatized World 151
Conclusion 153
8 The Problem of Patriotism 155
Building a Bridge (Back) to the Twentieth Century: Another Great Illusion? 158
Building a Bridge to the Eighteenth Century: The End of Patriotism 162
We’re Looking for a Few Good Grandmothers: Trials and Travails of the Volunteer Military 166
Alienated War and Personal Responsibility 170
9 Sanctions as War 173
Economic Sanctions in Post-Cold War Security Discourses 174
Current Theoretical Approaches to Economic Sanctions 176
The ‘Old’ Problem of Economic Sanctions 178
‘Old’ Solutions to the Economic Sanctions Problem 182
Bentham’s Theory of Sanction 186
Conclusion 191
10 Pandemic Influenza and Security 193
Pandemic Influenza 193
The Security Dimension 195
Domestic Responses to Pandemic Influenza 200
Global Public Goods for Health 202
Conclusion 210
11 Natural Disasters 211
Norms and Sovereignty 213
Norms and Meaning 216
A Succession of Dangerous Spaces and an Ideology of Putrefaction 217
Humanitarianism, Biopolitics, and Global Space 224
Conclusion 227
Conclusion 228
New Problems 228
Old Solutions 233
Notes 237
Chapter 1 237
Chapter 2 237
Chapter 3 239
Chapter 4 239
Chapter 5 240
Chapter 6 243
Chapter 7 243
Chapter 8 244
Chapter 9 244
Chapter 10 245
Chapter 11 245
References 246
Notes on Contributors 271
Index 274