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Reclaiming Latin America

Reclaiming Latin America

Ernesto Vivares | Francisco Dominguez | John Crabtree | Valeria Guarneros-Meza | Guy Burton | Julia Buxton | Sara Motta-Mera | Leonardo Diaz-Echenique | Sue Branford | Patricio Silva | Javier Ozorio | Doctor Steve Ludlam | Doctor Geraldine Lievesley

(2009)

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Book Details

Abstract

Reclaiming Latin America is a one-stop guide to the revival of social democratic and socialist politics across the region. At the end of the Cold War, and through decades of neoliberal domination and the 'Washington Consensus' it seemed that the left could do nothing but beat a ragged retreat in Latin America. Yet this book looks at the new opportunities that sprang up through electoral politics and mass action during that period. The chapters here warn against over-simplification of the so-called 'pink wave'. Instead, through detailed historical analysis of Latin America as a whole and country-specific case studies, the book demonstrates the variety of approaches to establishing a lasting social justice. From the anti-imperialism of the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas in Venezuela, Bolivia and Cuba, to the more gradualist routes being taken in Chile, Argentina and Brazil, Reclaiming Latin America gives a real sense of the plurality of political responses to popular discontent.
Geraldine Lievesley is a Senior Lecturer in politics at Manchester Metropolitan University. Her research focuses on Latin American and Cuban politics. She is a member of the Society for Latin American Studies and the Cuba Research Forum. Recent books include the co-edited In the Hands of Women: Paradigms of Citizenship (2006); The Cuban Revolution (2004); and Democracy in Latin America (1999). Steve Ludlam is a Senior Lecturer in politics at the University of Sheffield. He has researched on labour history and politics in Britain and Cuba. He was a founder member of the Political Studies Association's Labour Movements Specialists Groups, and is a member of the Society for Latin American Studies and the Cuba Research Forum. He edits the series Critical Labour Studies. Recent co-edited books include Labour, the State, Social Movements and the Challenge of Neo-liberal Globalization (2007); Governing as New Labour (2004) and Interpreting the Labour Party (2003).
'An excellent book - timely, scholarly, balanced and accessible to a wide range of interested lay readers and undergraduates' Peter North, University of Liverpool 'This is a timely book that explores the salient developments on the Latin American left, which has recently made inroads without parallel in the continent’s history. Editors Geraldine Lievesley and Steve Ludlam provide an overview that synthesizes the outstanding features of leftist and moderate leftist movements and governments, followed by individual chapters that focus on those nations where the left’s advances have been the most dramatic. The editors’ handling of various theoretical categories such as populism and social democracy is most convincing. Taken together these essays present a balance between common denominators and rich diversity. They show how the left is "new" in light of its support for independent social movements but at the same time duplicates the practices of the old left, such as the strategy of alliances "from above".' Steve Ellner, author of Rethinking Venezuelan Politics: Class, Conflict and the Chavez Phenomenon '...represents an important step towards gaining further leverage on the ever-changing politics of the region. It is sure to serve a wide audience and provoke additional discussion and debate.' Erika Moreno, Creighton University

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
List of tables and box vi
Acknowledgements vii
Acronyms viii
Introduction: a ‘pink tide’? 1
The temptation of oversimplification 3
Table 0.1 Latin America’s ‘pink tide’ of presidential election winners since 1998 4
A ‘new continentalism’? 5
Low-intensity representation 8
Realignment on the left 10
Citizenship under ‘pink tide’ governments 12
Norms and types 14
The spectre of populism haunting colonial supremacism 16
Part One | The left in Latin America 19
1 | Is Latin America moving leftwards? Problems and prospects 21
Different strategies, the same objectives? 24
Historical antecedents: another form of revisionism? 26
The contemporary period: avoiding the mistakes of the past 30
Radical social democracy and popular empowerment 34
2 | The Latin Americanization of the politics of emancipation 37
Cultural resistance 38
Particularities of Latin American society 41
Dictatorship, neoliberalism and the rise of social movements 44
The nationalization of the politics of emancipation 47
Box 2.1 Invoking history and identity 48
Conclusion 53
Notes 54
Part Two | Case studies\r 55
3 | Venezuela: the political evolution of Bolivarianism 57
The evolution of Bolivarianism 58
Bolivarianism phase 1: constitutionalism and moderation 59
Bolivarianism phase 2: conflict and radicalization 63
Bolivarianism phase 3: towards Twenty-first-century Socialism 72
4 | Venezuela: reinventing social democracy from below? 75
Conceptualizing Chavismo 76
Conceptualizing social democracy 77
Popular politics in La Vega, Venezuela 79
Conclusion: beyond liberal democracy and markets in Venezuela – counter-hegemony in action 88
Note 90
5 | Bolivia: playing by new rules 91
Political legacies 92
Economic liberalization and its critics 94
Social movements and their efficacy 95
Party implosion 97
The MAS in office 98
Reasserting the primacy of the state 99
The Constituent Assembly and the vexed issue of ‘autonomism’ 101
The social agenda 104
Bolivia and the outside world 105
Conclusion 107
6 | Nicaragua: the return of Daniel Ortega 109
Building power in opposition: 1990–2006 110
Table 6.1 Sandinista electoral performance, nationwide elections, 1984–2004 110
The return to power: a saga in several parts 112
Table 6.2 Voting intentions, Nicaragua, 2006 114
Table 6.3 Nicaraguan national election results, 2006 114
Learning from Nicaragua 121
7 | Cuban socialism: recovery and change 123
‘Plan Bush’ and Bolivarianism 123
Cuban exceptionalism: regime change and retail therapy? 125
Equality 129
Equality of access 130
Equality of income and wealth 131
Economic democracy 133
The ‘political power of the workers’ 136
Conclusion 138
Note 139
8 | Mexico: political parties and local participation 140
Mexico’s democratization and decentralization processes 142
Neoliberalism and the PRD’s political trajectory 143
Governance in Mexico 145
The different discourses of governance 146
Conclusions 150
9 | Brazil: has the dream ended? 153
Reality check 154
Growth at any cost 158
Social welfare 161
Agrarian reform 163
Lula and the environment 165
Brazil and Latin America 168
Conclusion 169
10 | Brazil: third ways in the Third World 170
Distinguishing the left in Brazil 171
Reformism in Ceará and radicalism in Rio Grande do Sul 172
State planning, participation and finance 174
Literacy campaigns and decentralization 175
School democracy and party–union relations 177
Student performance, evaluation and continuing challenges 178
Conclusion 180
Note 182
11 | Chile: swimming against the tide? 183
Allende, Pinochet and the social democratization of theChilean left 184
Neoliberalism and the consolidation of market economics in Chile 188
Checks and balances under the Concertación governments 190
The technocratization of decision-making 194
The future of Chile’s social democratic model 197
12 | Argentina: reforming neoliberal capitalism 199
Latin America, Argentina and Peronism 200
The ‘convertibility regime’ and Argentina’s transformismo 201
The conservative–neoliberal legacy and national popular change 203
The IMF, social security, agribusiness and financing of development 204
The region as a framework of development 208
Table 12.1 Growth of the Argentine economy, 2002–07 209
State strengthening and new alliances 211
Conclusion 214
Conclusion: Nuestra América – the spectre haunting Washington 217
Different perspectives, different expectations 220
The vexed issue of populism 222
A social democratic continuum? 224
Notes on contributors 230
Bibliography 233
Index 255